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By S. P. Lowe

Introduction In the following pages a general description is presented of the concentrator and cyanide plant of the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company, Limited, at Flin Flon, Manitoba, together with some account of the steps which have led to the adoption of the present practice. For an account of the preliminary test-work and pilot-mill operation, the reader is referred to a recent paper by R. E. Phelan on the History of Flin Flon Mine up to Construction (1). Additional notes may be found in a paper which the writer presented at the Annual Meeting of the Institute in 1930 (2). The first ore was crushed in the present plant on July 1st, 1930, and the first ball-mill was started one month later, on August 1st. Since that time, production has been continuous with the exception of one month lost during a strike in the summer of 1934. There have been no major changes in equipment or methods of treatment since the present plant was built, but many minor changes have contributed to the improvement in results obtained and to the increase in capacity to the large tonnage now being milled. The accompanying flow-sheets indicate the equipment used in the several plants, with the average life and repair cost. As originally built, the concentrator was to treat 3,000 tons per day, but the capacity has been increased to 4,400 tons. The methods adopted to make possible this increase in tonnage will be referred to below. It was the intention to produce two classes of ore: (1) a heavy sulphide, and (2) a disseminated ore. The mill was consequently divided into two sections, each adapted for most efficient treatment of one particular type of ore. However, it was soon found that it would be impossible to mine the two classes of ore separately, so it was decided to treat open-pit ore, which varies greatly in character, in the sulphide section, and underground ore, which is fairly constant, in the disseminated section. This segregation is still maintained.

Jan 1, 1935

By A. D. Wunderlich

Providing a safe & secure environment for your employees and other company assets is absolutely necessary in our litigeous society. Security hardware is no different than computers or other technical equipment, in that new equipment is developed each year that makes older equipment obsolete. This presentation will help to explain how your existing security system and security procedures can be updated to meet industry standards without the expenditure of a great deal of money. If you are concerned about potential security problems and how to address these problems, this presentation is a must.

Jan 1, 1995

CONTENTS PAGE MERRISS, M. H.-Direct Electrolysis of Black-copper Anodes of High Nickel-lead Content. Discussed by C. S. Witherell, C. P. Linville, G. E. Dalbey, M. H. Merriss 1 GRISWOLD, GEORGE G.-Calculating the Zinc for Desilverizing Lead Bullion by the Parkes Process. Discussed by C. S. Witherell, George G. Griswold, Milo W. Krejci, Lawrence Addicks, W. F. Gross, H. H. Alexander, A. F. Beasley, C. P. Linville 3 ALEXANDER, H. H. and STACK, J. R.-The Reduction and Refining of Tin in the United States. Discussed by Edward F. Kern, J. R.' Stack, R. L. Hallett, C. R. Hayward, William H. Bassett, R. C. Canby, H. G. S. Anderson 20 GREENAWALT, WILLIAM E.-Greenawalt Electrolytic Copper Extraction Process. Discussed by Stuart Croasdale, Colin G. Fink, Arthur L. Walker, Edward F. Kern, Henry A. Tobelmann, Oliver C. Ralston 26 BENEDICT, C. H. and KENNY, H. C.-Ammonia Leaching of Calumet and Hecla Tailings. Discussed by G. E. Dalbey, C. H. Benedict 34 RALSTON, OLIVER C.-Hydrometallurgy of Lead. Discussed by F. L. Bosqui, Jr., George D. Van Arsdale 34 TAINTON, U. C. and LEYSON, L. T.-Electrolytic Zinc from Complex Ores. Dis¬cussed by W. G. Woolf, C. A. Hansen 39 Direct Electrolysis of Black-copper Anodes of High Nickel-lead Content Discussion of the paper of M. H. MERRISS, presented; at the New York Meeting; February, 1924, and, issued, as Paper No. 1273-M, with MINING AND METALLURGY, September, 1923. C. S. WITHERELL, New- York, N. Y. (written discussion).-This paper is particularly valuable in that it gives the results of operations -carried out under conditions differing from standard practice. In the electrolytic refining of copper, as in other kinds of metal refining, it is occasionally necessary to treat extraordinary foul or complex material, in which cases 'it is valuable to know what other metallurgists have accomplished under similar conditions. As tapping the slimes-covered anodes brought the tank-voltage down to 0.45 to 0.50 volt, the counter electromotive force was, probably not more than 0.1 or 0.2 volt; hence the so-called polarization was, mainly,

Jan 6, 1924

By M. Phillip Jameson, Paul Sennett

The beneficiation of kaolin by flotation has been practiced on an industrial level since 1961. A brief history of industrial kaolin flotation is given, with a description of the various processing schemes used by the companies that practice kaolin flotation. Some of the areas where improvements could be made in the beneficiation of kaolin are given.

