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By T. A. Marcotte, D. J. Bobrow, S. Vaghar

This paper discusses the geotechnical instrumentation program on the Central Artery/Tunnel Project, in Boston, Massachusetts. Particular attention is given to a state of the art Graphic Information System (GIS) application which has been developed for rapid analyses and reporting of data. This application will see extensive use during the ongoing complex downtown tunnel construction. The excavations in soft ground require cuts of up to 120 feet deep and 250 feet wide. Deformation and groundwater monitoring instruments have been installed to monitor the stability of the excavation support systems and the abutting buildings. The use of this application is illustrated with an example from an ongoing contract.

Jan 1, 1997

By John E. Tilton

Mining is one of the oldest human activities. It goes back at least to the Bronze Age and possibly even the Stone Age. The Romans mined copper in Spain and tin in England some two thousand years ago. The writings of Agricola in the 16th century show that mining was important in the Middle Ages. Today we mine more mineral commodities in greater tonnages than ever before. This long and fascinating history closely tied with the economic development of the human race is one of the charms of the mining industry. It also, unfortunately, gives rise to some widespread misconceptions.

Jan 1, 1997

By Richard E. Ray, George N. Aul, Fred Garcia, William P. Diamond

Increasing longwall panel dimensions, particularly face width in gassy coalbeds, may result in unexpected increases in methane emissions. To investigate this problem, continuous longwall face emission monitoring studies were conducted at two adjacent mines operating in the Pocahontas No. 3 Coalbed, where longwall faces were to be extended from 229 to 305 m (750 to 1,000 ft). It was predicted by regression analysis of methane emissions data from 229 m (750 ft) wide longwall faces that extending faces to 305 m (1,000 ft) would increase methane emission rates by only 7 percent (0.6 m3/min (20 cfm)), to 8.6 m3/min (304 cfm) at the VP-1 Mine. In contrast, it was predicted that extending faces at the VP-3 Mine could increase methane emissions by as much as 13 percent (1.8 m3/min (65 cfm)) to 16.1 m3/min (567 cfm). The geologic and mine design factors in¬fluencing the variation in face emissions between the two mines will be discussed.

Jan 1, 1997

By S. K. Kawatra, A. K. Bakshi

Mineral suspensions in water show Newtonian flow properties at low percent solids. However, this changes to a non-Newtonian regime as the pet-cent solids increases. For Newtonian fluids, viscosity is independent of shear rate, hut, for non-Newtonian fluids, viscosity varies with shear rate. Therefore, if the slurry is non-Newtonian, attempting to measure the viscosity at a shear rate different from the shear rate experienced by the fluid within the process is futile. This is especially true for a hydrocyclone, where the rate of shear is different at different points within the hydrocyclone. In this case, it is very important to determine the flow type of the suspension before attempting to establish any correlation between the viscosity and the process efficiency. A new technique to distinguish such changes inflow type was developed. This involves two viscometers: a coaxial cylinder-type viscometer that measures apparent viscosity at low shear rates and a vibrating sphere-type viscometer that measures the apparent viscosity at high shear rates. For each of these instruments, special precautions were taken to allow, for the measurement of the viscosity of rapidly settling mineral suspensions. Because the vibrating sphere viscometer is operated at a much higher shear rate than the rotating viscometer, the two instruments together could determine the shear-rate dependency of the viscosity. Ground silica (80% passing 65 µm) in water was used to prepare slurries at concentrations ranging from 10% to 70% (by weight) solids. The viscosity of each slurry sample was measured simultaneously by both viscometers, and the results were compared. With this technique, it was found that all of the silica-slurry samples tested were in the Newtonian flow regime for up to 70% (by weight) solids. Methocel and Cellosize polymer solutions showed clear non-Newtonian behavior using this technique. This confirmed that non-Newtonian behavior of the silica slurries, if present, would have been detected by this arrangement.

Jan 1, 1997

By H. Ban

Triboelectrostatic separation tests were performed on a bench-scale, analytical separator using coal, coal combustion fly ash and mineral samples. Fractions of separated samples were collected and analyzed to characterize the performance of the separation. Particle size distribution and morphological characteristics for these samples were analyzed by optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that smaller size fractions of a fly ash sample had better separation than the full sized parent fly ash sample, indicating interference or particle-particle interactions during the separation process. It was also observed experimentally that small kaolin particles attach to the surface of large silica spheres, causing charge neutralization and subsequent low separation efficiency.

Jan 1, 1997

By D. A. King

Monitoring devices have been installed at several mine sites to assess the potential for the development of acid rock drainage (ARD) in waste rock, spent ore, and tailings material. In addition, instrumentation has been designed for monitoring changes in water quality in pit lakes. These devices monitor temperature, oxygen, water movement, and water chemistry in the waste rock pile. This information can be used to evaluate the current and future ARD risk, the effectiveness of caps and covers, and provide information to aid in the design of other reclamation strategies that limit ARD development. The instrumentation includes nested thermistors and oxygen sensing ports, neutron access tubes, heat dissipation units (HDUs), and lysimeters. Many of the monitoring devices can be linked to a datalogger and telemetry systems, enabling monitoring data to be downloaded from the office.

