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By S. M. Shelton, A. L. Engel

The carnotite deposits of western Colorado and adjacent sections of Utah and Arizona were formerly an important source of radium and uranium until displaced by the exploitation of foreign deposits in the Congo and northern Canada . Recently interest has been renewed in domestic carnotite ores as a source of vanadium . Carnotite is a canary - yellow, crystalline , pulverulent mineral occurring in sandstones in the Colorado - Utah district as an incrustation on the faces of joints and fractures and deposited around and between individual sand grains , often strongly adhering to the surface of the grains . Chemically, it is a variable combination of potassium, uranium , and vanadium oxides with water of crystallization . It is soft and friable , and occurs in fine - grained or earthy form . In spite of a specific gravity of 4.1 , gravity concentration has not proved practical as a means of beneficiation because of the earthy texture of the mineral . Vanadiferous sandstones occur with minerals ranging from roscoelite (vanadium mica) , containing little uranium , to high- uranium and low -vanadium carnotite . There is considerable local variation in the texture of the ores . The treatment of carnotite ores has been described previously , with attention directed to the elimination of waste in mining and the extraction of radium . The suggested methods included those suitable for the recovery of vanadium , since both radium and vanadium occur in the same minerals . Moore and Kithil suggested crushing from 40- to 80 - mesh with rolls , accompanied by a rubbing action to loosen the carnotite adhering to the sand grains . Fine grinding was to be avoided because it diluted the final product too much . The crushed and rubbed material was to be washed and

May 1, 1942

The analysis of in-mine grounding systems began with an extensive literature search which is still in progress. About a dozen articles have been found which deal directly with grounding problems on low voltage power systems or mine power systems. These systems have special grounding problems because normal load currents can be nearly as large as many types of fault currents. Information has been collected on the influence of cable spacing) conduit geometry, location of nearby conducting structures, etc., on the magnitude and path of fault current. Many other articles have been found which are less directly related to mine ground system analysis. The in-mine ground system analysis team has also inspected portions of two mine power systems to become familiar with the practices used in grounding. One electrical engineer and several other mine personnel have been interviewed concerning mine power system grounding practice. Already several aspects of the mine grounding system have been marked as requiring special attention.

Jan 1, 1975

By C. E. Julihn

In the fall of 1933 a new discovery of gold was made in the old Mojave mining district of California about 70 miles north of Los Angeles. It led to mining operations that have surpassed in their results all reasonable expectations and are of exceptional promise for the future. In less than 3 years, exploration has opened up a number of veins, from some of which a substantial amount of high-grade ore has been shipped, while a large tonnage of milling ore has been disclosed. Two mills, operating on ore averaging better than $12 a ton, will probably produce more than a million dollars worth of gold in 1936, and a considerable increase of their output in the following year is anticipated. While continuance of these operations for a number of years is already assured by ample reserves of ore, future discoveries of still other veins are reasonably possible, as occurrence of gold throughout the volcanic rocks of the district is widespread and the veins now being mined showed little to attract attention at the surface.

Jan 1, 1937

By K. J. Liles

This Bureau of Mines paper describes the composition and properties of drilling fluids for use in high-temperature geothermal wells, and summarizes the problems encountered with fluid use at the known major geothermal sites throughout the world. These include the western continental United States, Hawaii, Italy, Iceland, Japan, New Zealand, and Turkey. Water-base drilling fluids of 9- to 10-lb/gal weights are relied on primarily for geothermal well use, although air drilling is sometimes used. Bentonite-lignite-water systems have been used most often, and additives such as polyacrylates, lignosulfonates, and chromates are employed to improve the properties of the basic system.

Jan 1, 1976

By Wilfrid Comeau

This paper deals with the concept of a Quality-Assurance Manual, to the ISO-9001 Level, for quarry blasting in the urban environment. A case history of the incident, which led to its development, is presented in addition to three other case histories. These case histories are related to the potential effectiveness of a well thought-out and applied Quality-Assurance Manual in the conclusions. The basic principle, behind the development of a Q-A manual, is to supply a maximum of quality assurance with a minimum of disturbance to the operation of the quarry. This requires that every intervener in the quarry blasting operations, from management to labourer, be made responsible for the quality of their work. This basic goal can be achieved with a minimum of paper work and added bureaucracy. The manual respects the ISO principle that: Q-A Manuals are not recipe books and should allow for continuing technological developments.

