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By L. R. Verney

A number of interrelated factors influence the economics of the sulphide smelting of copper, lead, zinc and nickel. This paper discusses these factors, mainly from a US point of view, and shows how they affect the cost of construction and operation of new and existing plants. The paper shows how metallurgical plant construction costs and the consumer price index have increased at a much faster rate than metal prices thereby making some metal mining and production operations within the USA, Canada and the EEC less profitable than operations elsewhere. This in turn inhibits new "grass roots" metallurgical developments. It is explained how retrofit of existing pyrometallurgical plants can be a more viable development than the construction of "green field" plants, especially if such retrofit improves, energy efficiencies, overall operating costs and reduces emissions of sulphur and other toxic wastes. Some aspects of metallurgical plant operation are examined, especially for copper and nickel, to show how changes in operating practices may develop in order to improve overall smelting economies, especially when developed in conjunction with objective retrofit. The paper also examines some financial aspects, especially insofar as the disparity between terms for loans offered to third world countries and the USA and the EEC are concerned and also comments upon the need, especially within the USA, for legislation to permit rapid depreciation of capital. Specific comments are made about environmental aspects, including the lack of uniformity of pollution control legislation and how environmental considerations may have some bearing of the location of future smelting operations.

Jan 1, 1983

By Parry. V. F.

"SUMMARY This report reviews the status of the packaged-for industry as of 1941. A field study was made of 35 representative plants to obtain technics and economic data on different types of processes used to make packaged fuel in the Central States. The report includes a classification of processes, photographs of typical operations, designs of different plants, an analysis of costs of manufacture, and a study of the physical and chemical properties of fuel cubes.It was observed that many of the smaller plants were having troubles in the manufacture of packaged fuel as the price of materials and costs of labor advanced toward the higher levels of 1942. In some instances, the total cost of manufacture was as high as $5.00 per ton, while in the better, medium-sized plants it was approximately $3.25 per ton. The direct manufacturing costs, excluding investment and depreciation, ranged from $3.17 to $2.37. These costs permit almost no profit at small plants when packaged fuel sells for the same price as competing lump coal under conditions existing in 1941-42.It was found that the predominant troubles in plants were due to inadequate drying and insufficient mixing of the starch binder. It was ob¬served that in the better plants, where proper mixing of binder was attained high-quality packages were made if 50 to 70 percent of the moisture was removed in the drying ovens. Experimental data obtained in the laboratory show the relationship between the temperature of dry air and the time required to remove different percentages of moisture in wrapped orunwrapped coal cubes.The average physical and chemical properties of fuel cubes made by five processes are listed, and tentative standards for minimum physical qualities and methods for measuring quantity are giver."

Jun 1, 1944

By Erik M. Westerberg

The Soilex Pile combines a slender shaft, for quick and easy installation, with an enlarged pile toe, for high capacity. The key component is the Expander Body, which is inflated by injecting cement grout when in position. The latest development in the Soilex Pile System results in a reduction of the total cost of Soilex Piles, in many cases values that are competitive with pre­cast concrete piles and displacement piles. Soilex Piles can now be installed on top of a bearing soil layer, instead of 3 to 4 m into that soil as previously required, further minimising the ground disturbance. Soilex Piles achieve high capacity in relatively loose soils, with ultimate loads typically between 1000 and 2000 kN in a sand with CPT qc = 5 to 10 MPa or SPT N= 10 to 20. It is possible to pre-load and proof-load all piles with dynamic testing up to 2000 kN or using built-in jacks, thereby verifying the capacity. The vibratory installation method, which is extremely quick and causes very little soil disturbance and noise, is exemplified by two case histories.

Jan 1, 2000

By G. S. Pauley

Paper presented at a meeting on: Artificial intelligence in the minerals sector, held in Nottingham, UK, 20 April 1993 (original title: Case-based reasoning can be a catalyst for improvement). A new computer software technology known as Case Based Reasoning (CBR) can be used to produce small decision support systems that are economically viable. This is because the knowledge that they contain can be owned and maintained by their users. A CBR tool has been used to perform a pilot study with Anglesey Aluminium Metal Ltd. The results are encouraging. They suggest that a combination of CBR and participative design and implementation techniques (such as Checkland's Soft System Methodology) can achieve sustainable improvement in mineral processing functions. An explanation is presented of why traditional, rule based systems are often an ineffective way to implement support systems. It is shown that CBR may provide an appropriate technology solution. Methods of achieving sustainable benefit are indicated. The pilot study with Anglesey Aluminium Metal is used as a practical illustration of the development of a CBR application. A review of potential application areas and some observations about the implementation are presented

