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The total crude production from the Dutch East Indies, and the British Protectorates of Sarawak and Brunei for 1932 is given in the following table: Production, which had shown a rapid increase from 1921 to 1929, has since been reduced. Exploitation drilling in the majority of the larger fields was suspended and existing production kept within predetermined limits by beaning. Most of the smaller fields were shut down entirely. The depth of producing levels varies widely in the different fields. Shallow fields with drilling depths to 500 meters (1650 ft.) are still numerous as well as those with depths between 500 and 1000 m. (3300 ft.). A few of the newer fields reach greater drilling depths up to 1600 m. (5250 ft.). The deepest exploration well drilled to date (Djambi field, South Sumatra) reached a, depth of 2332 m. (7650 ft.) before abandonment in March, 1930. The specific gravities of the various crude oils produced range between 0.65 (86.2° A.P.I.) and 0.95 (17.5° A.P.I.). The lighter crudes have a high gasoline content and fuel oils are derived from the heavier crudes, which usually are rich in paraffin. Producing companies are: De Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij (Royal Dutch-Shell combine in Dutch territory); The Anglo-Saxon Petroleum Co. Ltd. (Royal Dutch-Shell combine in British territory); De Nederlandsch-Indische Aardolie Maatschappij (De Bataafsche Petroleum Maatschappij-Dutch East Indian Government combine); De Nederlandsche Koloniale Petroleum Maatschappij (Standard Oil Co. of

Jan 1, 1933

By George M. Fowler, F. E. Gregory, William M. Agar, Joseph P. Lyden

The fact that most of the zinc-lead ores of the Tri-State district are associated with abundant chert in the Boone formation has led us to give much consideration to the manner of occurrence of the chert throughout the formation and to its relationship to the structural and other geologic features having bearing upon the sulfide mineralization. Necessarily the question of the source and the manner of deposition of the chert has come up in the course of these studies. We do not pretend to have arrived at the answer to all the questions regarding the chert. However, we have made a very large number of field observations, which present certain facts about the chert in this district that may be worth elaboration. Whatever theories may be drawn upon to explain the presence and distribution of the chert must necessarily be capable of reconciliation to these facts. The more important theories that have been presented are briefly summarized, and some of them discussed, in this paper. This paper is in three distinct parts, each complete in itself, wherein is recorded the evidence gained from three separate methods of attack. In an earlier paper,(3)‡ we briefly described the chert and its relation-ship to the ore deposits. Chertification, as used in this paper, means the replacement of limestone by introduced silicic acid. It is a common phenomenon in many widely distributed limestones. The products of chertification may be chert, cotton rock, or tripoli, depending upon the extent to which the replacement has been carried. Chertification is used instead of silicifica-tion in order to reserve the latter for the siliceous emanations so common in connection with the sulfide ore deposits of this and many other districts. Broadly, it is meant to include all silicification in this district prior to the introduction of the jasperoid, the latter being contemporaneous with the ore-bearing solutions.

Jan 1, 1935

By William M. Agar, F. E. Gregory, Joseph P. Lyden, George M. Fowler

The fact that most of the zinc-lead ores of the Tri-State district are associated with abundant chert in the Boone formation has led us to give much consideration to the manner of occurrence of the chert throughout the formation and to its relationship to the structural and other geologic features having bearing upon the sulfide mineralization. Necessarily the question of the source and the manner of deposition of the chert has come up in the course of these studies. We do not pretend to have arrived at the answer to all the questions regarding the chert. However, we have made a very large number of field observations, which present certain facts about the chert in this district that may be worth elaboration. Whatever theories may be drawn upon to explain the presence and distribution of the chert must necessarily be capable of reconciliation to these facts. The more important theories that have been presented are briefly summarized, and some of them discussed, in this paper. This paper is in three distinct parts, each complete in itself, wherein is recorded the evidence gained from three separate methods of attack. In an earlier paper,(3)‡ we briefly described the chert and its relation-ship to the ore deposits. Chertification, as used in this paper, means the replacement of limestone by introduced silicic acid. It is a common phenomenon in many widely distributed limestones. The products of chertification may be chert, cotton rock, or tripoli, depending upon the extent to which the replacement has been carried. Chertification is used instead of silicifica-tion in order to reserve the latter for the siliceous emanations so common in connection with the sulfide ore deposits of this and many other districts. Broadly, it is meant to include all silicification in this district prior to the introduction of the jasperoid, the latter being contemporaneous with the ore-bearing solutions.

