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By Cleber Caetano Thomazi

Rotary kilns are continuous process equipment used on calcining of nickel ore. The chemical and physical reactions are created by means of heat up the material to predetermined temperatures. Tertiary air fans are attached to the kiln shell to maintain oxidizing/reduction conditions. Special ducts orientate the air flow inside the kiln. In the present work, two types of failure on distinct tertiary ducts mounted on the same kiln are reported. Chemical analysis, hardness test, metallographic and fractographic examinations were carried out. Fabrication related problems and creep were identified as the root causes of damages.

Oct 30, 2017

By Pedro Jorge Walburga Keglevich de Buzin

The steel production in mini mills generates several process residues, among them the electric arc furnace dust (EAFD). This residue has as main elements Fe, O, and Zn, being classified as hazardous by the presence of Pb and Cd. In recent years, a rise in the chlorine content of this residue was observed, motivated by the increased use of scrap with impurities bearing this element. In this work, a qualitative assessment of the presence of chlorine in the electric steelmaking process is made. Complementing it, theoretical considerations based on the computational thermodynamics tool FactSage show the effects of the chlorine on the mineral species in EAFD and on gaseous species in the gas phase (HCl and Cl2). For this study, PVC polymer was used as the chlorine carrier substance which contaminates the EAF charge; presence of other minor elements in the system such as K, Na and Pb were also considered.

Aug 7, 2018

By Graziele Gianini Braga Maria

Os aços elétricos tem sido uma alternativa para aperfeiçoar a relação eficiência/perda magnética dos equipamentos elétricos, sem a necessidade de grandes alterações de projeto Esses aços, também conhecidos como aços ao silício, podem ser de grão orientado ou não orientado, sendo suas propriedades, de modo geral, dependentes das diferentes condições adotadas para o processamento dos mesmos. Deste modo, considerando essa relação entre as condições de solicitação mecânica e o desempenho desses materiais este trabalho apresenta o estudo da resposta magnética exibida pelo aço de grão orientado após as chapas desse material serem submetidas à rota de processamento envolvendo a aplicação dos esforços de cisalhamento direto / cisalhamento reverso (cisalhamento cíclico). Os resultados indicaram a dependência das propriedades em função da quantidade de deformação plástica, ocasionando, de modo geral, o decaimento do desempenho magnético do mesmo.

Aug 16, 2017

By Andrea Donadon

This article introduces the Danieli Total Asset Management System, which involves 360 degrees service methods and equipment. Danieli Condition Monitoring System and Danieli Torque Monitoring System are fundamental to evaluate the conditions of the working components in heavy duty transmissions. The first one monitors the vibrations and the lubrication fluid conditions with the purpose to identify the presence of malfunctions, by detecting any variation of the signals from the standard values. The second one monitors the transmitted torque for each spindle and gearbox, with the aim of detecting any anomaly in torque distribution and magnitude, and evaluating the residual life of the mechanical parts, on the base of a dedicated fatigue damage algorithm. All these features are useful in avoiding serious damages to machines, facilities and people, but allow also planning the maintenance and overhaul activities with efficiency, in order to achieve the best plant availability and reliability. The data analysis is made by the IntelliCMS software, which interfaces with plant and Danieli operators and includes the possibility to cooperate by remote connections, simplifying service activities and support. All these features allow providing new full service programs, where the client is totally supported in maintenance, overhauls and substitutions. This is the best way to ensure the most efficient, high quality and reliable after sales assistance.

Aug 16, 2017

By Samuel Vasconcellos

Em plantas de separação do tipo PSA ocorrem oscilações na vazão de ar intrínsecas a este processo, devido à repressurização dos vasos pré-purificadores ser feita em intervalos muito curtos. Por meio da instalação de um buffer tank foi possível tornar a coluna de destilação mais estável, aumentando a produção de líquidos, reduzindo a demanda de energia e otimizando a pré-purificação.