Jan 1, 1989

By Andrew Baxter

The Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville, Arkansas is a beautiful glass and concrete structure cut into a valley that mingles with water ponds spanned by multiple bridges with suspended roofs. Or, at least it will be when completed in 2009. At Crystal Bridges, most of the proposed buildings involve cuts up to 50 ft high to be retained by the building structures. This requires the construction of retaining walls adequately founded to support lateral loads of up to 70 kip/ft. To add to this difficulty, the site is within a karst region with all the variability and irregularities associated with solutioning and erosion of the parent rock in this environment. The irregular rock profile made it virtually impossible to conceive a predictable arrangement of shallow footings and shear keys for the retaining walls. The existence of layers of soft soils within a hard rock formation made a caisson foundation impractical. The authors developed an innovative solution based on micropiles, which proved to be invaluable from a cost and schedule point of view. In areas where rock was shallow, micropiles were used as ?shear pins? to transfer the horizontal loads to the rock. In areas with significant overburden, a system of vertical and battered micropiles was devised to carry vertical and horizontal loads from the retaining walls. This paper presents a detailed description of the design and installation of the micropiles used as shear pins, and includes the results of lateral load tests performed on full-scale models of the grade beams on shear pins. The work performed shows that micropiles in rock can be effectively utilized for support of significant lateral loads provided that an adequate arrangement of suitably sized micropiles is provided, and that micropiles used as shear pins may develop significant tensile stresses when loaded laterally.

Jan 1, 2008

By J. D. Davis

The Bureau of Mines Coal Carbonization Laboratory has been interested for the past 20 years in the quality of coke in connection with the selection of coals for the manufacture of coke. The principal experimental. method of carbonization, whereby 100- to 200-pound charges are carbonized in sheet-steel cylindrical retorts with recovery and determination of the properties of coke, gas, and products, was developed in cooperation with the American Gas Association,4 5 and it is known as the BM-AGA method. Results of the investigations of 90 coals included in the BM-AGA Survey of the Carbonizing Prop¬erties of American Coals have been published; 6 and, in addition to these, about 200 coals have been carbonized over limited temperature ranges. Because coke from cylindrical retorts differs in shape from that made in rectangular ovens, the BM-AGA method has been criticized, although those who developed it have always believed that it served well as a means of measuring the relative strengths of cokes from different coals. It is recognized that no laboratory-method carbonization, even on a large twit, can yield results that exactly duplicate those obtained in commercial ovens and retorts. However, with the completion and satisfactory performance of an experimental vertical slot oven of 500-pound capacity at the University of Illinois Geological Survey Laboratory,' the opportunity to directly compare BM-AGA coke with coke made by two-sided heating became available and the necessary test apparatus was installed. The Bureau of Mines slot oven, which is similar to that designed by the University of Illinois Geological Survey, has been used to carbonize 11 coals (or blends) tested by the BM-AGA method. This report compares the results obtained by the two methods.

Jan 1, 1950

By O. W. Ellis

BEFORE entering upon a general discussion of the fascinating, but at present rather controversial, subject of gases in copper, the author feels that some attention should be directed to the work which has been carried out on the solubility of gases in metals. The outstanding contributions to our knowledge of this subject have been made by Sieverts and his collaborators(1) t and by Iwasé.(2) Both the German and the Japanese investigators employed apparatus of the same general design in their investigations. Full reference need only be made, therefore, to the German scheme, which is diagrammatically illustrated in Fig. 1. This, to use the words of Sieverts, which he employed in describing his Burette arrangement of apparatus at the 1928 meeting of der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Metallkunde(1g): shows a diagram of the usual mode of procedure. A quartz flask contains the metal (for high temperatures a highly refractory porcelain FIG. 1.-SIEVERTS' APPARATUS FOR INVESTIGATING SOLUBILITY OF tube is used) and is connected with the rest of GASES IN METALS. the apparatus by means of a stopcock. The other parts consist of a burette divided into 1/10 c.c., a leveling tube, and art adjus-table mercury reservoir. The burette is connected on one side with the gas inlet and on the other side with the absorption flask; the connection can be interrupted by means of suitable taps. Another tap permits the connection of the flask and the Töpler pump. In an experiment the quartz flask is first exhausted and then a meas-ured quantity of gas is let in from the burette. In the first place the volume of the flask when empty is found by calibration with an inert gas. The pressure is read off on the level tube of the burette, and the temperature measured by means of a thermo-couple whose welded junction lies close to the outside of the quartz flask, which is heated in an electric furnace. In several experiments the quantity of absorbed gas was transferred to a burette by means of a pump and measured.

