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This paper sets out to consider a specific type of corrosion protection system, which is referred to as a Duplex Coating system. The dictionary describes a duplex system as consisting of two elements or a “twofold” composition. The duplex system described in this presentation is such a two-part corrosion protection coating, viz, hot dip galvanizing as the firm base or primer, followed by a top paint system designed to combat severe corrosive environmental conditions encountered in nature. In principle, the duplex system is a cost effective and balanced, designed coating that is suited to the environmental conditions and service life requirements.

Jan 1, 2009

By Michael Heximer, Dominic Verfielst, Timothy Moore

"Teck's Trail Operations recently installed new pressure filters in the cold stage purification step in the zinc leaching plant. Alloy 2205 duplex stainless steel was chosen as the material of construction as it was in use in the hot stage purification operation. Within a year of commissioning, an unacceptably high rate (greater than 1 mm/y) of corrosion was observed on the weld heat affected zone (HAZ). Laboratory and field tests were conducted to establish the conditions under which the corrosion was occurring. The tests isolated the aggressive conditions to a unique combination of materials present during the filter regeneration stage. Furthermore, the change of the duplex grain structure of the alloy during welding resulted in the HAZ being more susceptible to the corrosive environment. A new material of construction was recommended as a result of the investigation.IntroductionThe sulphide leaching plant uses four horizontal tank pressure leaf filters to remove solids precipitated in the cold stage electrolyte purification process. The current filters were installed in 2007, and replaced a bank of filter presses. The material of construction for the filters - alloy 2205 duplex stainless steel - was selected based on its successful use in similar service areas of the leaching plant. However, within the first year, unexpected and rapid corrosion of the filter tank material was observed. Although moderate general corrosion was noted throughout the filters, the attack was particularly aggressive in the areas where intense heat was applied during fabrication, observed at the HAZs caused by welding, and on the exposed edge grain of the duplex plates. On the inaugural annual inspection of the filters in the first year of operation, a corrosion penetration rate of 1.0 to 1.5 mm/y was observed at the HAZs. The parent plate of the pressure tank was a minimum of 6 mm, with a minimum allowable thickness of 3 mm under the ASME pressure tank design rules. Therefore, the projected useful life of the filters could then be roughly calculated to be two to three years. Urgent action was required to understand and correct this problem."

Jan 1, 2012

DuPont is a chemical and energy multi-national of approximately 90,000 employees. Often regarded as the world leader in injury reduction and process safety management, DuPont operate 140 manufacturing sites around the globe. Conoco is a wholly owed subsidiary of DuPont which is involved in oil, gas and coal exploration.   Throughout this paper I will discuss DuPont statistics, developing a safety culture and training process as well as discussing possible short comings in the New Zealand safety focus. I will conclude with my recommended improvements and issues for New Zealand companies to focus on.   It is very difficult to compare DuPont and New Zealand statistics through lack of compatibility in recording methods and my ability to interpret ACC's Injury Statistics. However through considering DuPont's statistics, and comparing them to your own companies or departments, you will agree they are indeed impressive. I hope that by discussing DuPont's safety philosophy, and possible shortfalls within New Zealand Legislation many of you will find ideas and inspiration which will help you to further reduce your own injury rates.

Jan 1, 1997

By J. C. Draper

Duquesne Light Co.'s Portal No. 3 mine, in the Warwick group of mines in Southwestern Pennsylvania, was started in June 1965 with battery- powered tractor-trailer face haulage. The area as- signed to Portal No. 3 encompasses over 8000 acres of coal and will be developed by driving a set of main entries through the center of the tract in roughly a westerly direction, and sub mains on a 45º deflection angle in roughly a northerly direction (Figs 1 & 2). In the original planning these sub mains were to be at a 90º angle with the mains, but difficult roof conditions necessitated a change in plans. The entries and crosscuts are driven 18 ft wide in the normal Sewickley seam which varies between 46 and 56 in. high. The mine bottom is a strong shale and in average, cool or dry outside conditions stands up well for rubber-tired haulage equipment, but when the outside conditions are hot and humid, the bottom becomes soft and muddy. This condition lessens as the mine faces are advanced further from the portals because the condensation will then take place principally on the surfaces of intake entries outby the working areas. To aid the situation, an air cooling system was installed and is used as conditions dictate.