Jul 31, 2018

By Tiago Salzmann Vilela

Durante a produção de arames pelo processo de trefilação diversas falhas superficiais e internas podem ocorrer. Esses defeitos podem ocasionar fratura do arame no processo dos clientes. Um dos defeitos mais clássicos na trefila, denominado “pé de corvo” ou “Chevron”, foi estudado neste trabalho. As principais causas desse defeito estão ligadas à falhas no processo de lubrificação, podendo ser relacionados ao tipo e quantidade de sabão usados durante a trefilação, como também a ocorrência de defeitos no fio máquina empregado e ou, “caminho do arame”. Para esse estudo, diversos defeitos superficiais em fio máquina foram selecionados e então posteriormente trefilados observando a ocorrência do problema nos arames produzidos. Os defeitos superficiais no fio máquina foram coletados de bobinas segregadas no estoque e foram soldados e identificados, a fim de facilitar posterior localização do defeito. A partir do estudo foi possível identificar as causas da ocorrência das falhas por defeito de pé de corvo e propor medidas preventivas que mitigassem o problema.

Jul 30, 2018

By Daniela Mota Paschoal Veloso da Silva, Gabriel Filinkoski, Suelen Silva Rocha, Jorge Luiz Valença Mariz

A previsão da fragmentação da rocha é essencial para otimizar a operação de desmonte de rochas. A fragmentação depende de muitos parâmetros, como propriedades estruturais e geomecânicas do maciço rochoso, geometria do plano de fogo das detonações e propriedades dos explosivos. Neste contexto, este trabalho objetivou realizar a previsão da fragmentação por simulação do desmonte de rochas da Mineração Megaípe considerando as características estruturais e geomecânicas inerentes à formação do maciço rochoso através da metodologia de Kuz-Ram. A metodologia consistiu no levantamento das propriedades geométricas das descontinuidades visíveis na face da bancada existente, realização da classificação geomecânica através dos sistemas Rock Mass Rating (RMR) e Q e aplicação dos resultados para predição da distribuição granulométrica da fragmentação. Obteve-se como resultado da simulação que cerca de 90% do material fragmentado deve passar na abertura do britador primário disponível na pedreira, além de resultados favoráveis quanto às análises de condições de estabilidade do talude operacional.

Oct 3, 2019

By Davidson Marcos de Oliveira, Antonio Adel dos Santos, Vicente Tadeu Buono

The benefits of using the controlled rolling process followed by accelerated cooling (TMCP), currently used in the main rolling mills in the world are already well known and metallurgically based. The need to obtain mechanical properties with a high degree of homogeneity means that in some situations the ends of the rolled material are discarded, negatively affecting the metallic yield of the process. Therefore, this work focused on the determination of the mechanical properties variation at the ends of thick plates processed by TMCP of steels for application in oil and gas pipelines, in order to map the extent of these differences and to correlate them with the microstructure obtained, the profiles of temperature and cooling rates in these regions. To perform the work, two slabs of the studied material were rolled, and the temperature profile was recorded along the plate in the controlled rolling and accelerated cooling processes. The ends of the material were sampled in sections at every 100 mm and subjected to tensile test, hardness and the Charpy V-notch impact test, as well as dilatometry and microstructure evaluations. For the used process conditions, the results indicated the formation of a banded microstructure, basically consisting of polygonal ferrite and bainite, occasionally containing small fractions of perlite. The mechanical properties in the top and the base were higher than the values found in the plate middle, justified by the microstructure found. The work allowed understanding the relationship between the mechanical properties, microstructures and process conditions at the ends, helping the team to improve the process in order to result in a high degree of homogeneity of the product and, thus, lead to optimization of the metallic yield.

Oct 1, 2019

By Diogo de Oliveira Costa, Eduardo de Amorim Braga de Oliveira, Alan José Santos De Almeida, Deilton de Oliveira Sousa, Luciano Machado de Oliveira

A Ternium Brasil, localizada no Rio de Janeiro, possui dois Altos Fornos. Ambos iniciaram operação em 2010, Alto Forno 01 em 13/07/2010 e Alto Forno 02 em 06/12/2010. A GAD é uma unidade de processo que tem a finalidade de receber, classificar, dosar o carvão bruto, realizar sua moagem e secagem para o processo de injeção de carvão pulverizado em Alto Forno à coke. O trabalho apresenta o processo de melhoria, os recursos de gestão aplicados, a perspectiva a curto e longo prazo e o resultado alcançado até o momento.