Jan 1, 1935

The fact that most of the zinc-lead ores of the Tri-State district are associated with abundant chert in the Boone formation has led us to give much consideration to the manner of occurrence of the chert throughout the formation and to its relationship to the structural and other geologic features having bearing upon the sulfide mineralization. Necessarily the question of the source and the manner of deposition of the chert has come up in the course of these studies. We do not pretend to have arrived at the answer to all the questions regarding the chert. However, we have made a very large number of field observations, which present certain facts about the chert in this district that may be worth elaboration. Whatever theories may be drawn upon to explain the presence and distribution of the chert must necessarily be capable of reconciliation to these facts. The more important theories that have been presented are briefly summarized, and some of them discussed, in this paper. This paper is in three distinct parts, each complete in itself, wherein is recorded the evidence gained from three separate methods of attack. In an earlier paper,(3)‡ we briefly described the chert and its relation-ship to the ore deposits. Chertification, as used in this paper, means the replacement of limestone by introduced silicic acid. It is a common phenomenon in many widely distributed limestones. The products of chertification may be chert, cotton rock, or tripoli, depending upon the extent to which the replacement has been carried. Chertification is used instead of silicifica-tion in order to reserve the latter for the siliceous emanations so common in connection with the sulfide ore deposits of this and many other districts. Broadly, it is meant to include all silicification in this district prior to the introduction of the jasperoid, the latter being contemporaneous with the ore-bearing solutions.

Jan 1, 1935

By F. E. Gregory, George M. Fowler, William M. Agar, Joseph P. Lyden

The fact that most of the zinc-lead ores of the Tri-State district are associated with abundant chert in the Boone formation has led us to give much consideration to the manner of occurrence of the chert throughout the formation and to its relationship to the structural and other geologic features having bearing upon the sulfide mineralization. Necessarily the question of the source and the manner of deposition of the chert has come up in the course of these studies. We do not pretend to have arrived at the answer to all the questions regarding the chert. However, we have made a very large number of field observations, which present certain facts about the chert in this district that may be worth elaboration. Whatever theories may be drawn upon to explain the presence and distribution of the chert must necessarily be capable of reconciliation to these facts. The more important theories that have been presented are briefly summarized, and some of them discussed, in this paper. This paper is in three distinct parts, each complete in itself, wherein is recorded the evidence gained from three separate methods of attack. In an earlier paper,(3)‡ we briefly described the chert and its relation-ship to the ore deposits. Chertification, as used in this paper, means the replacement of limestone by introduced silicic acid. It is a common phenomenon in many widely distributed limestones. The products of chertification may be chert, cotton rock, or tripoli, depending upon the extent to which the replacement has been carried. Chertification is used instead of silicifica-tion in order to reserve the latter for the siliceous emanations so common in connection with the sulfide ore deposits of this and many other districts. Broadly, it is meant to include all silicification in this district prior to the introduction of the jasperoid, the latter being contemporaneous with the ore-bearing solutions.