Jan 1, 1932

By W. M. Armstrong

THE GROWTH of the major iron and steel industries on this continent and in many European countries was based on the use of as-mined, high-grade, lump iron ores and on the availability of metallurgical coking coals. The modern coke-fired blast furnace was developed for such materials and is one of the most efficient of ail pyrometallurgical processes. Most of the impure pig iron produced by blast furnaces was converted to refined steel by the Bessemer process in the years prior to 1900 but, when large quantities of low-cost steel scrap be-came available, the more flexible open hearth process was adopted by most large steel producers on this continent. Although this pro-cess has many desirable metallurgical features, the thermal efficiency is low, the capital cost is very high, and the method of charging scrap steel is inefficient by modern standards of material handling. In recent years several conditions have arisen which have stimulated the development of many new pro-cesses and the re-examination of the existing smelting and steelmaking techniques.

Jan 1, 1958

By Robert Seal, James J. Rytuba, Michael P. Hunerlach, Roger Ashley, Dean Enderlin

Cessation of open pit mining in 1996 at the McLaughlin hot-spring type gold deposit has resulted in the development of two pit lakes that will be managed as permanent lakes with a total storage capacity of 10,000 acre-feet. The south pit lake developed from alkaline ground water infiltration and had an initial pH of 7.2. It contained high concentrations of boron and chloride, indicating that it consisted of a mix of meteoric and evolved connate waters. Numerous carbon dioxide gas vents were present initially in the shallow south pit lake, but as the pit lake increased in depth, gas venting ceased and carbon dioxide is retained in the lower layer of the chemically stratified lake. Continued increase of dissolved carbon dioxide in the lower layer increases the potential for a limnic eruption. A chemocliie occurs at a depth of 47 m. The upper layer of the lake has lower pH, temperature, and conductivity than the lower layer. Effluent from ore and waste rock piles directed into the south pit lake has contributed to high levels of antimony, arsenic, cobalt, copper, mercury, nickel, and zinc. Iron oxyhydroxide is abundant in mine effluent that enters the pit lake and adsorption onto this phase has lowered the arsenic and antimony concentrations. The north pit lake formed primarily from winter surface runoff. The acidic water, pH 4.56, initially had high concentrations of cobalt, mercury, and nickel derived from weathering products of pyritized serpentinite and shales. Buffering by wall rocks has established a slightly alkaline pH of 7.62. The concentrations of trace metals in the north pit lake have substantially decreased due to continued dilution of the lake by surface runoff and remediation of parts of the pit walls that have been covered by backfill.

Jan 1, 2000

The following paper, submitted by the Russian petroleum authorities, was secured through the courtesy of G. V. Ackerman, Vice President of Amtorg Trading Corporation, and N. V. Vannikoff, Representative in the U.S.A. of the United Oil and Gas Industries of the U.S.S.R. It gives an excellent view of the Russian petroleum industry as seen through Russian eyes. Noteworthy is the tremendous area over which the Russians are searching for petroleum, for this paper refers to such far-flung areas as the Arctic Tamir Peninsula, Kamchatka and Sakhalin on the Pacific, Lake Baikal in Central Siberia, the great new discovery at Neftadag in the plains of West Turkestan, and the oil of the Ferghana oasis, where the derricks look out over to the mosques of Kokand. Of interest also is the new pipe line to supply the industrial centers of Ukraine grouped around the great hydroelectric plant built at Dneprotroy on the falls of the Dnieper. The technical achievements have been noteworthy and we must pause to consider the scope of the undertakings being carried forward. Russia is at the worst a good second to the United States in petroleum reserves and for a long time to come will be a most important factor in the petroleum markets of the world. Her story should be of interest to everyone in the industry. The First Five Year Plan The first Five Year Plan, covering the period 1928-29 to 1932, accomplished the task of transforming the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from an agricultural, backward land into a powerful independent industrial country, with an advanced technological foundation of its own for finally achieving the social reconstruction of the entire national economy. Along with the gigantic forward 'strides in industry and transportation, radical changes took place in agriculture. The creation of more than 5000 great state farms and of more than 200,000 collective farms serviced by a widespread network of machine-tractor stations has brought the U.S.S.R. to the fore as the largest agricultural country in the world. Imports of tractors and other agricultural machinery in the initial years of the Five Year Plan and the intensive output of this equipment by the great plants of the U.S.S.R. in the latter years of the plan have brought about the mechanization of agriculture in the Soviet Union. This year 250,000 tractors and 30,000 combines will operate in the fields