Jan 1, 2003

By Patrick E. Durnal

The Richmond-San Rafael Bridge was built in the early 50s' and was first opened to traffic on August 31, 1956. Among California's longest steel bridges, it spans more than 21,000 feet across the northern portion of San Francisco Bay. It is one of six toll bridges currently undergoing seismic retrofit in the Bay area. Current retrofit criteria require the structure not to collapse in a Magnitude 8.3 earthquake lasting 45 seconds on the San Andreas Fault. The earthquake epicenter is 10 miles to the west of the Bridge, near the mouth of San Francisco Bay. Another major fault is the Hayward Fault, with a potential of a 7.5 magnitude earthquake. It is only 4 miles east of the eastern end of the bridge. The retrofit criterion is that the structure survives these earthquakes without collapse or loss of life, and that they are capable of repair within a period of one year. Therefore an energy absorbing, ductility and nominal resistance based approach to the retrofit design have been adopted for the retrofit of this bridge. Foundation Retrofit The foundation retrofits were designed to satisfy of drift criteria of 6 inches at the base of the footings, and to keep the existing H-piles from experiencing unacceptable levels of permanent soil displacement and /or structural rupture. Full-scale structural lateral load testing of BP14x89 piling, to rupture, has helped to determine the drift criteria. However recent non-linear analytical results, have led to a redesign, which may allow for 12 inches of drift. The as-built analysis of the Micropile piers determined that those piers would not exceed the 6-inch drift criteria so lateral resisting shear piles were not needed at those piers.

Jan 1, 1998

By P. B. Leavenworth

Development in the Upper Texas Gulf Coast during 1945 resulted in the discovery of 23 new fields; one Miocene, eight Frio, three Cockfield-Yegua and eleven along the Wilcox trend. The Wilcox trend appears to he the most active at this time. Producing depths of the new Wilcox discoveries range from 2050 to 10,050 ft. Drilling along the Frio trend has been, for the greater part, projected to the deeper downdip sands. Eighteen of the new discoveries are classified as oil or condensate and five are gas discoveries.

Jan 1, 1946

By C Hall, J L. Mauk

New 40Ar/39Ar dates of vein and wall rock adularia from seven epithermal deposits and one porphyry copper prospect help constrain the ages of mineralisation in the Hauraki Goldfield. Vein adularia from the Paritu region yielded a single 40Ar/39Ar plateau date of 16.315 ¦ 0.066 Ma. Five 40Ar/39Ar plateau dates of three samples of vein adularia from the Opitonui deposit overlap within error to yield a preferred age of 13.149 ¦ 0.016 Ma. Two samples of vein adularia from the Night Reef at the Broken Hills deposit yield exceptionally flat 40Ar/39Ar plateaus, and all dates overlap within error to provide an age of 7.121 ¦ 0.010 Ma. Two 40Ar/39Ar plateau dates of one sample of vein adularia from the Wharekirauponga deposit overlap within error to provide an age of 6.318 ¦ 0.061 Ma. Four 40Ar/39Ar plateau dates of three samples of vein adularia from the Maratoto deposit overlap within error to provide an age of 6.411 ¦ 0.022 Ma. Two samples of adularia from altered wall rock at the Sovereign deposit yield three 40Ar/39Ar plateau dates that range from 6.547 ¦ 0.021 to 6.806 ¦ 0.028 Ma. This suggests that mineralisation formed around 6.6 Ma, but the results are complicated because the adularia contains minor illite that post-dates adularia formation. Results from the Karangahake deposit are complex. Two samples of vein adularia yield three 40Ar/39Ar plateau dates that range from 6.116 ¦ 0.116 to 6.901 ¦ 0.101 Ma, whereas one sample of wall rock adularia that contains minor late illite yields two 40Ar/39Ar plateau dates that overlap within error to provide a date of 5.734 ¦ 0.041. The range of dates indicates that more work is necessary to understand the history of mineralisation at this deposit. Two samples of vein adularia from the Tui deposit yield four 40Ar/39Ar plateau dates that overlap within error to provide an age of 5.714 ¦ 0.017 Ma. These results confirm previous work that indicates that the ages of epithermal deposits young southward in the Hauraki Goldfield. These results are also consistent with previously postulated different ages for deposits hosted in Kuaotunu Subgroup rocks in the northern goldfield (>10 Ma), and deposits hosted in Waiwawa Subgroup rocks in the southern goldfield (7.1 to 5.7 Ma).

