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By John Suman

DURING the past few years the taking of cores in drilling with rotary equipment has been perfected to a remarkable degree in the Gulf Coast fields of Texas and Louisiana. Taking of cores is becoming quite a common thing, especially in the newer fields, and drillers are becoming expert in this work. The writer has seen cores 5 to 8 ft. long taken with great ease in wells as deep as 4500 ft. Coring is doing much to remove the prejudice which so many petroleum engineers seem to have against .the use of rotary drilling equipment for exploratory work. Some operators .are now claiming that when used with a reasonable amount of coring the rotary system is even more satis-factory than cable tools for exploring in certain territory. A case has recently been pointed out in the South Electra field of North Texas, where producing oil sands, passed over by cable-tool drillers, are being brought in with rotary equipment. It seems that in this particular territory the sands are rather thin. Cable-tool drilling was carried on for the most part in a wet hole and the red mud encountered in drilling caved into the hole very badly, so that the cuttings showed mostly red mud and the driller, thinking that the sand did not amount to anything, carried his water string through the sand. The later .operators, drilling into the sand with rotary equipment and coring it, found that it was well worth testing.

Jan 10, 1922

All the TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS and CONTRIBUTIONS published in 1935 are available at Institute headquarters, unless otherwise noted. They are also on file in many public, university and technical libraries and, when so indicated in the list, may be found in the TRANSACTIONS. Copies of the TECHNICAL PUBLICATIONS have been mailed to members of the Institute that are registered in the different classes: A-Metal Mining; B-Milling and Concentration; C-Iron and Steel Division; D-Nonferrous Metallurgy; E-Institute of Metals Division; F-Coal Division; G-Petroleum Division; H-Industrial Minerals Division (Nonmetallics); I-Mining Geology; J-Mineral Industry Education Division; K-Mining Administration; I-Geophysical Prospecting. Other members may obtain copies by writing to the Secretary. Copies of CONTRIBUTIONS may also be obtained from the Secretary's office. Additional copies are sold at the rate of 1 cent per page; minimum charge, 25 cents. Nonmembers may purchase the papers at the prices mentioned. [ ]

Jan 1, 1936

By W. A. Wood, W. H. Reimann, Maria Ronay

The basic mechanism of fatigue is studied in annealed a brass subjectecl to alternating torsion at room temperature, 100°, 200°, 300°, and 400°C, and in air. It is shown that the slip-zone micro-cracking which characterizes fatigue damage produced by small amplitudes at room temperature is progressively replaced by grain boundary cracking at elevated temperatures, replacement being complete at 400°C. Replacement occurs not because slip activity decreases hut because slip movements at elevated temperatures cease to concentrate in narrow zones and instead disperse. Decrease of amplitude at 400°C through permitting longer lives of specimens before fracture actually causes in- MOST studies of fatigue at elevated temperature have been concerned with data for design. Observations on the basic mechanism of fatigue have been largely incidental, though they have led to the interesting inference that this mechanism has features in common with that of creep.' This paper is concerned primarily with the mechanism itself. Advantage has been taken of mater- crease in pain boundary damage, an anomaly attributed to the greater difficulty at elevated tempwature of starting and propagating a crack. Surface corrosion was most pronounced along slip bands but since at elevated temperatures the slip hands showed no cracking the surface corrosion did not appear to influence onset and early spread of fatigue damage. Similarly the type of fatigue damage produced at room temperature by cyclic strain at large amplitudes, characterized by irregular mi-crocracks at zones between disoriented regions in a grain, was also replaced by mainly grain boundary cracking at elevated temperature, though not so completely. ials and procedures known to show readily how fatigue affects the microstructure of a metal at room temperature, so that direct comparison might be made with what the same procedures show when the material is subjected to fatigue deformation at higher temperatures. 1) MATERIAL This was 70/30 a brass, used extensively in previous studies at room temperature.' Specimens were turned from extruded rod to have parallel test portions 1-1/4 in. long and 7/32 in. diameter, annealed to a grain size -1/10 mm, and electro-

