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By Oliver Bololes

UNDER the able leadership of Samuel H. Dolbear, the Committee on Nonmetallic Minerals furnished a program of sixteen papers comprising three sessions. An outstanding accomplishment in technology presented at the first session by Benjamin L. Miller and C. H. Breerwood is the application of flotation to the purification of limestone used in cement manufacture. In place of selective quarrying to provide high-grade raw material, the quarry-run stone is pulverized and treated in froth flotation cells for removal of free silica and mica. Some advantages are cheaper quarrying, more complete utilization of quarry rock, avoidance of purchasing high calcium stone, lower fuel cost and improvement in the finished cement. Paul M. Tyler presented the general subject of milling methods as applied to nonmetal lies. He pointed out the importance of some of the more recent refinements in ore dressing, and urged the need of a wider appreciation of their possibilities. The gypsum industry of Canada was described by L. H. Cole. Crystal growth during the setting process was illustrated by moving pictures. The Coastal Plain and interior salt

Jan 1, 1935

By C. I. Richman

The E h potential during of a iron reducing bacteria such as Aquaspirillum Magnetotacticum (A.M.) can be predicted by a growth model. It also reflects the adsorption of Fe+2 Cu+2 and Mn +2 ions, that can be incorporated into magnetic material called magnetosomes. The Ferric ion concentration during controlled growth of Thiobacillus Ferrooxidans (T.F.) is a function of the bacteria population curve, while A. M. ferrous ion concentration is a function of the integral of the population curve. Charting of the redox potential of T.F. during batch oxidation of refractory ores such as pyrite and pyrrhotite can be helpful to establishing onset and rate the bulk bio-oxidation rate. The onset of biooxidation is marked by an increase in Fe +3 ions that can be correlated with increased growth due to adsorbed electrons.

Jan 1, 1998

By M. Tamura, K. Fujita, K Shinozuka, H. Daimon, H. Esaka

"In-situ observation of unidirectional solidification using transparent substance has been performed to investigate the growth direction of solid phase. Cell or dendrite of which preferred growth direction is not parallel to the heat flow direction was observed with various solidification conditions. Dimensionless growth direction (p) changes from 0 to 1 with increasing growth velocity at a constant temperature gradient. Introducing the dimensionless growth velocity, the relation between p and growth condition could be correlated.IntroductionTransition in macroscopic solidified structure from chill to columnar zone which is found in normal castings takes place via grain selection1). Cast products such as turbine blades are unidirectionally solidified, grain selection plays an important role to choose suitable crystals which have reasonable orientation in the region called ""starter"", which is a very initial part of casting2). Therefore, grain selection is a very important process in the formation of casting structure. The present authors have been studying on the process of grain selection using succinonitrile, which is a transparent organic substance and have found that the growth distance necessary for grain selection depends upon the solidification condition3-5). When the solid/liquid interface is dendritic, the grain selection occurs quickly. On the other hand, when the solid/liquid interface is cellular, it occurs slowly. We supposed that the growth direction of dendrite is different from that of cell when the substance is unidirectionally solidified. Indeed, Kurz and Fisher wrote in their text book that dendrite grows along its preferred growth direction, <100>, regardless of heat flow direction and that cell grows along heat flow direction regardless of its preferred growth direction1). However, there is no quantitative description about the growth direction when the solid/liquid interfacial morphology is cellular. Furthermore, there have been little works6) to study the growth direction of cell and dendrite."