Apr 1, 1994

By Paul M. Godlewski, Joseph P. Gildner, David S. McAllister

With construction underway on the 22.5 km (14 mile) Initial Segment of the Link Light Rail transit system in Seattle (including the one-mile EPB-driven running tunnels and mined station at Beacon Hill), the Sound Transit Board on May 20, 2004 voted on selection of a preferred route for an approximately eight-mile extension northwards from the central business district to Northgate, and authorized immediate start of advanced conceptual/preliminary engineering and geotechnical exploration programs scheduled to be completed in Spring 2005. The extension includes approximately914 m (30,000) route-feet of bored running tunnels, a mined station with platform level approximately 60 m (200 ft) below grade, three (possibly four) cut-and-cover stations and a cut-and-cover cross-over structure, as well as an aerial terminal station at Northgate and other line-section below-grade and aerial structures. All tunneling will be in glacial soils.

Jan 1, 2005

By C. Heath

US coal consumption reached new heights in 1985, but production was constrained by excess consumer inventories. Domestic consumption of coal reached a record 742 Mt (818 million st) during the year. This is a 3.4% gain over the previous consumption high 718 Mt (791 million st) in 1984. An additional 84 Mt (92.7 million st) of US coal were shipped abroad in 1985, up 13.7% from exports a year earlier. Coal production in 1985 totaled 804 Mt (886 million st), 1.1% below the record 813 Mt (896 million st) produced in 1984. The slight decline in coal output is attributed primarily to a 13% drawdown of large consumer stockpiles built up in 1984 in anticipation of a miners strike that never occurred. Coal demand, and hence production, were also restrained by slower economic growth in 1985 and additional gains in nuclear generation of electricity. Domestic market requirements for coal in 1985 were mixed. Electric utility consumption rose 4.4%; coke plants consumed 6.7% less coal; coal requirements in the other industrial sector expanded by 2.1% and consumption in the residential and commercial sector fell 14.8%. The 2.2% increase in electric power generation in 1985 resulted in a 4.4% rise in utility coal consumption, totaling 630 Mt (694 million st) for the year. Twenty-nine of 45 states where coal-fired electric power plants were operating shared in the 26.7 Mt (29.5 million st) increase in 1985. Coal receipts at utilities fell by 16 Mt (18 million st) as these facilities worked off 21 Mt (23.4 million st) from stockpiles during the year. Electricity generation at coal-fired power plants similarly climbed 4.4% to 1.4 trillion kWh in 1985. This gave coal a 56.8% share of electricity generated from all energy sources compared with 55.5% in 1984. The average price of coal delivered to these facilities remained essentially unchanged during the year. It declined on 1.5% from $38.26/t ($34.71 per st) during the fourth quarter of 1984 to $37.70/t ($34.20 per st) in the fourth quarter of 1985. Coal consumption at coke plants continue to reflect a depressed steel industry. After rebounding 18.9% in 1984 for the first time in five years, coal consumption at coke plants again declined 6.7% to 37 Mt (41.1 million st) in 1985. Coke consumption 26.5 Mt (29.3 million st) exceeded production, 26 Mt (28.7 million st), in 1985. This resulted in a 1-Mt (1.2-million st) decline in coke stocks at producer and distributor levels during the year. The average price of coal delivered to coke plants decreased 7.6% from $64.30/t ($58.34 per st) during the final quarter of 1984 to $59.42/t (53.91 per st) in the last quarter of 1985. Coal consumption in other industries, including all manufacturing and industrial consumers except coke plants, totaled 68.3 Mt (75.3 million st) in 1985. This was the highest level attained in more than a decade. But the lower percentage rise last year (2.1% compared to 11.8% in 1984) reflected slower growth in the nation's economy in 1985. The average price of coal delivered to industrial firms declined 4.5% from $42.32/t ($38.39 per st) in the fourth quarter of 1984 to $40.39/t ($36.65 per st) in the last quarter of 1985. Coal-producing states in Appalachia mined 9.8 Mt (10.8 million st) tons less in 1985 than in 1984 for a 2.4% loss. The largest contributors to the region's production decrease to 393 Mt (433 million st) were Pennsylvania, down 14.7% to 60 Mt (66 million st); Ohio, down 8.3% to 32.6 Mt (36 million st); and West Virginia, down 2.9% to 115 Mt (127 million st). Conversely, eastern Kentucky production was up 4.8% to 111 Mt (122.8 million st) in 1985, while production in Tennessee climbed 9.7% to 40 Mt (44 million st). No coal was mined in Georgia last year. Coal production in the interior region in 1985 declined 3.9% to 173 Mt (190.4 million st). Substantial production losses occurred in Indiana, down 8% to 31 Mt (34.5 million st); and in western Kentucky, down 7.9% to 36 Mt (40 million st). Coal production in Texas rose 5.7% to 39 Mt (43.5 million st) in 1985. Louisiana began mining lignite 140 kt (151,000 st) during the year. Production in the western region increased 3.4% to 238 Mt (262.5 million st) in 1985. Wyoming, up 5.3% to 125 Mt (140 million st); and North Dakota, up 16.5% to 23.5 Mt (26 million st) contributing the largest amounts. Production gains were also shown in Washington, Utah and, notably, in Alaska where coal output climbed 72.9% to 1.3 Mt (1.5 million st) in 1985. Most of the additional coal produced in Alaska last year was shipped abroad. Coal stocks held by consumers totaled 154 Mt (170 million st) at the end of the year. This was 27 Mt (30 million st), or 13.7% below the inventory level at the end of 1984. Stocks held by producers and distributors declined by 868 kt (957,000 st), or 2.8% in 1985 to 30 Mt (33 million st). A drawdown in stockpiles occurred in each consumer sector during 1985. Stocks held by electric utilities totaled 142 Mt (156 million st) at the year's end, 13% lower than stock levels at the end of 1984.