Jan 1, 1935

By G. G. Gunther, C. L. Boeke

(Any discussion resulting from presentation at the Los Angeles Extractive Metallurgy Division Meeting will appear in the November 1953 issue.) I. M. Symonds (Cia Minera de Penoles, Monterrey, N. L., Mexico)—This is a most interesting paper describing zinc deleading operations. Mr. Gunther was kind enough to show me his operation last fall. Outside of the excellent results, I was most impressed by the ease of control. I had expected a difficult operation requiring careful control and supervision, but found one requiring little attention. The only disappointing fact of the separation is the poor copper recovery in the concentrate of the deleading float. The final zinc concentrate still has about 3 pct chalcopyrite (assuming the copper is chalcopy-rite) which adversely affects the zinc grade. If the copper mineral is free, the poor recovery is probably due to the high cyanide concentration. Fortunately, about 75 pct of the copper is recovered before the pulp goes to the zinc circuit. Mr. Gunther's remarks about proper cyanide to zinc sulphate ratios cannot be overemphasized. Although our experience has been mostly confined to the conventional Pb-Zn separation, we have found these ratios most important, and more important in the mill than in the laboratory. The laboratory appears to give optimum results over a wider range of reagent control than the mill, especially in regard to the effect of cyanide. In the mill in handling relatively high grade ores, we usually find that ratios of cyanide to zinc sulphate of 1 to 10 or 20 or higher work best. Where there is a substantial amount of chalcopyrite present, it has been noted that cyanide in the range of 0.02 to 0.10 lb per ton of ore is often beneficial in zinc rejection and possibly in copper recovery in the lead concentrate, while larger amounts, say 0.20 to 0.25 lb per ton, will float more zinc and cause a serious rejection of chalcopyrite. On an ore with 15 to 20 pct Zn content, we have had to use 0.8 to 1.2 lb of zinc sulphate per ton of ore with the above cyanide to obtain optimum results. Sometime ago we made a laboratory study following Parral and Santa Barbara practice on an ore which never had a very satisfactory rejection of zinc in the lead concentrate. The results were not encouraging and a mill test was not run. Since then the study has been reopened using fresh zinc concentrate from the mill in the laboratory instead of one made in the laboratory. A reasonably clean lead float from the zinc concentrate was obtained. It has been checked several times and each time the zinc concentrate made in the mill responds and the one made in the laboratory does not. Although undoubtedly some reasonable explanations can be given, it is presented here only

Jan 1, 1953

Executive ARTHUR S DWIGHT, Chairman B THAYER CHARLES F RAND P MATHEWSON J V W REYNDERS Membership WILLIAM H BASSETT, Chairman W Y WESTERVELT Vice-chairman P MATHEWSON H G MOULTON F T RUBIDGE Finance WALTER H ALDRIDGE, Chairman GEORGE D BARRON GALEN H CLEVENGER

Jan 1, 1923

Jan 1, 1925

Bernard MacDonald, Guanajuato, Mexico (communication to the Secretary*):—Mr. Iceyes's paper is very interesting to me because of my personal experience with the development of the ore-deposits of Lake Valley.

Jan 1, 1909

By H. E. Criner, M. G. Driessen

Maurice Rey—The influence of cyclone diameter upon the fineness of separation is an important point which, however, cannot be discussed adequately if the injection pressure or the rate of flow are not specified. Perhaps some light can be thrown on the matter by using the formulas derived by Dahlstrom. Let us consider several geometrically similar cyclones where the apertures e and b are equal and proportional to the diameter D and which are operated with the same pressure drop. Eq 8 of Dahlstrom's paper can be written: Q Q = K D'. " or. if F is constant: Q = K D18 K is a constant of proportionality. Introducing this value of Q in eq 13 gives elimination efficiency = K D ,41 Elimination efficiency, in the terminology of Dahl-strom, means the diameter of particles, in microns, which divide equally between the underflow and the overflow. This denomination is regrettable and it would be preferable to call it diameter of separation or characteristic size or any other name connoting a size rather than an efficiency. Whatever the name used, the above equation shows a slow increase in the fineness of separation when the diameter of the cyclone decreases. For example, if a 14-in. cyclone gives a 400-mesh separation (37 microns), geometrically similar cyclones, having the same pressure drop will give separations at the sizes shown below.

Jan 1, 1951

By M. G. Driessen, H. E. Criner

Maurice Rey—The influence of cyclone diameter upon the fineness of separation is an important point which, however, cannot be discussed adequately if the injection pressure or the rate of flow are not specified. Perhaps some light can be thrown on the matter by using the formulas derived by Dahlstrom. Let us consider several geometrically similar cyclones where the apertures e and b are equal and proportional to the diameter D and which are operated with the same pressure drop. Eq 8 of Dahlstrom's paper can be written: Q Q = K D'. " or. if F is constant: Q = K D18 K is a constant of proportionality. Introducing this value of Q in eq 13 gives elimination efficiency = K D ,41 Elimination efficiency, in the terminology of Dahl-strom, means the diameter of particles, in microns, which divide equally between the underflow and the overflow. This denomination is regrettable and it would be preferable to call it diameter of separation or characteristic size or any other name connoting a size rather than an efficiency. Whatever the name used, the above equation shows a slow increase in the fineness of separation when the diameter of the cyclone decreases. For example, if a 14-in. cyclone gives a 400-mesh separation (37 microns), geometrically similar cyclones, having the same pressure drop will give separations at the sizes shown below.