Jan 1, 2005

By Verônica Scarpini Candido

O uso cada vez mais frequente do poli metacrilato de metila (PMMA), muitas vezes em substituição ao vidro temperado, se deve a sua alta rigidez, praticidade, leveza e transparência. No entanto, as normas de fabricação atuais na indústria de polímeros recomendam testes específicos nesses materiais. O presente estudo tem o objetivo de testar mecanicamente as propriedades do material Polimetacrilato de Metila (PMMA) em condições que simulem um ambiente muito mais agressivo do que o usual. Para tanto foram realizados testes de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), análise termogravimétrica (TGA), testes de tração e impacto Izod, e análise por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Os resultados revelaram que o Polimetacrilato de metila (PMMA) manteve suas propriedades mecânicas em tração até a temperatura de 105°C. No que se refere à resistência ao impacto, a temperatura influenciou negativamente no desempenho desse polímero.

Oct 30, 2017

By Robert F. Randolph, Jeffery L. Kohler, David C. Byrne

Multiple versions of an educational message can reach a diverse population more effectively than a single version. For instance, some workers are trained in formal classrooms while others are self-taught. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has developed multiple versions of a hearing loss simulator (an interactive software package, a Web-based module, and an electronic slide show) to show how a single set of information can be readily adapted to different delivery methods. The three versions of the simulator were developed with a minimum of effort and expense compared to a single, less-flexible version. The interactive software is best for training sessions led by a hearing conservation professional, the Web pages are best suited for an individual worker, and the slide show is best for a small, more-generalized, training class. This paper will describe additional advantages and disadvantages of different delivery systems and will show what considerations are helpful in designing content that can be readily adapted to alternate presentations.

Jan 1, 2002

By Ta M. Li

How do you convert a copper-zinc resource into a viable economic mining operation? This problem, unlike most, was complicated by the additional presence of a sub-arctic climate, highest labor costs in the world, low-grade copper-zinc values, depressed market prices, and a complex mineralization.

Jan 12, 1977

By Valentín Pamo Caytano

La electrorefinación en un electrolito de CuSO4 - H2SO4 es usado universalmente para producir cobre de alta pureza a partir de los ánodos impuros. Aunque una parte de las impurezas se disuelve durante la electrorrefinación y se concentra en el electrolito, otros elementos son insolubles y se acumulan como lodos anódicos en las celdas de refinación. Las impurezas deben ser removidas del cobre para cumplir las especificaciones del mercado sobre la ductibilidad y conductividad y para recuperar los sub-productos valiosos como el oro y la plata. En ese sentido, el presente trabajo describe los equipos y procesos que permiten la recuperación del oro refinado en la planta de metales preciosos de la Refinaría de cobre de Ilo.

Sep 12, 2011

By J. Egan

The recovery of gold by ore leaching is influenced by the size of the particles and the chemical environment. Within the experimental error associated to the testing of gold ore, results of a series of leaching tests conducted with natural ores rather than monosized samples confirm that gold dissolution increases with decreasing ore particle size. The tests also indicate that the dissolution of gold in the ore within a size interval is weakly affected by the intensity of the size reduction method.

Feb 27, 2013

Pressure for Better Safety Practices ? Increase Government Regulation ? Safety practices evolve from: ? Increased efficiency and performance ? More knowledgeable workforce ? Focus on decreasing risk to shareholder value In Order to achieve this ? Focus Points: ? Skill Development ? Best practices ? Situation-based decision making ? Enablers: ? Adoption of new technologies ? Transformed miner education ? Delivering on-demand information to the point of work Results: Miners empowered to improve mine safety

Aug 1, 2013

Adsorption of Starch on Kaolinite Surfaces

Sep 13, 2010

By M. A. Barakat

"Adsorption of heavy metal ions specifically, Cu(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution on synthetic 4A Zeolite was evaluated. The 4A zeolite was synthesized previously by dehydroxylation of low grade Kalabsha Kaolin at 800 °C, and reacted hydrothermally with 2-4 M NaOH solution at 100 °C for 2h. The adsorption capacity of the metal ions were found to be strongly dependent on pH and initial metal ion concentration. At the optimium conditions the adsorption capacity decreased in the order Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Mn(II) > Cr(VI) ions. Almost complete adsorption was achieved for both of Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions at pH > 6, while the adsorption capacity for both Mn(II) and Cr(VI) was 96, and 55.3 % at pH 11 and pH 3, respectively. The results also showed that the grain size of the 4A zeolite has a little effect on the adsorption capacity. The experimental data was compared with two adsorption isotherms, Langmuir and Freundlich isotheroms. The results showed a good agreement of the Langmuir plots with the experimental data.1. IntroductionSeveral industrial wastewater streams may contain heavy metals such as Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, etc. including the waste liquids generated by metal finishing or the mineral processing industries. Heavy metals are considered hazardous pollutants due to their toxicity, even at low concentration, and nonbiodegradability. Increasing level of heavy metals in natural water bodies poses a serious threat to all living species including humans. It is, therefore, essential to reduce the heavy metal concentration in effluents/wastewater before it is discharged into the water bodies [1]."