Jan 1, 2000

IN this survey of the progressive development of education for the mineral industries throughout the United States, the review of the history of each school has usually been completed wherever it is first mentioned, but the history of the schools in the cities of the eastern seaboard was not carried beyond 1870. It is necessary now to cover what happened during the period of approximately the last quarter of the nineteenth century in several of the schools in the east. PHILADELPHIA Of Philadelphia, it has been related in chapter 4 that the Polytechnic College of Pennsylvania began offering a curriculum leading to the B.S. in mining in 1853; that the school did not prosper, and finally closed about 1890. The establishment of a Department of Mining, Arts, and Manufactures at the University of Pennsylvania in 1855-56 was also mentioned, but its history was not carried beyond 1860. In 1859 J. Peter Lesley was appointed professor of mining in the University of Pennsylvania. The son of a cabinetmaker, born in Philadelphia Sept. 17, 1819, he had taken his A.B. degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1838 and then secured a position on the Geological Survey of Pennsylvania under H. D. Rogers. When the Survey was discontinued, in 1841, he went to Princeton to study theology, was ordained a Presbyterian minister and followed that career until 1853, when the Pennsylvania Geological Survey was again started and he rejoined its staff. He published "A Manual of Coal and its Topography" in 1856, and studied at the École des Mines, Paris, in 1850-57. He published an 800-page "Iron Manufactures Guide" the year that he was appointed to the staff at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1863-64 a College of Agriculture, Mines, Arts and the Mechanic Arts was established, but it was not a separate school

Jan 1, 1941

By T. W. Guy

DURING recent years, tremendous strides have been made in the economical use of coal. This has resulted in, and to some extent has been a result of, making the fuel specifications more and more rigid. For this reason, all producers have found it necessary to improve their preparation materially, both as to sizing and the elimination of impurities, either by more effective preparation underground or at the tipple and cleaning plant, or both. This cause and its effect in all producing fields seem likely to continue for several years-at least. The splendid inherent qualities of the Pocahontas and New River coals are known all over the world, but their good reputation is only partly due to inherent qualities, and to natural conditions which generally favor loading coal comparatively free from impurities; it is due in large measure to the care and skill used, either with or without the aid of mechanical devices, to ship products consistently low in ash. The first coal from the West Virginia smokeless fields was mined and shipped near Quinnimont, on New River, in 1871, while the first shipments from the Pocahontas field were in 1883. The development of both fields progressed rapidly. At first activities followed the main lines of the Chesapeake & Ohio and Norfolk & Western railroads, and were extended later as branch lines were built from these roads. The Virginian R. R., about 1907, opened up the Winding Gulf territory, which has since become a large producer of smokeless coals from the Pocahontas and the New River measures.

Jan 1, 1931

By William E. Souder, Eugene R. Palowitch

INTRODUCTION The longwall method of mining coal underground is now a highly developed and accepted mining technology. However, it was only through a long history of successes and failures that this technology now has the potential for reversing the declining trend in underground mining productivity in the United States. From its early beginnings in the United States during the 1800&apos;s, several species of longwalls have evolved. The evolutionary record consists of a series of overlapping birth-death eras, with each era giving way to another unique longwall technology. Typically, an era begins when some new longwall technology appears in response to a new technical opportunity or economic need. This new technology is adopted initially by only a few innovators. Later, other imitators get on the bandwagon and the technology diffuses throughout the user population. But evolving technical demands and socio-economic circumstances eventually cause many of the adopters to discontinue its use. This paper chronicles seven eras in the history of the evolution and utilization of longwall technologies in the United States. Some of the important factors that have influenced this history are discussed. Some distinctions are drawn between the operators who were first to adopt longwalls (innovators), and the imitators who followed. Statistics are presented which show that longwall mining is being adopted at an exponentially increasing rate, substantiating the forecast for a significant number of new longwall installations in&apos; the future. Potential barriers to this increased utilization of long- walls are noted.