Jan 1, 1951

By E. S. Machlin

An extension of the thermodynamic theory has been made for the case of irreversible growth processes occurring by the motion of an interface. The theory is applicable to such diverse phenomena as diffusion, growth in recrystallization, continuous grain growth, growth of carbides, etc., growth of eutectoid products, growth in solidification, recovery, "slipless" flow, etc. THE publication of a recent book1 has served to focus attention on a very powerful means of treating certain irreversible processes. This method which has been formally described as the thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes is applicable to processes which involve an approach to equilibrium and for which the deviations from equilibrium are small. The irreversible processes can be classified into three groups: chemical reactions, transport processes (diffusion, heat and electrical flows), and relaxation phenomena involving a degradation of internal energy to more stable states. The limits of applicability of the theory can be precisely defined1,2 for each type of irreversible process. For example, in a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure, the Gibbs free energy released per mol in the process should be less than the thermal energy, RT. Another type of irreversible process, which sometimes involves a combination of the first two of the above-mentioned groups, is treated in this paper. This process is one characterized by the motion of an interface separating two regions having different values of free energy and may be briefly described as a growth process. Prigogine2 and Herring3 have treated special cases of this type of process. Previous conscious applications of the theory in metallurgy have been limited to the field of diffusion, one of the transport processes. Darken,4 Bardeen,5 Prigogine2 and others have made significant contributions in this respect. Some other applications of the theory are described in this paper. The Theory The thermodynamic theory of irreversible processes is based on the work of Onsager,6 DeDonder,7 Prigogine2 and others. A resume of the theory has been given by Prigogine2 and DeGroot.1 A brief description of the theory follows, although for a complete understanding the reader is urged to read the references. It is first assumed that the change in entropy, even for a system removed from equilibrium, is given by dS = [dU + pdV - Si µi, dn, - Sk Pk dxk]T-1 Using this expression, the irreversible entropy production in the system is calculated by subtracting the contribution to the change in entropy of the system by transfer of heat, work, or matter from the surroundings. Thus, for example, the irreversible entropy production of a system at constant temperature and pressure is given by dtS = — — dG (DeDonder7) Now it has been shown by Prigogine,2 DeDonder,7 and DeGroot1 that the rate of irreversible entropy production diS/dt, when calculated in the manner suggested, can be written as a sum of products of conjugate forces XK and fluxes Jk, i.e., d,s/ = Sk Jk Xk [I-1] dt The assumption is next made that a linear relation exists between a given flux and the forces, obtained from Eq. I-1, i.e., Ji = Sk Lik Xk (i = 1, 2, . . . n) [I-2] Generally, there is a degree of freedom in choice of the fluxes and forces. However, for all the choices consistent with Eq. I-1 the Onsager8 relations, based on the principle of microscopic reversibility, namely, Lik = Lki, are valid. The coefficients Lik, depending upon the choice of the conjugate fluxes and forces, may be more or less dependent upon the parameters defining the state of the system. In general, the proper choice of fluxes and forces utilizing Eq. I-1, makes the coefficients Lik independent of time. Also, because many of the three classes of irreversible phenomena have already been treated,1,2 a proper choice can be made by analogy. In any case, the validity of Eq. 1-2, from whatever choice made using Eq. I-1, must be tested by experimentation. The theory, thus, comprises the following steps: 1—The irreversible entropy production is calculated to yield Eq. I-1. 2—The terms in Eq. I-1 are grouped