Jan 1, 2008

By Forrest T. Moyer

In 1969, the number of fatal injuries in the coal mining industry was lower than in any previous year and the number of nonfatal injuries was lower than in any preceding year except 1968. Fatal injuries in 1969 totaled 203 with frequency rates of 0.85 per million man-hours of worktime and 0.36 per million tons of coal These rates were new annual lows. Nonfatal injuries totaled 9,917 with frequency rates of 41.76 per million man-hours and 17.42 per million tons. The severity rate for fatal and nonfatal injuries combined was 7,359 days lost or charged per million man-hours. The average severity was 173 days lost or charged per injury. These statistics represent the injury experience of an average of 133,302 employees per day working an average of 225 days in 5,955 coal mines for a total of 237-5 million man-hours worked and a coal output of 565 2 million tons

Jan 1, 1973

By Thomas K. Matson

The coal reserve base in the Western United States is presented for coalbeds amenable to extraction by underground mining methods. The Federal Bureau of Mines has abstracted data on the quality and quantity of coal resources/reserves from numerous State and Federal publications and modified such data as necessary to allow computer storage and retrieval. Tonnages are compiled by State, county, coalbed, and rank, and allotted to sulfur categories by statistical apportionment. The coal reserve base in those States west of the Mississippi River, amenable to underground mining, is estimated to be approximately 131 billion tons. Of this total, about 30.8 billion tons are bituminous coal, 100.2 billion tons are subbituminous coal, and 126.4 million tons are anthracite. Lignite is not considered for underground mining in this report. Included in this report is a glossary of terms applicable to a classification system for coal resources and reserves as jointly defined by the Bureau of Mines and U.S. Geological Survey. The purpose of this system is to provide for direct comparison or compilation of various resource/reserve data.

Jan 1, 1975

By Alonso Marchena, William Martínez, Joel Otero

En Arequipa, Moquegua y Tacna se han definido diversos arcos magmáticos. En los arcos jurásico, paleoceno y oligo-mioceno ocurren pórfidos de distintas características, los cuales presentan diferencias litogeoquímicas (LaN/YbN>20, Sr/Y>40, Eu/Eu*>1, U/Th>0.27, NbN/TaN>0.7). Estos parámetros pueden ser utilizados como guías de exploración, ya que son anomalías desde el punto de vista litogeoquímico. En caso no haya mineralización visible (depósitos ocultos), el empleo de estos trazadores en unidades ígneas (diques, cuerpos subvolcánicos e intrusivos) puede señalar la probabilidad de encontrar depósitos en profundidad.

May 22, 2019

Beneath some of New York?s most iconic buildings ? The Met Life Building, the Helmsley Building, the Waldorf Astoria ? crews are busily at work on the Metropolitan Transportation Authority?s long-awaited East Side Access (ESA) project. In fact, it is 14 floors beneath the famed Grand Central Station where one of the centerpieces of the project, the new Long Island Railroad (LIRR) station terminal, is being blasted and carved into shape. When completed in 2016, the $7.3-billion ESA project will increase LIRR?s capacity into Manhattan and significantly relieve congestion at Penn Station. Currently, 37 LIRR trains per rush hour roll into the crowded Penn Station where many riders must then transfer to subway trains to complete their commute. When completed, the ESA tunnels will bring an estimated 160,000 riders directly to Grand Central Station, saving those riders 30 to 40 minutes. Studies have found that more people work within walking distance of Grand Central than Penn Station. ?The benefits of the project are tremendous,? MTA Capital Construction President Michael Horodniceanu told more than 340 industry professionals attending the UCA of SME?s George A. Fox Conference in New York on Jan. 26. ?The ESA is the first expansion of the LIRR in 100 years. It will increase the East River tunnel capacity by 50 percent and will help support job growth around Grand Central.?

Jan 3, 2010