Jan 1, 1965

By Kent E. McElhattan

Selecting efficient machinery for an underground mining operation is a highly skilled art that still depends largely on human judgment and experience. In a coal mine, for example, there is no better way to predict the results of operating with a cutting machine or a continuous miner than to go underground with a sharp-pointed miner's pick. The trained eye can detect the depth of point penetration, cleavage planes, roof and floor strata, and many other conditions impossible to determine in a laboratory. Even so, however, an entirely new set of conditions may lie unexposed just a few feet behind the solid face. The candid truth of the matter is that practically nothing is known of the phenomenon of extracting a mineral from a solid. Consequently, the selection of mineral extraction machinery and systems must be based on results obtained elsewhere under apparently similar conditions. A recent study of the problem of equipment and system analysis was conducted in the coal mining regions of West Virginia. This state was chosen for study because it afforded representative sampling. The 172 coal mines investigated ecompassed seam heights ranging from less than 30 in. to over 84 in. and covered virtually all known coal mining conditions except two. The exceptions are the extreme pitch of coal seams in the western United States and British Columbia and the "bumps" encountered in the Rocky Mountains. Both of these extreme conditions are worthy of individual study.

Jan 7, 1969

By Benjamin N. Webber

During World War II the Pocos de Caldas bauxite deposits of Minas Gerais in Brazil yielded some 60,000 tons. Since then they have maintained a small but almost continuous production. Known for many years, the deposits have been reconnoitered by a number of geologists,1-4 but no dimensional study has been possible because there have not been enough exposures to show clearly the depth, bedrock, and habit of occurrence. The deposits are somewhat unorthodox in their occurrence mainly on steep slopes of mountainous terrain. Although the parent rocks are a sequence of alkalic intrusions that bauxitize readily under the proper conditions, bauxitization has not been the dominant weathering process in the area. It is limited to certain localities where important volumes of bauxite have formed by laterization of several rock types, each yielding a distinctive type of bauxite. Bauxitization may be observed in several stages and in both direct and indirect cycles of formation. The deposits are unique in being of demonstrably recent age, so that the conditions under which the bauxite formed are essentially those of the present time. The bauxitization sequence is postulated in Fig. 1.

Jan 8, 1959

By Ralph S. Siegrist

For the past 30 years the construction industry has used steel supports in rock and soft ground to expedite driving tunnels under many difficult conditions. The industry has had a definite advantage in that it bids its work in accordance with the type of job to be encountered. The mining industry has had to keep its progress in line with the economics imposed by the price of the commodity it mines. Even so the mining industry, particularly metal mining, has been using steel support. Timber was universally used because of availability and cheapness, but as timber became scarce and labor more expensive-it takes more time to erect timber support-steel gradually replaced timber.

Aug 1, 1956

By James Douglas

No one mill attribute it to the partiality of friendship if I claim for Thomas Sterry Hunt the right to a place among that little band of men whom nature has endowed with what seems an almost magical power of insight into her mysteries. But those of us who knew him well, while me never ceased to wonder at the breadth of his genius, the fertility of his imagination, and the wonderful capacity of his memory, learned that these native powers would have availed little to win him his rank in science, had they not been stimulated by ceaseless mental activity, indomitable perseverance, and unflagging industry. Thomas Sterry Hunt was born in Norwich, Connecticut, on September 5, 1826. He came on his mother's side from that good old stock which gave to Puritan England the gentle mystic Peter Sterry and that uncompromising preacher Thomas Sterry, who wrote the notable tract, " The Rot among the Bishops " in 1667, and that gave to New England Consider and John Sterry, the mathematicians. While lie was a child the family moved to Poughkeepsie on the Hudson. There the father died when Thomas, the oldest son, was twelve. The mother and her family of six young children returned to the old home in Connecticut. For a short time Thomas attended the public school; but it was for a short time only, as he, thus early, was required to share the burden of the family support and to seek employment. This he found first in a printing-office, then with an apothecary, afterwards in a book-store. The surroundings may have been congenial, but the occupation probably was not; for he re-