Jan 1, 1981

By Cecil H. Desch

THE progress of metallurgical practice and the demands made by the engineering industry on our foundries and mills have made the crystalline structure of metals a subject of far more than academic interest. Metals and alloys are made up of crystals. Even if we accept the view, so ably maintained by some metallurgists, that the crystals are separated from one another by an amorphous layer, it remains true that all but a very minute fraction of any metallic mass is crystalline. The conditions which affect the growth of crystals are therefore of importance in metallurgy. It is not only castings whose properties depend on the arrangement of their crystals, for the more we learn of the behavior of forged, rolled and drawn metals, the more certain it becomes that it is profoundly influenced by the size and arrangement of the crystals in the original ingot, deter- mining a structure which may persist in a modified form through a long series of mechanical operations and annealings. This is mainly due to the concentration of much of the impurities in the last portions of the liquid to freeze, so that the boundaries between single crystals or groups of crystals are marked out by a zone of segregated material, differing in properties from the mass, and offering a barrier to diffusion and equalization of composition throughout the whole. The importance of this fact has been fully recognized by steel manufacturers, who have to deal with ingots which are sometimes very large, and are cast at a high temperature, containing impurities which have a marked effect on the properties even when present in very small quantity. For this reason the Iron and Steel Institute has set up a committee to examine the whole question of the heterogeneity of steel ingots,(l)f and a report has been issued, containing an account of the structure of 16 ingots, ranging in weight from 15 cwt. to 172 tons, each of which was sectioned and examined by chemical analysis and by etching. A valuable body of data concerning segregation has thus been collected. The work of the committee is being prosecuted with great activity, and at the same time researches are in progress to determine the physical

Jan 1, 1927

By Cecil Desch

THIS annual lecture, under the auspices of the Institute of Metals Division, and which was illus- trated by lantern slides, has been printed in full and a limited number are available for distribution on request. Some excerpts from the lecture are given below: Ever since the simple geometrical relations of crystals were discovered, it has been recognized that their proper-ties are best explained by assuming that their ultimate particles are arranged on a space lattice, and that the char-acteristics of that lattice determine the shape of the crystal and its physical and mechanical properties. Modern ex-amination by means of X-rays has widened that concep-tion and given it greater; definiteness, and the atoms are now regarded as the particles forming the space lattice. The splendid achievements of investigators in this field have made it possible to state, for a large number of sub-stances, the form and dimensions of the lattice. The char-acteristic of a lattice is that a unit of simple geometrical form is repeated at regular intervals in three dimensions so as to fill the entire crystal. It follows that there must be certain planes in which the atoms are more closely packed than in planes drawn at any angle to them, and it is these planes of closest packing which play the greatest part in determining the growth and other properties of the crystal. There are actually two stages in crystallization, what-ever be the medium in which it occurs. The first is the ap-pearance of crystal nuclei; the second the growth of those nuclei to form crystals of appreciable .size. The first is clearly a kinetic phenomenon. In the molten mass, solu-tion, or vapor, the molecules are in a state of rapid motion and frequent collision. When the temperature has fallen so far. that it is possible for a crystal to exist, a few col-liding molecules may fail to rebound, and so become at-tached to one another, the balance between the attracting and repelling forces-between them causing them to arrange themselves on a space lattice, to which other molecules sub-sequently attach themselves. It was once maintained that the X-ray evidence demanded that the molecule should dis-appear in the solid crystal, but this was a wrong inference, and in many crystals, but not in all, the chemical molecule retains its identity in the solid state. In pure metals the atom and the molecule are identical, so that the conditions are unusually simple. How many. nuclei will be formed in a given mass is evi-dently a problem in probability. Experiments to deter-mine the relation between the temperature and the number of nuclei formed in a given time have been made with some success by using viscous organic substances, but metals offer much greater difficulties, and the few determinations which have been published are vitiated by serious errors. However, the examination of sections of ingots of the same composition and cast at &apos;the same temperature in similar molds will show, that the number of crystals does not vary widely.