Jan 7, 1968

By G. Dhakal, J. -I. Kodama, K. Neaupane, T. Yoneda

ABSTRACT Durability tests and evaluation of sub-zero temperature effects to some argillaceous clastic rocks were carried out. Welded tuff, limestone, sandstone and schist samples collected from different parts of Japan were tested and results are presented. Schist and dolomite from Ganesh Himal area along the higher Himalayas of Nepal were also tested, and the results are compared. The slaking tests were performed on all samples in pure water. The results reveal that the slaking index of schist from Japan is lower than that of schist from Nepal. Regarding carbonate rocks, the slaking index of limestone from Japan is higher than that of dolomite from Nepal. A tendency of decrease in slake durability with an increase in porosity is also observed. Freezing and thawing experiments conducted on welded tuff and schist reveal that crack initiates earlier but extends slower in schist than in welded tuff. It is also observed from the freeze-thaw experiment that the welded tuff deteriorates and wears faster than the schist. However, sandstone remains relatively intact for a long run of freeze-thaw cycles. Zusammenfassung Beständigkeitstests sowie die Bewertung der Auswirkungen von Minusgraden auf Tonschiefer Trümmergestein wurden durchgeführt. Dabei wurden geschweißter Tuff, Kalkstein, Sandstein und Schiefer aus verschiedenen Gebieten Japans sowie Schiefer und Dolomitgestein aus dem Ganesh Himal Gebiet, dem höheren Himalaya Nepals, untersucht und die Resultate verglichen. Für alle diese Gesteine wurden Slaking-Tests in reinem Wasser vorgenommen. Die Resultate zeigen, dass das Slaking von Schiefer aus Japan höher als das von Schiefer aus Nepal war, wohingegen bei kalkhaltigem Gestein das Slaking von Kalkstein aus Japan niedriger als das von Dolomitgestein aus Nepal ausfiel. Es wurde dabei auch eine Tendenz zur Löschbeständigkeitsverringerung bei gleichzeitig erhöhter Porosität beobachtet. Gefrier- und Tautests an geschweißtem Tuff und japanischem Schiefer zeigten, dass Risse in Schiefer schneller auftraten, aber sich langsamer ausweiteten als in geschweißtem Tuff. Bei Gefrier- und Tautests wurde ebenfalls beobachtet, dass geschweißter Tuff schneller verfällt und verschleißt als Schiefer. Sandstein hingegen blieb über lange Tau- und Gefrierzyklen intakt Résumé Des tests de solidités et l’évaluation de l’effet des températures en dessous de zéro sur les rocs argileux ont été effectués. Les rocs d’origine volcanique (cendre), les rocs calcaires, sableux et les schistes de différentes régions du Japon, ont été étudiés. Les schistes et les dolomites de la région de Ganesh Himal le long du haut Himalaya (Népal) ont été étudiés et comparés à ceux du Japon. Les tests de désintégration sur les rocs ont été effectués dans l’eau pure. Les résultats montrent que l’index de désintégration des schistes du Japon est inférieur aux schistes du Népal. En ce qui concerne les rocs carbonyles, l’index de désintégration des rocs calcaires du Japon est supérieur à ceux des dolomites du Népal. Une décroissance de la résistance à la durabilité est observée avec une plus grande porosité des rocs. Les tests de congélation-décongelation sur les schistes et les rocs d’origine volcanique (cendre) du Japon montrent une apparition précoce des fissures mais l’expansion des fissures est plus rapide dans les rocs volcaniques. Des tests similaires montrent que les rocs volcaniques (cendre) se désagrégent plus rapidement que les schistes. Cependant, les rocs sableux restent intacts après plusieurs cycles de congélation-décongélation.