Oct 1, 2019

By Moacir Alves dos Reis

A fim de monitorar visualmente as condições de funcionamento em cada ventaneira do alto-forno 3, foi instalado um sistema de monitoração através de câmeras especiais de vídeo em cada ventaneira permitindo assim a inspeção visual para verificar as condições das ventaneiras. A inspeção na ventaneira é de particular importância quando carvão pulverizado é injetado através da mesma. Caso ocorra um bloqueio na injeção de uma ventaneira, o carvão pulverizado pode queimar no tubo reto ao invés de queimar no alto forno, resultando assim em danos consideráveis para o tubo reto, ocasionando também a parada do Alto Forno. Por segurança, o fornecimento de carvão pulverizado para uma ventaneira dever ser interrompida assim que for detectado o bloqueio. O bloqueio pode ser detectado tanto por olhando diretamente para a ventaneira através do visor ou continuamente através do sistema de monitoração.Principais facilidades deste sistema: Monitoração contínua das condições operacionais das ventaneiras e do Alto Forno; Monitoração visual e eletrônica simultaneamente; Totalmente isolado da pressão do Alto Forno; Fácil de ajustar; Fabricação especial para trabalhar em áreas agressivas; e Fácil adaptação nas ventaneiras existentes em um Alto Forno.

Aug 16, 2017

By Dagoberto Brandão Santos, Kairo de Barros Guimarães, Túlio Magno Füzessy de Melo

The effect of the cooling conditions on the microstructure and hardness of a Dual Phase hot-rolled steel 800 MPa strength was investigated. Simulations of the cooling conditions using a dilatometer were carried out from samples of a hot rolled coil with variations of the intermediary temperature from 620 to 740°C, isothermal holding time between 1 and 10 s and coiling temperature between 50 and 400°C. In addition, two CCT (Continuous Cooling Transformation) diagrams were developed to evaluate the effect of the isothermal holding time on the phase transformations of the remaining austenite. It was observed that the intermediary temperature has a strong influence on the kinetics of the phase transformation, as well as the isothermal holding time influences the amount of ferrite formed and, consequently, the final microstructure and hardness of the material. The coiling temperature did not cause significant changes in the amount and morphology of the ferrite, but a gradual replacement of martensite with bainite was observed, which, in addition to the self-tempering effect, contributed to the hardness reduction.

Oct 1, 2019

By Andreza Aparecida de Miranda

No mercado atual a organização que possui certificação ISO tem ganhos significativos de competitividade e credibilidade. A Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional é uma empresa que possui tanto a certificação ISO 14001 quanto ISO 9001 e TS16949. Para a manutenção dessas certificações é necessário que exista uma gestão sobre a aplicabilidade dessas normas e uma exigência legal é a qualificação dos seus fornecedores críticos para o Meio Ambiente e para Qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em apresentar o modelo de monitoramento destes fornecedores nos quesitos performance de Entrega, performance de Qualidade e arquivamento das documentações legais. A Diretoria de Suprimentos atua de forma corporativa em 12 sites, e semestralmente gera relatórios para realizar este monitoramento e essa documentação gerada era arquivada em diversas pastas (em papel) em um único site, o que dificultava a consulta de funcionários que estivessem em outro site nos momentos de auditoria. 0 novo modelo contempla a ferramenta utilizando o próprio ERP, SAP/R3 que possibilita a consulta da documentação necessária, do fomecedor que desejar, de qualquer site, a qualquer momento. Essa ferramenta tem como objetivo agilizar a chegada de informação para quem precisar, em tempo real.