Jan 3, 1927

By Peng Gao

Coal-based reduction followed by magnetic separation is an innovative technology used in processing refractory iron ores. Given that size is essential to the separation of the metallic iron from the gangue, the morphology of metallic iron particles and their evolution during coal-based reduction are investigated in the present work. The size of the metallic iron particle increased from 128.76 µm to 565.70 µm when the reduction time increased from 20 min to 60 min at 1,225° C and C/O (i.e., the amount of coal addition in terms of the gram-atomic ratio of the fixed carbon in the coal added to the combined oxygen in iron oxides) of 2.5. Based on our microstructural and metallographic analysis, the iron ore reduction process can be divided into three stages: (1) metallic iron particle formation, (2) iron oxide reduction and metallic iron assembly and (3) metallic iron particle growth. Almost all iron oxides are reduced to metallic iron in the second stage. These newborn metallic iron particles are energetically active and able to assemble and grow, and are eventually separated from the gangue. The large metallic iron particles benefit the subsequent magnetic separation process.

By D. C. McKeehan

The use of electric power was introduced in this field in the year 1892. The initial installation being an engine-driven generator and one nine-ton haulage locomotive using 500-volts direct current. Reference to this locomotive appears in the issue of COAL AGE for February 24, 1921. For a large coal field, the conversion to electricity has been very complete, there being no compressed air machines in service and but one steam driven hoist, that at No. 1o mine and located within fifty feet of the present power plant boiler room. Two eight-ton haulage locomotives, installed in 1896 and still in use, justifies the service and the equipment. These mines used the pioneer types of electric cutting and drilling machines, the story of which is, no doubt, familiar to you. The extensive use of electric power began in 1900, when there was installed four 400 k.w., 500-volt direct current engine-driven generators. These were cross-compound machines and operated non-condensing. By 1910 the mines had developed main haulage entries of several miles in length and a working territory of about six square miles in area. The necessity of supplying adequate power at the working face required a local power supply from motor-generator sets in various parts of the mine to supplement the power furnished by the engine-driven generators. The power to these motor-generator sets was supplied by a 300 k.w. high pressure non-condensing turbo-generator delivering 2300 volts, 60 cycle, three-phase current. This marks the beginning of the use of alternating current for mining purposes. In 1913 new mines were being developed at Reliance, seven miles distant, and the plant was enlarged to accommodate a 750 k.w. low pressure, condensing turbine, utilizing the exhaust steam from the cross-compound engines and the 300 k.w. turbine. Transformers were installed for supplying Reliance with power at 13,200 volts. In the course of time the old engines began to dismantle themselves by throwing various pieces, such as cylinder heads, about the building, damaging walls and switchboards, and created a general feeling of unrest among those who had to do with power production. The limitations of the old engines that had given admirable service for ten years were recognized. The source of exhaust steam became questionable and in 1915, a 1000 k.w. high pressure condensing turbine was installed in order that a more general use could be made of motor-generator sets for the direct current supply. The plant at that time containing a 1000 k.w., a 750 k.w., and a 300 k.w., in alternating current generators, supplemented

Jan 1, 1921

By S. K. Chaulya, R. S. Singh, B. B. Dhar

Two prominent local species, Dendrocalmus strictus (bamboo) and Saccharum spontaneum (kashi), and two exotic species, Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass) and Vetiveria zizanoides (vetiver), were selected for growth trials on dumps at Mandaman, Chora, Mudidih, South Balanda and Ghugus. The climate at these sites is dry tropical and the surface soil layer a slightly acid to neutral sandy to clayey loam 10-11 cm thick, impoverished in major plant nutrients. After two years bamboo had grown the most, up to 325 cm in height, and contributed the greatest biomass, 638 g/m2 of plant. The local kashi species had a very good regenerative capacity, which was lacking in the lemon grass and vetiver. The grasses had very good soil-binding capacity and could also provide income if used as cash crops