Jan 1, 1934

By R. E. Caffrey, S. K. Tung

This paper reports some of tile results obtained from the vapor-phase reaction of a volatile metal halide with a hydrogen and carbon dioxide mixture in an epitaxial-deposition chamber. Tile oxides deposited were silicon di oxide, aluminum oxide, mix-12tves of silicon di oxide and aluminum oxide, and titanium oxide. Tile deposited silicon di oxide was transparent and amorphous and had a density and index of refraction similar to that of thermally grown silica. The vote of etching was determined. The thickness uniformily of the oxide was found to he related to the aerodynamics of the system employed for deposition. A clear silicon di oxide layer was found to be dependent upon the quality of the surface prior- to aside deposition. The process parameters affecting the vale 0f deposition were studied. The deposited aluminum oxide was transparent, holy-cl-ysttrlliile, and possessed remarkable resistance to hydrofluoric acids. By measurements it has been shown that the deposited aluminum oxide is both insulating and continuous. ThE cleanness of an epitaxial silicon surface both immediately after growth and during device processing is thought to be one of the major factors contributing to the electrical properties of a final device. The advantage of protecting an epitaxial silicon wafer surface with an oxide grown immediately following epitaxial deposition is obvious. The successive growth of silicon and silicon diox- ide in epitaxial apparatus was studied by Steinmaier and loem.' They formed silicon dioxide films on a silicon substrate by adding water vapor to the silicon tetrachloride-hydrogen mixture in an epitaxial system. They also showed that, when a gaseous mixture of carbon dioxide and hydrogen is injected, water is formed only at elevated temperatures. Thus the reaction of water vapor and silicon tetra-: chloride will be limited to a relatively small reaction zone near the substrate. This paper reports some results of oxide films obtained from a vapor-phase reaction of a volatile metal halide with a hydrogen and carbon dioxide mixture in an epitaxial-deposition chamber. EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS The system employed for the oxide deposition is a modification of a vertical system used to produce high-resistivity silicon layers by the hydrogen reduction of silicon tetrachloride.' The modification shown schematically in Fig. 1 consisted of an additional carbon dioxide gas stream which entered the reaction chamber with a hydrogen stream saturated with metal halide vapor and a diluting hydrogen stream. Silicon dioxide layers made from a mixture of silicon tetrachloride, hydrogen, and carbon dioxide gases will be discussed first. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 1) Factors Affecting the Rate of Oxidation. An epitaxial silicon layer was deposited by the hydrogen reduction of silicon tetrachloride on an n-type,

Jan 1, 1965

By Thompson J

A programme of testing and evaluation has been in progress at Isa Mine for the last four years with the objectives of rationalising ground support practices, improving installation quality and increasing productivity of ground support functions.Numerous innovations have been successfully implemented. These include the introduction of swellex rockbolts as the major form of temporary support, the use of splitset rockbolts as the primary means of support for the hangingwalls of cut and fill stopes and the introduction of dowels with pumped cement for general long term support.The installation of swellex bolts has been successfully mechanised throughout the mine using Tamrock automatic rockbolters and Atlas Copco BUK 11R drilling rigs modified for this purpose.

Jan 1, 1985

From the cold Pacific waters in June rolls a blanket of white clouds that tucks up around the mountains at around 8000 or 9000 ft. This is the way it happens in southern Peru and so the mining operations and daily living at Toquepala have an ethereal quality not often encountered. Besides looking down on the clouds from the brightly sunlit mountain tops, one can discern the trace of a different era in the brown barren mountain slopes. This trace is like a delicate net laid over the surface of the earth-a criss-crossing of innumerable trails that are so omnipresent, yet faint, that the local people have long since ceased to notice them. It is difficult at first to ask about them because no one understands what you are talking about. It finally comes out though, that the markings are indeed trails, but fossil trails made by animals in times when they were in abundance in a countryside that was green in some bygone century. In a way Toquepala is still pristine, it is the way the engineers planned it-from the ground up. There are no additions or expansions- those tackings-on that spoil the symmetry of design while increasing the profit. This does not deny that annual production has gone up over the years. Daily mill throughput has been increased from 30,000 to 42,000 tpd. Initial design of the concentrator was for 30,000 tpd but in 1964-65 milling capacity was increased to 36,000 tpd at a cost of $3 million.