Jan 5, 1986

By Bujtor G. J, McMahon D. W

This guide to the understanding of ore reserve estimation is the revised version of a report with a similar title circulated within the CRA Limited (CRA) group of companies in mid-1980. It is the principal result to date of an Ore Reserve Study commissioned by CRA in late 1977.This guide to the understanding of ore reserve estimationis the revised version of a report with a similar titlecirculated within the CRA Limited (CRA) group ofcompanies in mid-1980. It is the principal result to dateof an Ore Reserve Study commissioned by CRA in late1977.The study was prompted by two ore reserve situations.The Zinc Corporation and New Broken Hill Consolidated,Broken Hill, had reached the point of havingto find a replacement 'for their traditional ore reserveprocedure and Mary Kathleen had to admit publicly thatore reserve predictions would not be realized. Thesewere not however the only problems to be looked at. Asmentioned more fully later, other ore reserve situationswere known, or were met during the study, in copper,gold and nickel as well, where poor realization: expectationratios had ranged from embarrassing to disastrous.These made it clear that ore reserve estimation had to belooked at afresh.The fresh look has resulted in a broadening of theconcept of ore reserve estimation from its traditionalpurely computational basis to an approach embracingall the many things that can affect expectation andrealization as essential factors. Hence this guiderepresents a gathering together of what has been learnedand what should be known to all those concerned withore reserves in any of its diverse aspects.The study has been marked"by a number of changesof thinking. At first the aspects that appeared to requireattention were two; recognition that an ore reserve statementwas an estimate, not a precise calculation; and asearch for im improved estimation procedure adapted tolow grade ores with narrow economic margins. Threeyears later the view was that the need was to incorporateinto ore reserve estimation all relevant aspects of theproposed mining operation from choice of a samplingmethod to sales contract specifications.This study is thought to be unique in being frankabout weaknesses in ore reserve estimation and intreating failures not as natural disasters (like drought orflood, which have to be endured) but as potentiallyavoidable. It has led to three principal conclusions.

Jan 1, 1982

By Carl R. Peterson

[In lTI n,v und I'gr'oun nllnin~ Opt'I'ali n' the high . t cost is the loading and I 3ulage of t tln-of -D"'line ot'. 01' hauling costs can be r duced signifi-cant\v with the us ~ (r \) >It corn'e)'OI' " a COnlTllOn pl'acti c i.n coal and other s 0 t'L rn I n r' a l III i, n e , '. Jf 0 vel s i z ' () f' e can bee 1 i 11.11 tl ate I rH'i 0 I' lO C n v e . in g, ]

Jan 1, 1976

By R. R. Hornor, Harry E. Tufft

The purpose of this bulletin is to point out some of the benefits and economies to be derived by selecting, preparing, storing, preserving, and utilizing mine timber more carefully and to give some specific information on certain preservatives and processes suitable for mine timber.

Jan 1, 1925

By W. G. Diamond

Lightweight aggregates have become increasingly important to the construction industry. From 1953 to 1960, the quantity of the aggregates used in concrete block, precast and prestressed concrete, and monolithic structures increased about 92 percent. The present study was conducted in Bureau of Mines Area IV which encompasses the South-Central States of Arkansas, Kansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas. This is an administrative area and does not delimit a market area or imply an economic unit. Because of the increasing importance of metropolitan areas in evaluating economic growth, significant data showing relationships between growth of the metropolitan areas and the lightweight aggregate industry are included.