Jan 1, 2003

By Wern-Ping Nick Chen

Durability risks for underground facilities can be underestimated during design phase as compared to well-known geological risks. However, unclear durability requirements can result in construction schedule delay and change orders. Unlike bridges or buildings, a unified underground durability code or standard does not exist. This paper will provide a durability approach for underground facilities, including degradation modes, mitigations, and compliance measures during construction. In addition, this paper will address how to clearly specify durability requirements in a contract document to reduce disputes during construction and discuss key durability tests that are time consuming and will impact construction schedule if not timely planned.

Jun 23, 2024

By Pooyan Asadollahi, Praveen Krishna, Michael Joye

"Durability design for underground structures is an increasing focus of designers and owners in the underground construction industry. Many owners have expanded their requirements for durability design, with specific requirements for structure lifecycle and designer certification of structural durability. This paper describes current trends and best practices including: defining the underground structure lifecycle, historically durable underground structures, design methods for underground structure durability built of reinforced concrete, and durability of materials. Criteria to be used for defining end of structure life and owner’s maintenance responsibilities are crucial to lifecycle contract requirements. Current practices of several major owners are presented. Design methods are presented including United States code requirements. Current best practices for enhancing the durability of materials used in underground construction are discussed including: low permeability concrete, steel reinforcement concrete cover, the use of steel fiber, and testing for verification. INTRODUCTION Durability design is increasingly being recognized as an essential component of good design practice. Infrastructure owners recognize that to serve the public interest, constructed facilities must be lasting and durable. The public understands that structures with limited service life result in increased costs and add to their daily inconvenience with frequent repair and reconstruction. Engineers are increasingly asking not only is the structure strong enough but will it last for generations. Durability design requirements are no longer just adherence to some accepted practices, but are based on analytical approaches, with results that can challenge our beliefs in what construction materials and details result in a durable structure. This paper describes current industry requirements and practices for durability design of underground structures, and offers some suggestions regarding future trends and developments. SERVICE LIFE DEFINITION The service life of a structure is the sum of the time to onset of deterioration, called initiation period (ti), and the subsequent time period of deterioration ending when the structure is no longer functional, called propagation period (tp). Figure 1 shows a conceptual service life diagram. These time periods can be substantially affected by the level of maintenance performed during the life of the structure."

Jan 1, 2016

By Hirokazu Narita

The extractability for Pd(II) using MOTDA and DHS and their durability against a mixed solution of HNO3 and HCl was investigated by solvent extraction and FT-IR measurements. Both MOTDA and DHS selectively extracted Pd(II) over Pt(IV) from 0.75 M HNO32.25 M HCl solutions. The extraction rate of Pd(II) with MOTDA was much greater than that with DHS. In the durability test, the extraction percentage of Pd(II) and the FT-IR spectra were measured using MOTDA and DHS after stirring with 0.75 M HNO32.25 M HCl solutions. The extraction percentage of Pd(II) with MOTDA hardly changed during the two-month stirring; however, that with DHS decreased with an increase in the stirring time. The FT-IR spectra showed the sulfoxide formation by the oxidation of the sulfide in DHS, but not in MOTDA. Consequently, it was found that MOTDA is more durable than DHS.