Jan 11, 1969

By Andrew M. Leszcykowski

In 1984, personnel from the U.S. Bureau of Mines examined 41,550 acres of the North Fork Owyhee River Wilderness Study Area for mineral resources. This study area, in southwestern Idaho, is underlain by tuffs and basalt of Tertiary age. There are no known mines, claims, or prospects in or near the area. The northeast and southwest corners of the area are covered by oil and gas leases or lease applications, but no known exploration has been conducted. On Nickel Creek and Pleasant Valley Tables, in the southern part of the area, thin flows of vesicular, moss-covered basalt occur that are suitable for use as decorative building stone. The stone available for exploitation crops out over several square miles. However, more suitable material, outside the study area, is closer to potential markets.

Jan 1, 1986

By D. Nag, J. Fernando

Hazelwood Power Mine is one of the largest open pit brown coal mines in Australia. The removal of overburden is the first step in coal winning operation. The primary aim of construction of overburden dump is to provide an effective stable working surface for stacker. The paper discusses site investigation techniques used to determine dump soil properties, stability analysis method using GALENA and GWEDGEM, results of stability analysis. The paper concludes with recommendation for a safe dumping strategy for level 2 stacker dumping.

Jan 1, 2003

By Eric E. Cather

In 1984 and 1986, at the request of the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted a mineral appraisal of the 315,000-acre Lemhi Range study area. This area is located in Lemhi and Custer Counties, about 25 mi south of Salmon, Idaho, and is in the Northern Rocky Mountain physiographic province, Topography is generally rugged with elevations ranging from 5,600 ft to about 11,350 ft above sea level. Since the 1880's, approximately 500 mining claims have been located within the study area; about 400 were current at the time of this investigation. Also, part or all of 12 patented mining claims are in the study area. During Bureau field work, forty-four mineralized sites were examined. The sites had been explored by 80 adits, 14 shafts, and about 140 pits and trenches. At least five properties in the study area have had significant production; the adjacent Mohawk, Grace Phelan, and Snowbird claims had a combined total of 136,000 oz of silver and 67,000 lb of lead; production at the Brown Bull was about 14,800 oz of silver and 115,000 lb of lead; the Portland mine yielded an unrecorded amount of silver. The Hilltop mine, located a few hundred feet outside the study area, produced 125,000 oz of silver, 2.7 million lb of lead, 87,000 lb of zinc, and 62,000 lb of copper from mineralized zones that might extend into the study area. More than 10,000 lb of copper were produced at the Blue Jay mine from workings located about 1,000 ft outside the study area. The Bureau of Mines investigation did not reveal the presence of identified resources in the study area. However, several areas contain mineralized sites and are known occurrences. Some of these warrant additional work to further delineate the mineralization and possibly determine identified resources.

Jan 1, 1988

By R. Cook

Knowledge based applications are becoming important to Associated Manganese for efficiently dispatching ore of appropriate grades to customers on time. The G2 expert system shell has been used to develop blending and scheduling applications using a combination of object-oriented rule based, procedural, and heuristic approaches. The blending application, for example uses a heuristic approach for creating blends from thousands of small stacks of manganese ore of various grades and sizes, to meet customer specifications while fully exploiting the available inventory. Data capture and data warehousing have become important issues, and the Internet shows strong potential for distribution of pre-processed information.

Jan 1, 1997

By Karl Ingmarsson

A model for drilling productivity and total drilling cost is presented. It specifically addresses down-thehole drilling, but also covers other drilling methods. The important factors are: 1, productivity in tons drilled; and 2, total cost per drill ton. For non-blasthole applications these factors are measured in drill feet and cost per foot. The model focuses on the entire system and allows the operator to optimize the system based on individual drilling conditions.

Jan 1, 1998

By Filiberto Fernández

El presente texto señala el proceso de estabilización de las altas eficiencias de corriente en la refinería de Southern Perú a través de los hornos, el desarrollo en los cátodos producidos y su apoyo del personal de mantenimiento, operaciones y producción. De forma, que utilizando esta política, la refinería ha incrementado la densidad de su corriente, controla mejor sus procesos, control físico y las pruebas de investigación en forma ordenada, eficaz y efectiva.

Sep 13, 2001

By M. Moinpour, Y. K. Rao

The catalysed direct reduction of copper sulphide with carbon and lime was investigated in the range 850-1000 degrees C using Cu2S-CaO-C and Cu2S-4CaO-4C reaction mixtures. The effects of the catalytic additives K2CO3, Li2CO3, Na2CO3, NaF, Na2SO3 and the ternary eutectic (K,Li,Na)2CO3 were determined. Potassium carbonate, sodium fluoride and the ternary appear to be the most effective catalysts for the direct reduction process. The rate enhancement of the catalysed carbothermic reduction of copper sulphide in the presence of lime was explained in terms of the catalysis of the Boudouard reaction

Jul 1, 1991