Jan 1, 1954

THOSE NOT MARKED ARE MEMBERS; MARKED THUS t ARE ASSOCIATES. HEAVY-FACED TYPE SIGNIFIES HONORARY MEMBERSHIP. JUNIOR MEMBERS ARE MARKED II. THE FIGURES AT THE END OF THE ADDRESS INDICATE THE YEAR OF ELECTION. AARONS, J. BOYD, Genl. Mgr., Chaffers G. M. Co., Boulder City, West. Australia. '05 ABADIE, EMILE R., Min. Engr Box 291, Porterville, Tulare Co., Cal. '76 ABBOTT, CLARENCE E., Genl. Supt., Iron Mines Div., 1405 Minnesota Ave., Bessemer, Ala. '04 ABBOTT, J. W., Min. Engr., "St. Omer," 123 N. Grand Ave., Los Angeles, Cal. '94 ABBOTT, Louis BENJAMIN, Chief Engr., Consolidation Coal Co., Elkhorn Div., Jenkins, Ky. '15 ABBOTT, ROBERT R., Met. Engr., Peerless Motor Car Co., Cleveland, Ohio. '12 ABE, ASAKA Yamagano G. M., Satsuma-Gori, Satsuma, Japan. '14 || ABRAHAMS, A. I., Student 1391 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y. '14 tACKER, E. O'C., Met Bethlehem Steel Co., Bethlehem, Pa. '86 ACKER, Louis K., JR., Min. Engr 565 Highland Place, Bellevue, Pa. '08

Jan 1, 1917

By Francis A. Thomson

IN reviewing mineral industry education a year ago, occasion was taken to congratulate the Institute in general and to felicitate the Education Di- vision in particular on "the most gratifying growth which is taking place in Institute consciousness in regard to its responsibility for the recruitment and adequate training of student personnel and for the successful bridging of the difficult gap between graduation and achievement of professional status." Continuation of this growth of interest throughout 1939 is a recognition of the validity of the splendid statement of George Otis Smith that the mining students of today are the ore reserve of the Institute for the future. In this connection one recalls the equally apt expression of another distinguished geologist, George M. Fowler, who, speaking of exploration for ore deposits, says, "The place to look for elephants is where elephants have been found."

Jan 1, 1940

By T. A. Rickard

The key-note of good writing, as of good manners, is B natural. Sincerity is the first requisite for effective writing. When a man says what he knows or believes, he is likely to be interesting, because each human being possesses an individuality, a point of view, or a range of sympathy that makes him different from his fellows. To say or to write what you do no6 think, for the mere sake of talking or writing, is a verbal exercise that must be performed with extraordinary skill if it is to be attractive. Affectations are rarely attractive, rarely effective. To be natural is to be yourself, not a poseur; to give the reader the best of yourself, instead of re-warming the baked meats of yesterday. Quotations-which are second-hand thoughts-will serve occasionally when the thing you want to say has been said so well by another that it would be waste of energy to try to say it better; but, as a rule, the utterance of the writer himself is more interesting than the quotation, because the writer brings something of himself to bear on the subject, and for the moment is more in touch with the reader than any dear departed author. Therefore, say things as best you can in your own way, neither in borrowed words nor in the phraseology that mimics another. Write as if you were speaking to a person whom you desire to persuade or convince. You will then write better than you speak, because, in the first place, you can be more deliberate, and, secondly, you can revise what you have written. Speaking and writing are similar mental acts, with a difference: the difference between eating food raw and eating it cooked. Some kinds of food gain nothing by being cooked; likewise some kinds of utterance are not bettered by being written down first; but most expressions of thought, especially