Jan 1, 2006

By D Wimpenny

Underground infrastructure is often a critical component of transportation and utility schemes. It is characterised by long design lives with limited access for inspection and maintenance. The exposure environment can be difficult to assess since it will often vary substantially between different locations in the same facility and with time during construction and in service. In addition, the specific demands placed upon underground infrastructure are not well covered by the exposure classes and other guidance given within current codes of practice. When problems occur they can be difficult to rectify and involve significant disruption.Given these substantial risks the prudent designer may adopt a systematic ‘durability planning’ approach which:· defines the environment and principal deterioration mechanisms for the various elements and construction materials,· predicts the design life for alternative durability enhancement options, and· recommends associated measures to be adopted during construction and in service.This paper describes the development of durability planning within Halcrow, giving examples of its use from its first implementation on tunnels under the Suez Canal in 1993 to recent projects in the Middle East and Australia. It seeks to demystify the process, identify shortcomings and speculate on its future development within the civil and mining sectors.

Mar 8, 2011

International Minerals & Chemical Corp.'s New Wales operation near Mulberry, FL, is reportedly the world's largest concentrated phosphate chemical fertilizer and phosphate-based animal feed ingredients complex. Its latest expansion represents a $191-million investment. Two Northwest draglines were put to work at the operation early last year and, according to a company spokesman, total production from the units have more than doubled that from older rigs. This article describes how the draglines are used and provides details on the New Wales operation. The principle product at New Wales is phosphoric acid, produced by reacting ground phosphate rock with sulfuric acid in large concrete attack tanks. For each ton of phosphoric acid produced, New Wales must dispose of about 4.5 t (5 st) of waste gypsum. New Wales stores the gypsum on-site, and uses durable Northwest draglines to help handle the material. Two Units Maintain the Gypsum Stack After the gypsum is separated from the phosphoric acid through 23-m-diam (75-ft-diam) vacuum filters, it is mixed with water from a 121-hm2 (300-acre) recirculating cooling pond and, in slurry form, is pumped to the top of a 121-hm2 (300-acre) gypsum stack located adjacent to the cooling pond. The slurry contains mostly gypsum (CaSO4), with small traces of silica and other elements. The water at this point is corrosive, containing from 1-2% phosphoric acid. Its pH usually ranges from 1.5-2.0. Water drains from the gypsum stack into the cooling pond. Only about 15% of the pond's water, however, comes from the gypsum stack; the balance is from various sources throughout the complex and is held in the pond to cool before being returned for reuse in the plant. About 97% of New Wales' water needs come from this recycling program. The gypsum remains on the stack, inert, ready for future processing if it becomes economically feasible. Throughout the handling process, Northwest draglines work around the stacks' rim, continually directing the waste flow and digging out dried solids to heighten the perimeter dike to provide more storage volume. When wet, gypsum is extremely soft. When dry, it compacts well and provides footing with enough bearing capacity to support the machines. Processing at New Wales started in 1975 and the gypsum storage area has already been built up 12 m (40 ft) above grade. A total of 14.8 km3 (12,000 acre-ft) of solids are now stored. The draglines dredge material from near the perimeter dikes and place it to build parallel berms. This

Jan 8, 1982

By Andrew K. hg` Officer, A. L. Griffiths, J. Andrew Hindmarch, Gert Wittneben

Durban Harbour in South Africa is one of the continent’s busiest ports however the harbor entrance is currently too small for the new generation of container ships. There-fore it is to be deepened and widened by the National Ports Authority in the near future. An existing immersed tube tunnel carrying major sewer, water and other utilities under the harbor first needs to be removed and replaced by a deeper 4.4 m ID ser-vices tunnel. Construction of the deeper tunnel saw the first use of a slurry machine in South Africa and was required to negotiate grades up to 20%.

Jan 1, 2007

By R. R. Godard

The practice of dust abatement or control is not new to any operation of United States Steel Corporation. This report will review those activities, past and present, within the five operating districts of United States Steel-Coal Operations with specific reference to mechanical and continuous mining, and including both the health and safety aspects of the problem. Obviously, the first principle of dust control is to inhibit its formation If this is not practical, steps may be taken to prevent its becoming airborne. Airborne dust control can be realized by either collecting it at the point of generation, diluting it with large volumes of air to reduce concentration, settling it by various means, or with reference to ignition hazard only, render it incombustible by neutralization with an inert material. These basic principles have been verified by the work of many, including the Bureau of Mines, U. S. Department of Interior, Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., and the Mining Research Establishment of the National Coal Board of Great Britain. Their application to every day mining problems is best illustrated by the following examples.