Jun 21, 1905

Mineral formations, accumulated during technogenic activities greatly influence an economic and ecological situation in the Kola North. On the one hand, the dumps from extraction of mineral resources, tailing ponds of beneficating plants, ash dumps, wastes of metallurgical and mechanical engineering productions destroy the regionÆs environment and require taking certain measures and costs to bury or protect from weathering, oxidation, etc. On the other hand, technogenic mineral formations contain a lot of valuable scarce components. The amount of solid wastes increases annually, causing damage to ecology and economy. Researches conducted in recent years showed a possibility and economic expediency of comprehensive processing of wastes from different enterprises in Murmansk region and their use for production of new competitive commodity output, possessing high consumer properties. Thus, involving mineral wastes from Khibiny apatite deposits into hydrometallurgical industrial processing provides the basis for setting up a large beneficating-metallurgical complex. In this case ores and wastes from other deposits on the Kola Peninsula, containing titanium, rare, rare-earth and other valuable elements, may be involved into processing. Establishing such a complex will allow to organise a deep processing of natural resources, utilise some production wastes, improve ecological security and supply production with competitive output. Expanding the complex implies not only involving new mineral raw material into processing, but mainly deepening raw material processing, maximum utilisation of local natural resources and obtaining a wider variety of prime products.

Jan 1, 2002

By F. J. Zuiderweg, G. G. Bemer

Results of a study aimed at assessing kinetics and mechanisms of the batch agglomeration process in suspension are discussed. A recently developed light backscatter technique which enables the increase of average particle size from 1 to 5000 µm to be followed, was used to determine agglomeration kinetics. Growth curves and agglomerate size distributions were obtained in a stirred vessel for various model systems and operating conditions. Four distinct growth regimes were identified, i. e. the flocculation regime, the zero-growth regime, the fast growth regime, and the equilibrium regime. Further, it was observed that large differences in the occurrence and duration of these regimes resulted from small variations in parameters, such as size distribution of the initial particles and the binding-liquid to solid ratio. Mechanisms that determine the occurrence of the relevant regimes are discussed. The growth process was described in terms of population balance equations. In this way, the growth rate, the equilibrium agglomerate size distribution, and the evolution of the agglomerate size distribution were generated. The agreement with experimental results is satisfactory.

Jan 1, 1980

Until the end of 1960, the small primary aluminum industry in Australia was run by the government. The entire operation was at Bell Bay on the north coast of Tasmania. It consisted of an alumina plant and smelter, owned jointly by the Commonwealth and the State of Tasmania. Apparent domestic demand that year was about 48,000 long tons; 11% thousand came from Bell Bay; the rest was imported. By March 1964, Australia had two fully integrated aluminum companies. The government has stepped out of the picture and the key word of the industry from bauxite to metal is "growth." Present annual capacity of the two companies for making aluminum metal totals 92,000 long tons a year. Australian demand is about 60,000 tons. By 1968 Australian consumption should be 90,000 tons and by 1970 it is expected to reach 107,000 long tons per year. Export markets for bauxite, alumina and metal are developing.

Jan 10, 1964

By James L. Oleson, Hunter R. Propsom, Kevan J. R. Ford, Robert D. Henderson, Bob Musgrove

"Kinross’ Fort Knox Gold mine, near Fairbanks, Alaska has successfully implemented two major metallurgical continuous improvement projects resulting in growth of gold production and an extension of mine life. In 2009, Fort Knox produced 263,153 oz of gold at a cash operating cost of $543/oz. In 2010, approximately 63% of the gold will be produced from the CIP circuit, 15% of the gold from the gravity circuit and 22% of the gold from the heap leach.In 2009, a 44,000 ton per day run-of-mine valley fill heap leach facility was constructed and commissioned as a cost effective treatment option for low grade ores to supplement the higher grade mill. The heap leach facility will produce approximately 100,000 ounces of gold per year under severe winter conditions. Heap leach gold recovery, based on test work shows 30% after a 55-day leach cycle, with long term ultimate gold recovery targeted at 65%. The paper presents the heap leach design concepts and production data.Additionally in 2009, installation of a Knelson gravity concentrator unit (XD70) was completed. This together with an Acacia intense leach reactor (AILR) has increased overall mill gold recovery from 79.3% to 80.7%. A manual shaking table gold recovery operation has been replaced by batch intensive cyanidation of the high grade Knelson concentrates. Increased removal of coarse gold and difficult-to-leach gold species from the grinding circuit, via the gravity circuit, has improved gold leach recovery in the conventional whole-ore tank leach CIP circuit. The paper presents plant operating data, showing the improvements over the old flowsheet.Focus on the metallurgical properties of the high grade and low grade end components of the Fort Knox ore has resulted in significant improvement to gold recovery."