Jan 1, 1931

By Howard N. Eavenson

FROM the Pittsburgh coal bed in the four states of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland and West Virginia has been produced an output that, at mine prices, represents a greater value than any other single mineral deposit in the world has yielded.12 While this distinction may in a few years pass to the gold reef of the Witwatersrand, it is possible that eventually, owing to the tremendous reserves still remaining, the ultimate yield of the Pittsburgh bed will be greater than that of any other known single deposit. Considering its importance, not a great deal has been written of its early history and development as a whole; most of the accounts have been of limited localities, or, at the most, of the area within a single state. In "Coal through the Ages" the writer mentioned some references to its early history, but this study will deal not only with its history but with the character of the bed, where and why it was first developed, and its effect upon the states in which it is found. It has not been the intention to write a detailed history of the development of the seam in each locality, as neither time nor inclination were available for doing such work, but only to show the influences that tended to hasten or retard such development. In general the historical matter ends about 1830, when geological surveys began to be made. Some of the maps show data available only since that time, and the sections about coal preparation and coking have been extended to the present time to show the changing conditions. It is believed that the early history includes all published records, and many more sources than those shown in the bibliography were consulted. It is quite likely that some references to coal in this area may be found in the unpublished papers of some of our early soldiers and colonizers, which exist in several libraries, and it is hoped that some future

Jan 1, 1938

APPROXIMATELY 90 per cent of the steel that is melted and refined in the United States and poured into ingots is made in basic open-hearth furnaces, as shown in Table 1-1. The annual ingot capacity of the steel industry reported January 1, 1950, by the American Iron and Steel Institute3* was 99,040,160 tons, of which the basic open-hearth process accounted for 85,896,580 tons, 86.7 per cent of the .total. The capacity of the individual furnaces varies over a wide range, a large majority falling within limits of 50 to 200 tons (Fig 1-1). Most of the units constructed [ ] since 1942 are in the larger size groups, between 175 and 225 tons capacity.

Jan 1, 1964

By Earl Oliver

Page A.I.M.E. Stabilization Committee Activity................. 133 Definition of Capture Rule: Robert E. Hardwicke.......................... 134 Westmoreland Natural Gas Co. vs. DeWitt................ 135 Kelly vs. Ohio Oil Co......................... 135 Bernard vs. Monongahela Gas Co.................... 136 Definition of Ownership in Place..................... 137 Prospective Stabilization Remedies.................... 137 Dean Roscoe Pound's Four Teats of Practicability.............. 137 I. Mechanically Feasible....................... 138 Capture Rule.......................... 138 Ownership in Place....................... 140 Mechanical Separatio.7 Method................. 140 Engineering Appraisal Method................. 141 II. Economically Advisable...................... 143 Capture Rule.......................... 144 Ownership in Place....................... 144 III. Politically Wise.......................... 144 Capture Rule..........................144 Ownership in Place.......................147 IV. Legally Sound..........................148 Capture Rule..........................148 Ownership in Place.......................149 Dean Henry M. Bates' Analysis......................149 Raumé................................152 The A.I.M.E. Stabilization Committee was named in 1932 to ascertain whether some practical substitute could be devised for the Rule of Capture, which was generally credited with being the major cause of instability in the Petroleum Industry. After considerable intercommittee correspondence a letter was received from E. DeGolyer under date of Jan. 25. 1935. in which he discussed the possibility of modifying rather than discarding the Rule of Capture. He summarized his proposal as follows:

Jan 1, 1937

By Wilhelm Borchers

IN all special branches of the chemical and metallurgical industries, in which large electric furnaces became necessary for carrying out new processes or for the improvement of old ones, the development of the electric furnaces took place on much the same lines. The endeavors to make a success of a new idea brought forth many ingenious designs, which, however, almost without exception, furnished the proof that the safest and shortest way to practical success is the utmost simplicity of construction of the necessary apparatus. Our knowledge of the qualities of materials for building electric furnaces and of the constituents of the furnace-charges, especially their electric conductivity and their chemical affinity . towards one another at high temperatures, is still far from being complete, and from this fact we must conclude that the smaller the number of elements in the construction of a furnace, the fewer the number of unreliable factors both in the construction and in the operation of the electric furnace. This conclusion deserves special attention when an electric furnace for making steel has to be chosen from the constantly growing number of inventions, inasmuch as the chief con¬stituent of steel, the element iron, is a substance which in its liquid phase has so great an affinity fir those elements which are to be removed from the charge, that it is very difficult to comply with the following conditions: 1, to beat the refining-slag to the highest point of its chemical activity ; to prevent the iron from entering the slaw, or, where this cannot be done, to make it enter so that it finally appears in the end-product

Jan 1, 1910