Jan 1, 1997

By M. T. Ityokumbul

Concentrate flowrates have been measured for the flotation of -100 mesh Lower Kittaning coal in a computer controlled 0.076 m x 3.5 m pilot flotation column. The variables studied were recovery zone height), air flow rate, and solid feed concentration. The size distribution of concentrate and tailings samples were determined. The results obtained show that the concentrate flow rate was independent of collection zone height, but dependent on the gas flow rate, solid loading and particle size. New correlations for column carrying capacity and yield are provided as a function of these fundamental operational parameters.

Jan 1, 1997

By R. P. King

The MODSIM mineral processing plant simulator is used to find optimal combinations of target separation specific gravities in a typical modem coal washing plant. A plant that is set up with these optimal targets can deliver up to 10% more yield at the same ash content as the same plant set up with separation targets chosen by conventional methods. MODSIM is the only simulator currently available that can simulate the liberation of pyrite and other mineral matter during open-and closed-circuit grinding operations. The simulator can therefore be used to assess the benefits of grinding operations in the flowsheet.

Jan 1, 1997

By J. P. Rider

Along with increased production from longwall units has come the likelihood of increased worker noise exposures. In recent years, equipment has become larger, more powerful, and noisier than its predecessors. For these reasons, the Mining Division of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is investigating worker noise exposure on longwall faces and researching possible solutions to reduce this exposure. Part of this research effort involves studying the effect of covering the underside of longwall shields with acoustical material to reduce reverberating noise along the face. Experiments using acoustical absorptive insulation to cover the undersides of the shields, shearer body, and the shield supports were conducted at the full scale simulated longwall test facility located at the Pittsburgh Research Center. Sound levels were recorded every l.5 m [5 ft] along a 15.2 m [50 ft] section of the simulated face for all of the conditions tested. The analysis of the data indicated that a 2.0-3.0 dBA noise reduction was achieved between the shearer drums and a 4.0-5.5 dBA attenuation was attained upwind of the headgate drum.

Jan 1, 1997

By S. D. Bearden

The world's barite reserve base is adequate for at least 100 years at the current consumption rate. China, India and the United States are expected to remain the leading producing countries, and the United States will continue to be the largest consumer. None of the known substitutes for barium sulfate are expected to impact existing applications. World production in 1995 was 4.41 Mt (4.86 million st), which is about 50% of capacity. Consumption is directly proportional to hydrocarbon well installation activity. Imports are expected to continue to supply more than half of the US requirements.

Jan 1, 1997

By Keith G. Wallace, Oscar Codoceo

This paper describes the ventilation planning that was per- formed at the Barrick Gold Corporation, El lndio Mine. The El lndio Mine is located at an elevation of approximately 4,000 m in the Andes mountains east of the coastal city of La Serena, Chile. The ventilation planning program consisted of a detailed ventilation survey of the mine and the establishment of a correlated com- puter model. A series of network simulations were conducted to determine the optimum position, size, and configuration of new ventilation raises and main fan exhaust system. Modifications to existing mine infrastructure including; driving of drifts, slashing of airways, and positioning of ventilation controls were examined. Detailed costing information was developed to optimize the location of the new main exhaust raises and fan system. The final ventilation system is expected to increase the mine airflow from the existing 157 m=/s to over 315 mls. This increase was necessary to accommodate an expansion in mine production, diesel equipment utilization, and deeper mine development. Furthermore, the increased airflow was required because of the de-rating of diesel equipment and large air volumes necessary to dilute diesel exhaust at high elevation.

Jan 1, 1997

By S. Dempsey

Since its passage in 1872, the Mining Law has been modified on several occasions to meet the changing needs of America's society and economy. Despite its evolution, the Mining Law continues to be criticized as outdated. This paper briefly traces the major points in the history and evolution of western mining laws, and reflects on the current status of ongoing discussion to reform the 1872 Mining Law.

Jan 1, 1997

By T. V. Ramey

Heap leaching in certain parts of the world, such as Chile's Atacama Desert, brings unique design problems in the form of possible large differential settlements of the foundation soils due to the dissolution of salts in northern Chile the soils often contain very high concentrations of soluble salts (nitrates, potassium, magnesium, and common sodium). When a leak in the liner occurs, the escaping solution dissolves these salts and triggers differential settlement. If the settlement is great enough, the geo-membrane tears, the leakage increases, triggering more differential settlement. The nitrate plants have experienced many occurrences of this phenomenon where a brine pond will undergo a sudden and complete loss of the impounded liquors. The authors present a simplified technique to quantify the differential settlement resulting from dissolution and provide a method which can be used to select a geo-membrane with suitable flexibility under axi-symmetric (multi-axial) load conditions to tolerate the predicted settlement. (This paper was previously published for Randol Gold Forum 1996 [Ref. 6]).