Jul 29, 2018

By Marco Antonio Meggiolaro

Most cyclic plasticity models used in multiaxial fatigue life predictions are based on a concept of a yield surface, which divides the elastic and plastic domains. Plastic straining occurs when the stress state reaches the surface and tries to move outward. Subsequent plastic straining causes the stress state to remain on the yield surface, which will translate to prevent the stress point from moving outside it according to a kinematic hardening rule that models the Bauschinger effect. The accurate modeling of the yield surface shape is fundamental to predict stress-strain relations. In this work, the main yield surface equations for isotropic materials are compared. Even though most materials can be modeled using Mises and Tresca surfaces, other need to consider the effect on the yield strength of the hydrostatic stress or the normal stress acting on a critical plane. It is shown that pressure-sensitive models originally devised for concrete can be applied to predict yielding in some materials, and even fatigue life for metallic structures with short cracks.

Aug 8, 2018

By Elham Kordzadeh

As the world’s reserves of coarse and high-grade iron ores continue to shrink, beneficiation is becoming increasingly important. The resulting concentrates cannot be used directly as feedstock for iron making, but require an additional agglomeration step. Pelletizing is preferred, because the uniform chemical, physical, and metallurgical characteristics of pellets make them a more desirable feed for the iron making processes. The heat hardening or induration of pellets is typically done in shaft furnaces, grate-kiln systems or on straight grates. Rotary kilns were originally developed in the late 19th century for Portland cement production [1]. The main development work for the successful adaptation of the process to the thermal treatment (induration) of green balls from iron ore was performed by Allis Chalmers in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA in the 1960’s [2].The straight grate process, which was first used in 1955 at Silver Bay, Minnesota, was a dedicated development with the aim to pelletize and indurate magnetite (taconite) concentrate [2]. There are various important technical and economical distinctions between the two pelletizing technologies. The most important differences include that a grate-kiln has three distinct pieces of equipment, a preheat grate, a rotary kiln and an annular cooler, whereas in the case of a straight grate, the entire indurating process is done on one piece of equipment only. In addition, both technological solutions have differences in their recuperation systems, direction of air flow in drying, number of burners, form of pellet movement, etc., which cause differences in raw material suitability, process control, economical aspects, plant operation and product pellet quality.

Oct 30, 2017

By Daniele Tolazzi

In today’s highly competitive market situation, it is of outmost importance for EAF steel makers to optimise their processes in order to reduce operating costs and to improve safety and reliability of the equipment. The laser based off-gas analysis technology, With laser units installed on the fix duct, downstream the combustion gap, uses the “Tuneable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy” (TDLAS). The system performs real-time off-gas emissions measurements of CO, CO2, O2, H2O and temperature. A closed-loop operation is in place for dynamic control of the chemical energy package combustion/post-combustion of CO, H2 and CH4 gases into the EAF furnace shell. A statistical framework which builds on a data analysis engine, based on Danieli Automation Q3Intelligence technology, evaluates the “fingerprint” of the process represented by average and deviation trends of both gases and other process parameters. Process fingerprinting is conceived both for offline profile optimisation and on-line control of the refining process. This paper describes how the technology has been applied and the results achieved at ACCIAIERIE BERTOLI SAFAU (Italy) 100 t AC Electric Arc Furnace.

Aug 16, 2017

By Marjorie Benegra

This study aims to compare the wear resistance assessed in rubber wheel abrasion test of nickel aluminide coatings deposited by for Plasma Transferred Arc (PTA) and High Velocity Oxigen Fuel (HVOF) manufacturing, using the same raw material. A nickel aluminide powder was atomized and deposited on 316L steel plate substrate. After deposition, some specimens were submitted to a heat treating (1200 °C for 24 h followed by 760°C for 24 h). The coatings deposited using PTA developed different microstructures due to the incorporation of substrate elements, its performance was better than the HVOF coatings, although their Vickers hardness was similar. After heat treating, a significant variation in hardness and wear resistance was observed. For PTA specimens, there were decrease in hardness of 35%, while for HVOF ones this drop was approximately 20%. Nonetheless, the effect of thermal exposure in wear resistance was quite different: an increase of 21% was observed for HVOF coatings, while a reduction of 20% occurred in PTA ones. Microstructures modifications in PTA coatings were significant for their wear resistance. On the other hand, the reduction of porosity and sintering were responsible for a better performance of heat-treated HVOF coatings.