Jan 1, 1893

By Frederick B. Brien

DEVELOPMENT of uranium extraction techniques over the past ten years has been spectacular. Rapid progress has been made by applying chemical, physical, and engineering fundamentals for the purpose of devising simpler processes, developing continuous procedures, reducing reagent consumption, improving final products, simplifying analytical methods, and treating more refractory ores and ores of lower grade. Since the source of many valuable metals in future will be of necessity from lower grade ores of a complex nature, and since hydrometallurgical processes are often the only means of treating such materials, these recently developed techniques will be of increasing importance. Leaching: A great deal has been published about the important role of ion exchange resins in purifying and concentrating leach solutions. Recent applications indicate that the resins will be very useful in simplifying leaching procedures of ores containing two or more valuable metals.1 The valuable metals may be differentially adsorbed by careful control of the oxidation-reduction potential of the pregnant liquors. For example, treatment of vanadium- uranium ores at present may involve salt roasting, water leaching, acid leaching, carbonate leaching, and intermediate fusions. Use of a single acid leach may now be possible, followed by a two-stage ion exchange technique, comprising initial adsorption of hexavalent uranium and rejection of tetravalent vanadium. The solution is then oxidized, producing pentavalent vanadium, which is later readily adsorbed and stripped into a separate eluate.

Jan 9, 1957

By J. A. Younkins, J. A. Brooke

In 1931 the Philadelphia Company acquired by lease several coal mines in southern Greene County, Pennsylvania. These mines were known as the "Dora," "Seventh Pool" and "Rosedale" mines in the Sewickley seam, and the "Rosemary," "Seventh Pool" and "Warwick" mines in the Pittsburgh seam. All these mines are in the immediate vicinity of Greensboro, Pa., with considerable river frontage on both sides of that village. The mines in each seam are contiguous and to some extent the properties in the two seams lie one above the other. In 1938 the property known as the "Sandy Run mine," in the Sewickley seam, adjoining the Dora mine, was purchased from the Fredericktown Coal and Coke Co. Altogether, by purchase and lease, the company gained control of approximately 3400 acres of coal land in Greene County, from which it was estimated that some 20,000,000 tons of coal could be extracted. Geology of Warwick Properties Both seams of coal outcrop along or near the river on both sides of the town of Greensbgro. They lie on the eastern slope of the Lambert syncline, near the southern end of the axis, consequently the predominant dip of the seams is away from the river, so that development for river handling has the unavoidable disadvantage of adverse grades for haulage to the outside. Predominant grades away from the river at right angles to the "butt" cleat of the coal average about 2.25 per cent dipping in a westerly direction, but local dips occur, which are considerably greater. Predominant grades parallel to the river and at right angles to the "face" cleat of the coal average about one per cent dipping in a northerly direction. Both seams of coal lie in the Monongahela formation, the Pittsburgh bed being the bottom measure of the formation and the Sewickley bed lying about 90 it. above. Approximately midway between the two lies the Redstone coal bed, which is generally thin and of erratic occurrence and therefore of little commercial value. It is mined only locally where it attains sufficient thickness. Sewickley Bed The Sewickley bed is commonly called the "five-foot" or Mapletown" seam, because in Pennsylvania it reaches its greatest thickness and has been mined most extensively in the vicinity of the village of illapletown, approximately one mile west of Greensboro. In the early development of the Warwick properties, which occurred near the river, the seam had an average of 5 it. 2 in. in height. As development proceeded away from the river, however, the height gradually decreased until the average height of the present workings is about 4 ft. 6 in. Present development is encountering lower coal