Jan 1, 1967

Improve the dust control effectiveness of dry collection systems on surface coal mine drills. Approach Use a dust pelletizer to convert the respirable dust particles discharged by the dry collector into dust pellets that present no health hazard. Background Blasthole drills are well-known sources of respirable dust that can contain significant amounts of quartz. The drills frequently use a dry cyclone-filter type collector that can obtain dust reductions theoretically greater than 95 pct. However, surface mine drills using dry collectors typically have three major dust sources that significantly reduce the overall effectiveness of the collection system: (1) the dust collector dump cycle, (2) drill shroud leakage, and (3) leakage around the drill stem seal in the drill table.

Jan 1, 1989

By N LaBranche

The resurgence of Silicosis and Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis (CWP) in coalmines has placed the spotlight back on the management of worker exposure to particulate matter across all mining sectors (Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis Select Committee, 2017). There already exists a substantial body of knowledge on particulate matter and its impacts upon human health (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2018). The contribution of silica to respiratory disease is well known and there is a growing concern for exposure to diesel particulate matter. However, it is also clear that there are major gaps in our understanding. In part, those gaps relate to the contribution to adverse health effects of mineralogical constituents in the dust (LaBranche et al, 2021a). It is also becoming evident that the size and shape of the particulate matter can affect its potential impact on human health.The University of Queensland has developed a methodology for characterising respirable and inhalable dust samples using scanning electron microscopy. Multiple samples from numerous mining operations have already been analysed using the UQ methodology. The process has been successful in showing the variety of mineralogica lcomponents and particle size distributions presentin various areas of the mines.

Oct 12, 2022

By S. K. Kawatra

A growing concern for pyrometallurgical operations is the generation of airborne particulates. These particulates can be generated by combustion processes, or by materials handling. Regulation of these particles by the EPA has become progressively more stringent, first for particulates finer than 10 micrometers (PM10), which are particles fine enough to be inhaled into the lungs. Then, restrictions were introduced on emissions of particles finer than 2.5 micrometers (PM2.5), which are fine enough to become embedded in lung tissues. The next stage of regulations is likely to be ?nanoparticulates,? particles finer than 100 nanometers, which are in a size range where their very high surface area leads to enhanced reactivity. While all of the health effects due to nanoparticulates have not yet been determined, there have been enough studies to indicate that there is a problem, and restrictions on nanoparticulate emissions are only a matter of time. In this paper, it will be demonstrated that dry handling, comminution, and combustion sources represent a significant concern for both PM and nanoparticulate emissions. In regards to dry handling, the effects of utilizing effective dust suppressants on PM and nanoparticulate emissions will be explored.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. Seiter

Mining has always been among the most hazardous of occupations, and with the increasing demand for coal and minerals, safety in mines assumes even greater importance. Worldwide, underground miners are being exposed to noise and respirable dust hazards associated with roof bolt drilling. These hazards are now being understood to cause irreparable damage to the health of miners. The objective of this research was to discover if a Polycrystalline Diamond Cutter (PDC) drill bit generates less respirable dust and hazardous noise than a competing Tungsten Carbide (WC) bit, in dry vacuum drilling. In order to control the drill parameters the drilling tests have been conducted in a laboratory setting. The results were met by determining the quantities of dust and noise generated using each drill bit and analyzing those levels by using monitoring devices and software to collect the data. This paper includes information on experiment setup, equipment used, drilling parameters, and data collected. The test results suggest that there are noticeable trends that the PDC bits produce less dust than WC bits but more testing is needed to substantiate these trends.