Jul 31, 2018

By Giuseppe Pintaude

The use of two-dimensional shape parameters to characterize abrasive particles is a possible approach to express their angularity. Nonetheless, in sliding abrasion, especially in pin abrasion testing, coated papers structure plays an important role and even its damage during the wear process should not be neglected. This manuscript discuss the limitations of two-dimensional shape descriptors in distinguishing wear caused by relatively hard particles, indicating that the wear data obtained in sliding abrasion tests are unable to distinguish different types of coated papers used when only the two-dimensional particle projection is considered for shape characterization.

Jul 31, 2018

By Leonardo Neves

No presente trabalho foi feito um estudo do escoamento multifásico do desgaseificador RH através do no sistema água/óleo/ar. A modelagem matemática do escoamento fluidodinâmico foi feito utilizando a abordagem de dois fluidos Euleriana-Euleriana. No estudo foi empregado o modelamento matemático para simular as vazões empregadas na indústria para prever o comportamento da escória. Os experimentos foram feitos utilizando o modelo físico do desgaseificador RH da USIMINAS nas escalas de 1:5. Através de filmagens utilizando câmera comum e cálculos de espessura do óleo pôde-se validar os resultados obtidos no modelamento matemático. Foi determinado que na camada de óleo entre a panela e as pernas de descida e de subida do desgaseificador RH foram as regiões que possuem a menor espessura da camada de óleo. Os resultados apontaram que a espessura do óleo entre a perna de subida e a panela a espessura do óleo são as menores e decrescem à medida que a vazão de gás aumenta.

Aug 16, 2017

By Maurilio Pereira Gomes

The aim of this work was to heat treat and characterize sintered valve seat inserts (VSI). The powder metallurgy route was the only way found to substitute cobalt and lead, used in the VSI original alloy, due to their high cost and toxicological effect, respectively. The studied VSI was obtained with AISI M2 high-speed steel powder mixed with iron powder and other additives such as manganese sulphide, graphite, zinc stearate, carbides and copper, which was added by metallic infiltration. All the VSI were air quenched and double tempered, for one hour each, at seven different equidistantly temperatures, ranging from 100 °C up to 700 °C. The physical and mechanical properties were evaluated by means of the VSI apparent density, apparent hardness and crush radial strength. The chemical composition was determined through gas analysis, for the light elements such as carbon and sulfur, and energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for other elements. Microstructural characterization was performed with the support of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Regarding the VSI final application, the best results were achieved with the inserts air quenched and double tempered at 600 °C.

Oct 30, 2017

By Cristiano José Scheuer

The effect of low-temperature plasma carburizing treatment on the micro-abrasive wear resistance of AISI 420 steel was investigated by mean of a CSM Calowear ball-cratering equipment. Carburized samples were treated at temperatures of 350, 400, 450 and 500°C for a fixed time of 12 h, using a gas mixture containing 99.5% (80% H2+20% Ar)+0.5% CH4. Micro-scale abrasive wear tests were conducted with a 25.4 mm AISI 420 steel sphere, using an abrasive suspension of alumina (Al2O3) with particle size of 1 ?m (abrasive concentration of 0.11 g/cm³). The contact normal force, abrasive flow and ball rotation speed were fixed at: 0.5 N, 0,2 drop/s, and 120 rpm. The wear craters were analyzed using a confocal laser microscope, Olympus OLS 3000. The wear analyses were performed for test times of: 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 360, 540, 720 and 900 s (equivalent sliding distance: 0.84, 1.68, 2.52, 3.36, 5.04, 10.09, 15.14, 20.19 and 25.23 m, respectively). The results indicate that the wear coefficient in the outer layer and in the diffusion layer are different, being lower in the latter. It was also verified that the wear coefficient on the outer layer region decreases with increasing treatment temperature in the range of 350 to 450 °C, and increase again for 500ºC. The diffusion layer wear coefficient is similar for all the carburized samples. Finally, for all studied conditions, the analysis of the wear craters surface indicates the occurrence of grooving and micro-rolling abrasion wear modes.

Aug 8, 2018