Jan 1, 1947

By J. B. Tyrrell

A short time ago I paid a visit to the alluvial gold fields on the tributaries of the Chaudiere River in Beauce County, Quebec, in company with A. 0. Dufresne, late manager of the Champs d'or Rigaud-Veaudreuil, and now assistant to the Superintendent of Mines of the Province of Quebec. As the conditions under which the gold occurs in this district are not very generally known, and present some interesting features, a brief description of these conditions, and a consideration of the causes which gave rise to them, may be of interest to other mining engineers. During the latter half of last century the country was visited by many mining engineers and geologists, and many references to it may be found in the reports of the Geological Survey of Canada between 1848 and 1911. The most important of these are by J. A. Dresser and J. Keele and the late Robert Chalmers. The Department of Colonization and Mines of the Province of Quebec also published a report with map on the district by J. Obalski. From the earliest times the valley of the Chaudiere River formed one of the main avenues of approach to the St. Lawrence in the vicinity of Quebec from the country to the south as far as the seaboard of the States of Maine and Massachusetts. The Indians had a well-known trail along the banks of the stream, and armed troops and foraging parties constantly moved backward and forward along it between Quebec and New England in those insecure times before the ceding of Canada to Great Britain. Even yet the natural advantages of this old military route are recognized, and the government of the Province of Quebec has now under construction along it a magnificent highway from Quebec to the International Boundary Line, which is to form part of a through highway from that city to Boston. The land along the valley is naturally well suited for agriculture, and about the end of the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth centuries farmers began to go back from the St. Lawrence, and to occupy the higher lands along the upper portions of the Chaudiere Valley. This settlement has gone on until now the country is peopled with a prosperous agricultural population.

Jan 1, 1915

By James F. Kemp

Jan 1, 1914

By William D. Mayercheck

Introduction of continuous mining machines in the late 1940s created a new production bottleneck in room-and-pillar sections-the shuttle car. While continuous miners could cut and load coal at a nearly constant rate, the mining sequence was repeatedly interrupted as fully loaded shuttle cars changed places with empty ones. This wait-for-the-shuttle delay period forced the coal industry to reassess the shuttle's batch-type procedure with an eve toward continuous haulage systems that would allow uninterrupted coal flow from face to portal.

Jan 7, 1979

By Thomas A. Lang, John A. Bischoff

The use of rock bolts for the support and stabilization of coal mining excavations was introduced over 30 years ago and, since that time, has progressively increased until today it is the primary means of support and stabilization of large underground openings. Early analytical studies and work with photoelastic and physical models established that even highly fragmented rock could be stabilized by rock bolting and form a load-carrying structural member that would span an opening. For stability, interaction of the bolts is essential and it depends on the bolt tension, the length and spacing of the bolts, the characteristics of the rock, and the applied load. However, the development of an explicit functional relationship embracing all these factors proved to be elusive. A review of the early rock bolting investigations led to the concept that the basic element of a rock bolted roof is the reinforced rock unit (RRU), consisting of an individual bolt and the rock immediately surrounding and adjacent to it, and to the development of mathematical equations which give the minimum bolt tension required to ensure that the RRU's are stable relative to one another and act together as a structural member. Analytical procedures have been developed for integrating RRU's into a reinforced rock structural (beam-arch) member which spans an underground opening and providing a rational basis for the design and installation of rock reinforcement systems.

Jan 1, 1982

By E. M. Furness, A. S. Henderson

ORIGINALLY the Babbitt experimental plant grinding circuit consisted of one rod mill 101/2 ft diam by 12 ft long in open circuit followed by two ball mills 101/2 ft diam* 12 ft long in parallel cir- the slow-speed ball mills. The next step was to improve rod mill operation by changing the speed of this mill. Such an attack would affect only one mill and would allow slower speed on the ball mills. The rod mill, as originally purchased, operated at 15.45 rpm. Additional pinions were purchased to test this mill at 16.45, 17.45, and 18.45 rpm. When the mill speed was increased by the use of these pinions, rod breakage with this short mill increased out of all proportion to the improved grinding, until at 18.45 rpm breakage became as high as 7 lb per