Feb 23, 2014

By J. Seiter, S. Cox, E. Kim

Mining has always been among the most hazardous of occupations, and with the increasing demand for coal and minerals, safety in mines assumes even greater importance. Worldwide, underground miners are being exposed to noise and respirable dust hazards associated with roof bolt drilling. These hazards are now being understood to cause irreparable damage to the health of miners. The objective of this research was to discover if a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) drill bit generates less respirable dust and hazardous noise than a competing tungsten carbide (WC) bit in dry vacuum drilling. In order to control the drill parameters the drilling tests were conducted in a laboratory setting. The results were obtained by determining the quantities of dust and noise generated using each drill bit and analyzing those levels, using monitoring devices and software to collect the data. This paper includes information on the experimental setup, equipment used, drilling parameters, and data collected. Our results indicate that PDC bits produce significantly less noise and dust than WC bits. Our findings can contribute to improving the working conditions of rock bolter operators by reducing noise and dust generation.

Jan 1, 2014

By Timothy W. Beck

Roof bolter occupations in underground coal mines continue to experience overexposure to respirable dust. One potential source of dust in roof bolting operations is the exhaust from the roof bolter dust collection system. A wet exhaust conditioner (?water box?) has been developed to reduce dust emissions from the exhaust of the vacuum dust collection system on roof bolting machines. The exhaust conditioner consists of a muffler chamber and a water chamber with four internal partitions to direct airflow over the surface of the water. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health conducted a series of laboratory tests to assess the respirable dust capture ability of this device as compared to the standard exhaust muffler. To determine the dust collection efficiency, both devices were placed in the exhaust stream of a simulated roof bolter dust collection system. Gravimetric samplers were operated upstream and downstream of the exhaust conditioner and muffler to evaluate the ability to capture both respirable coal and limestone dust. Researchers observed a 41 percent reduction in dust concentrations for the water exhaust conditioner in the laboratory configuration. Significant levels of dust deposition in the sampling chambers may have contributed to this effective capture rate.

Jan 1, 2010

By T. W. Beck

Roof bolter occupations in underground coal mines continue to experience overexposure to respirable dust. One potential source of dust in roof bolting operations is the exhaust from the roof bolter dust collection system. A wet exhaust conditioner (water box) has been developed to reduce dust emissions from the exhaust of the vacuum dust collection system on roof bolting machines. The exhaust conditioner consists of a muffler chamber and a water chamber with four internal partitions to direct airflow over the surface of the water. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health conducted a series of laboratory tests to assess the respirable dust capture ability of this device as compared to the standard exhaust muffler. To determine the dust collection efficiency, both devices were placed in the exhaust stream of a simulated roof bolter dust collection system. Gravimetric samplers were operated upstream and downstream of the exhaust conditioner and muffler to evaluate the ability to capture both respirable coal and limestone dust. Researchers observed a 41 % reduction in dust concentrations for the water exhaust conditioner in the laboratory configuration. Significant levels of dust deposition in the sampling chambers may have contributed to this effective capture rate.

Jan 1, 2012

By N LaBranche

The resurgence of Silicosis and Coal Worker’s Pneumoconiosis (CWP) in coalmines has placed the spotlight back on the management of worker exposure to particulate matter across all mining sectors (Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis Select Committee, 2017). There already exists a substantial body of knowledge on particulate matter and its impacts upon human health (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine, 2018). The contribution of silica to respiratory disease is well known. However, it is also clear that there are major gaps in our understanding. In part, those gaps relate to the contribution to adverse health effects of mineralogical constituents in the dust (LaBranche et al, 2021a). It is also becoming evident that the size and shape of the particulate matter can affect its potential impact on human health. The University of Queensland has developed a methodology for characterising respirable and inhalable dust samples using scanning electron microscopy. Multiple samples from numerous mining operations have already been analysed using the UQ methodology. The process has been successful in showing the variety of mineralogical components and particle size distributions present in various areas of the mines.

May 5, 2022