Jan 1, 2011

By P M. Bradbury

The nature of aggressive process chemical requirements typically in the Platinum Refinery Industries, lend themselves to the use of Polymer Composite Glass Reinforced plastics for pipework and other associated equipment in these types of Plants. This paper discusses the basic characteristics of a Polymer Composite glass reinforced piping system and gives sample examples of applications in current present day use.

Jan 1, 2006

By Hunefeld R

In the field of mining engineering, design and planning are complex tasks, which require the knowledge of various engineering disciplines. GRUBE (Graphisch-RechnerUnterstiitzter BergwerksEntwurf) is a modular databased program system, which offers computer aid for all mining departments using a 3D CAD software as the user interface. Despite the data quantity and complexity, specific and uniform working conditions have to be applied to the planning of technical equipment of a pit. With the application of 3D graphics, complex data stores and their interrelations become &apos;palpable&apos; for the user by suitable visualisation. GRUBE-M forms the mechanical operations module of GRUBE, in which underground locations displayed as three-dimensional graphic models are `equipped&apos; interactively. Planning alternatives can be created and compared quickly in terms of technical calculations and economical analysis.

Jan 1, 1995

By John F. Gamble

Paper 1?South African experience with asbestos-related environmental mesothelioma: Is fiber type important? Neil White, Gill Nelson, Jill Murray The purpose of this review was to illustrate the importance of the type of asbestos in environmental mesothelioma. South Africa is a logical place to assess fiber type. The three major types of asbestos (crocidolite, amosite and chrysotile) were mined (all asbestos mining stopped in 2002) in South Africa. The association between asbestos and mesothelioma was discovered in South Africa. The occupational literature indicates high mesotheliomagenic potential for crocidolite, less for amosite and less still for chrysotile. Since South Africa has been a major source of crocidolite, relatively high rates of mesothelioma in the mining population is not surprising. High rates of mesothelioma due to environmental exposure is surprising, except perhaps when the authors? point out potential sources for community exposures (e.g., mine tailings used for road surfacing, golf courses, brick and plaster making; insulation in residential ceilings; children playing on fiber-rich waste rock). The authors? reviewed four studies reporting on mesothelioma cases and their sources of exposure and fiber type. Overall 23% of the known cases were attributed to the environmental (not occupational) exposure and about 90% were due to crocidolite asbestos. The proportion of environmental mesothelioma is considerably higher than in Western Australia where crocidolite is also mined. There the overall rate of environmental mesothelioma is about 6% (and less than 1% from residence in a crocidolite mining area).

Jan 1, 2007

By Hélio Blak

The Paranapanema Group was created in February 1996 when a group formed by the Brazilian pension funds acquired four companies dealing with nonferrous metals. The new Paranapanema Group, basically related to the tin and construction business, became the sole Brazilian primary copper producer, the second zinc producer and one of the most important producers of copper products, mainly tubes and fittings. To put together such different companies, managed before by family groups and with different cultures and principles, was and still is a big challenge. The strategy of developing and consolidating it as an homogeneous group is based in three pillars: an increase in production, quality and technological improvements on products and market mix and a permanent cost reduction program, using all the potential synergies founded.

Jan 1, 1998

By A. R. Garcia, A. S. Myerson, W. R. Ernst, J. D. Carruthers, M. D. Franke, L. H. Hilzik

A method for removing nickel and vanadium contaminants from spent HDS catalysts involves pretreating the catalyst with H2S followed by extracting the metals with an acidic solution of ferric ion. The ferric ion solution alone removes significant amounts of active ingredients, cobalt and molybdenum; however, by pretreating with H2S, the extraction becomes more selective for removal of Ni and V.

Jan 1, 1988