Jan 1, 1958

By J. Sharshall Grasty, Thomas L. Watson

The users of barite in the United States derive their supply partly from the domestic production and partly from the imports from foreign countries. According to the Mineral Resource division of the U. S. Geological Survey, the domestic production of barite in 1913 was 45,298 short tons, valued at $156,275, or $3.45 a ton, and the imports of crude barite were 35,840 short tons, valued at $61,409, or $1.71 a ton. These figures clearly show a decided advantage in cost of the foreign over the domestic barite to users in the United States. The difference in cost is the only advantage to the consumer of foreign barite, for there are large reserves of the mineral in the United States of good grade. The production of many of the operating mines is capable of decided increase, and it is believed that the operating mines together with the large reserves of undeveloped deposits of barite are entirely adequate to meet the demands of the users in the United States. Deposits of barite are known in California, Idaho, Nevada, and Alaska, but most of them are undeveloped because there is, apparently, no market for the material in that region. The domestic production is derived from Missouri .and the Appalachian States, the greater part being obtained from Missouri. Following the outbreak of war in Europe many users of foreign barite in the United States have been forced to seek their supplies at home. It seems opportune at this time, therefore, that a general review be given of the barite industry in the Appalachian States, one of the two areas from which the domestic supply of the mineral is derived, and that attention be directed to the undeveloped deposits in the region. Briefly, then, this paper reviews the barite industry in the Appalachian States, and describes the occurrence, preparation, and uses of the mineral. General Character Barite, known commercially as barytes or heavy spar, is barium sulphate (Baso4), containing when pure BaO, 65.7 per cent., and S03, 34.3 per cent. The specific gravity is 4.3 to 4.6, and the hardness 2.5

Jan 1, 1915

By J. W. Downey, R. A. Morris, M. V. Nevitt

An experimental survey has determined the occurrence of Ti2 Ni-type phases in binary and ternary alloys of Ti, Zr, or Hf with first, second, or third long-period transition metals and also in ternary systems in which 0 is the third component. The existence of eleven previously unreported isomorphs is cited and some approximate phase boundaries are given. Lattice parameters are reported for the new phases. The periodic table relationships involved in the occurrence of the phase are discussed. A previous paper' reported the occurrence of a group of Ti2Ni-type phases (structure-type E93) containing Zr in combination with Rh, Ir, and Pt, and Hf in combination with Rh, Pd, Ir, and Pt, and cited evidence to show that all of the Zr phases and the Hf-Pd phase are not binary phases but occur only when 0 is present. More recently one of the present authors found that in the ternary systems of Ti and 0 with Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni the occurrence of the Ti2Ni-type phase could be correlated qualitatively with valency electron concentration, and that the role of 0 appeared to be that of an electron acceptor.' This paper describes the results of a broader investigation of the occurrence of Ti2Ni-type phases in binary and ternary systems containing Ti, Zr, or Hf. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Alloys were prepared by arc melting. The purity of the metals Zr, Rh, Hf, Ir, Pd, and Pt was given in the previous paper.' The additional materials used for this work were metals with a minimum purity of 99.9 pct and reagent grade ZrO2, TiO2, Cr2O3, and NiO. Chemical analysis of several alloys in each system indicated good agreement between intended compositions and cast-button compositions. For the heat treatment precautions were taken to avoid oxygen contamination. The specimens were wrapped in Mo foil and sealed in fused quartz tubes at a room temperature pressure of 1 x mm of Hg. These capsules were then annealed in a vacuum furnace at an external pressure of 5 X mm of Hg. Since the major constituent in most of the alloys studied was the brittle Ti2Ni-type phase, Debye-Scherrer patterns with sharp lines could be obtained with powder crushed from the annealed solid samples without being reannealed. Metallographic, X-ray diffraction, and density determination techniques previously described1, 2 were used. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Zr-Rh-O, Zr-Ir-Oand Zr-Pt-O Systems-Figs. 1 through 3 show the approximate boundaries of the Ti2Ni-type phase fields at the temperatures indicated in the ternary systems Zr-Rh-O, Zr-Ir-O and Zr-Pt-0. In each isothermal section the Ti2Ni-type phase field is labeled E and the unidentified binary phase found in the previous work' is labeled ?. The dotted lines, which are not phase boundaries, correspond to the composition (Zr2 B)1-xOx. In each system the Ti2Ni-type phase field is displaced to the high-Zr side of this composition line. However, the departures from Zr2B stoichiometry for the metal components are not as high as Zr3B, as was inferred from the previous work. Lattice parameters of the Ti2Ni-type phases in the alloys shown as triangular data points in Figs. 1 through 3 are given in Table IA. The probable compositions of the Ti2Ni-type phases have been estimated from the isothermal sections. Although there are a few exceptions that probably result from uncertainties in phase boundary location and from the effect of variation of oxygen content, the generalization can be