Jan 1, 1997

The Cutoff grade optimization is very critical to the open pit production scheduling. In case of single mineral deposits, algorithms have been developed for determining cutoff grade policy that maximizes the net present value (NPV) of yearly cash flows. For deter-mining the cutoff grade policy for projects with two minerals including stockpiles the problem becomes much more complex. The purpose of this paper is to present fundamentals of a generalized cutoff grade optimization algorithm that will maximize the NPV of a project subject to mining, milling, and marketing constraints. Benefits of the methodology developed are demonstrated on three different case studies.

Jan 1, 1997

By Forrest C. Neil, Clint J. Keifer

The pollution of our water supply, Lake Michigan, is a continuing threat so long as our overflows from combined sewers exist. The problems have become even more acute during recent years, due to the increase of paved area- which accelerates and enlarges the flows of storm water. After each storm, mixtures of raw sewage and storm water spill into our waterways. If the storm is too large for the drainage systems, the mixture backs up into our streets and basements. Under severe conditions, it may even become necessary to open the locks, and discharge the polluted water into Lake Michigan. Consider the scope of the problem, as shown in Figure 1. The area in which combined sewers exist is 375 square miles, located in the central parts of Chicago and 49 suburbs. There are an estimated 640 overflow outlets to the waterways, each requiring attention. The capacity of outlets tributary to the waterways has increased dramatically over the years. Each time a pocket of upstream flooding is drained into the channels, the problem of its rapid disposition increases. Another difficulty is that the bottom of our waterways is covered with a blanket of accumulated sludge, ranging in depth up to 3-feet. This material harms the water quality by depleting the supply of oxygen dissolved in the water ... a final

Jan 1, 1997

By P. Bevilacqua, G. Ferrara

Hydrocyclones and other dynamic separators are normally fed with pulps consisting of water and solid particles. The solids usually consist of particles of different sizes, shapes and densities. Except in the special case of monocharacteristic particles, the particles are segregated by these differences in size, shape and density. Segregation is magnified by the high values of centrifugal acceleration in the hydrocyclones. This paper develops a segregation theory that indicates the major variables involved. Experimental data on segregation under different operating conditions for mixtures of magnetite and/or ferrosilicon and nonmagnetic minerals are reported.

Jan 1, 1997

By D. N. Adams, M. M. Wong, M. J. Robison

Islais Creek Contract E, a transport/storage tunnel in San Francisco, was visited on a fieldtrip during construction by delegates to the 1995 RETC. This paper is a follow-up to that fieldtrip. The project’s two tunnels are 3.7 m and 3.2 m finished diameter, 155 m and 77 m long, respectively. The contractor used 1,000 overlapping jet grout columns to pre-treat the weak Bay Mud along the tunnel alignments, then mined them with an open faced tunnel shield, eliminating the need for compressed air tunneling. This paper documents the jet grouting program and the tunneling operation used on the project.

Jan 1, 1997

By Liu Cheng-si

Variable airway is controllable, which is an important discovery in ventilation research in recent years. For this reason, conventional calculating methods are no longer suitable to solve this problem. I used Mayeda-Seshu and Newton methods to solve the above problem before, they have been proved feasible. However, it is troublesome and difficult to apply to operation with a large amount of calculations. In this paper combination theory and simplified formula are used in determine all control plans and its parameters. This new method with less calculation is easy to understand and master, so it is more important in research and application.

Jan 1, 1997

By A. J. Basu

Rock mass properties testing for determining strength parameters is an integral part of geomechanics. These tests are performed either in a laboratory environment or in a field (in-situ). The authors share their experience in using numerical modelling in simulating the laboratory test procedures. This approach helps studying the rock breakage and failure mechanism more efficiently and provides a high degree of visualization. Moreover, imperfections and discontinuities can be easily incorporated in these models. This capability of providing arbitrary fractures and discontinuities facilitates in building a large knowledgebase of rock strength and failure mechanisms. This knowledgebase may then be used to generate heuristics for determining rock strengths for rock mass with fractures and discontinuities.

Jan 1, 1997

By L. Henry Smith, David C. Arthur

The Williams Mine is Canada's largest gold producer, with annual production of 14,000 Kg (450,000 ounces) from 2,300,000 tonnes of ore. Highly mechanized and automated underground mining practices are employed in order to achieve and maintain high levels of productivity and minimize costs. The Mine Ventilation System is modified to include a new Vent Raise and Variable Pitch Vane-Axial Fan. This addition allows several fan installations underground to be decommissioned. A substantial net savings in installed horse power is achieved. Heating costs associated with underground ventilation air are a significant portion of mine operating costs. Air heating costs are substantially reduced by recovering heat from upcast exhaust air, mine water and compressor cooling circuits. This waste heat is used to supplement propane fired air heating systems for underground ventilation air. An additional benefit is the availability of a heat sink for summer cooling of the compressors. System design, energy savings data and payback calculations are presented.

Jan 1, 1997