Jan 1, 1961

By Frank C. Roberts

Progress in the facilities for handling mining products has been largely superinduced by the necessities of commercial economy ren dered requisite in order to meet the demand of competition. So rapid has been the depreciation in the value of mineral products, primarily due to the disproportionate increase of output over con sumption, that it may be justly claimed that mining, when considered as a commercial success, depends largely upon the ease and cheap ness by which the products are brought to the surface of the ground. In all methods of performing this operation, wire rope enters as an important factor; and the object of the present sketch will be to explain, as fully as is consistent with the space allotted, the various • adaptations of wire rope employed in placing coal and ores within the reach of our overground systems of transportation. These adaptations will be considered in the following order: I. Hoists. II. Inclined planes. a. Engine planes. b. Gravity planes. c. Aerial planes. III. Haulage. a. Tail-rope system. b. Counter-rope system. c. Endless-rope system. IV. Hoists. The term " hoist" is applied to the system whereby the mine product is elevated from the mine-level to the surface through ver-

Jan 1, 1888

By James P. Kimball

Jan 1, 1885

By E. C. W. Perryman

The recovery of X-ray line broadening, hardness, and electrical resistivity from cold worked AI-Mg alloys has been investigated. The results, together with those from density measurements, suggest that magnesium atoms freeze in the excess vacancies formed by cold working, and that this affects the climb of dislocations during the recovery process. PREVIOUS work1, " has shown that while 1 pct Mg increases the activation energy for recrystalliza-tion, it decreases the activation energy for the recovery of mechanical properties and decreases the subgrain size both after cold working and annealing. A similar result has been reported by Varley2 for an A1-2 pct Mg alloy. With plastic deformation at high temperatures, McLean and Farmer' and Rachinger have found that magnesium appears to retard the motion of dislocations and, furthermore, they find little or no effect of magnesium on the size of subgrains formed during high temperature deformation. In view of the apparent contradictions as to the effect of magnesium on subgrain size, the recovery process in Al-Mg alloys has been investigated more thoroughly by studying the annealing out of X-ray line broadening, hardness, and electrical resistivity from alloys cold worked at room temperature. Material Used—The chemical analyses of the alloys are given in Table I. Fabrication—The material used was cold rolled 20 pct at room temperature, the grain size prior to the last cold rolling operation being similar to that used in previous work; i.e., 230. The experimental procedure for annealing, determination of X-rav half-veak breadth. hardness measurement, electEica1 resistivity, and density and metallographic examination was exactly the same as previously described." Variation of X-Ray Half-Peak Breadth with Annealing Time—Isothermal annealing curves at 100°, 200°, and 250°C were obtained for material cold worked 20 pct. The half-peak breadth of the (333) Ka, line directly after cold working is shown as a function of magnesium content in Fig. 1. Only with the 2.87 pct Mg alloy was overlapping of the a, and n.. reflections observed to any appreciable extent. To separate these, Rachinger's method' was used. Typical isothermal annealing curves are shown in Figs. 2 and 3 for 100" and 200°C, respectively. These curves are similar to those obtained previously for super-purity aluminum except that the

Jan 1, 1957

By Westwater, J. S.

The Mather mine of The Negaunee Mine Co. embraces nearly all of Sections 1 and 2, T47N, R27W. within the limits of the cities of Negaunee and Ishpeming on the Marquette iron range of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Operations of the Negaunee Mine Co., the stock of which is jointly owned by Bethlehem Steel Co. and The Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Co., are under the direction of the latter company. The opening of the Mather mine was described by C. W. A1len. Mather "A" shaft was completed to an initial depth of 2352 ft in early 1943. The shaft capacity of over one million tons yearly is in prospect of being realized by orderly development and mining, and sinking of the second or "B" shaft then started in accordance with previous planning. Mather " B, " also a vertical shaft, was designed as a twin to Mather "A" shaft and the sinking technique developed at Mather "A" was utilized in "B" shaft operation.

Jan 1, 1949