Jan 1, 1964

By Don A. Toth

Until recently, the fire protection systems used to protect mining equipment were based on generically designed, off the- shelf concepts. These systems were reliant on single agent approaches and were generally comprised of a series of small twenty or thirty pound chemical canisters that would discharge their contents when triggered by thermal detection means. As the equipment grew in capacity, the logic used to increase the protection was to add more chemical canisters to the system. Hydraulic excavators and large-scale mining trucks grew dramatically in size into the 1990?s and beyond; with this growth came the increase in major losses due to fire. This was evidenced throughout this period, and continues to be of great concern today. During this presentation you will learn of the significant changes that have come about as a result of this history. Today, dual-agent products, infrared detection and unit-specific, engineered systems are the primary phrases used when discussing how to best protect this equipment from fire loss. This session is a must for anybody looking to optimally protect their equipment assets and for those looking to renew and/or secure new insurance for high value equipment in the future.

Apr 1, 2005

By Rita D. Sylvester

"THE BUREAU OF MINES was established in the public interest to conduct inquiries and scientific and technologic investigations concerning mining and the preparation, treatment, and utilization of mineral substances; to promote health and safety in the mineral industries; to conserve mineral resources and prevent their waste; to further economic development; to increase efficiency in the mining, metallurgical, quarrying, and other mineral industries; and to inquire into the economic conditions affecting these industries. The organic act of the Bureau, as amended by Congress and approved February 25, 1913, made it the province and duty of the Bureau to ""disseminate information concerning these subjects in such manner as will best carry out the purposes of this Act.""In accordance with that directive, the Bureau reports the findings of its research and investigations in its own series of publications and also in articles that appear in scientific, technical, and trade journals; in proceedings of conventions and seminars; in reference books; and in other non-Bureau sources. The number of these reports, the wide range of subjects they cover, and the variety of mediums in which they appear make the kind of list and index presented III this special publication both necessary and valuable. This issue describes Bureau reports and articles published during the period January 1, 1960 to December 31, 1964. It supplements the 50-year list of Bureau publications issued from July 1, 1910, to January 1, 1960,2 and the 50-year list of articles by Bureau authors published outside the Bureau from July 1, 1910, to January 1, 1960.3 It supersedes the annual lists of Bureau publications and articles from January 1 to December 31, 1960/ from January 1 to December 31, 1961,5 from January 1 to December 31, 1962,6 and from January 1 to December 31, 1963,1 The leading general and technical libraries of the United States maintain files of the Bureau's publications. A list of these libraries appears immediately following this introduction. BUREAU PUBLICATIONSBecause some series of Bureau reports contain both free and sales publications, and because the cost of sales publications varies, prices are indicated in the individual listings of all publications for which charges are made."

Jan 1, 1964

By Jennifer Riefenberg

Research efforts by the U.S. Bureau of Mines include running a series of displacement-discontinuity, boundary-element models to simulate the gateroad design at an underground coal mine in northwestern Colorado. The initial mine design is a yield-abutment chain pillar arrangement in a three-entry, longwall gateroad system. Pressure effects from mining the first and second panel were recorded using borehole pressure cells (BPCs). These field data were then compared directly to the model output. Observed yielding in the field was approximated by reducing material property values and/or removing pillar elements in the model. Model results using this calibration technique mirrored the field measurements consistently. Using the calibrated model parameters, a suite of models was run simulating an experimental entry design: exchanging the yield and abutment pillar locations. These model results reflect a 20¬to 33-percent reduction in core stresses in the yield pillar during mining of the second panel. Improved pillar and entry conditions are suggested by these predictive results. The design modifications were then implemented at the mine along a 150-m (500-ft) test section. Field observations and measurements from the experimental design test site compared favorably with trends of the model predictions.

Jan 1, 1993

Although cyclones have been around in their current form since the early-1890s, there have been some exciting new developments, which have extended their efficiency/operation. These developments have taken place with both dense medium and classification cyclones. The more noteworthy developments are:Inlet designInlet design is the determining factor in classification cyclone capacity and efficiency. The recently developed ribbon inlet with patented pressure bulge has not only resulted in unbelievable increases in capacity, but also in efficiency. Sharpness of separation corresponding to an alpha value of greater than four has been achieved! Secondary offtakeOne of the factors leading to reduced cyclone efficiency is the presence of coarse particles in the cyclone overflow. The secondary offtake has been developed specifically to scavenge these particles from the cyclone overflow with great success. Water injectorThe other major factor resulting in reduced cyclone efficiency is the presence of misplaced fine particles in the cyclone underflow. The water injector, which has been around for many years in various forms, can reduce this short circuit fraction by up to 50 per cent. 3-in-1 cycloneThe 3-in-1 cyclone combines the inlet design, secondary off take and water injector into a single unit resulting in the most efficient classification cyclone available in the market. The RejectorTMIron ore has a high yield to underflow and traditional dense medium cyclones have always been spigot constrained. The Rejector TM is an exciting new development whereby the spigot capacity has been increased substantially. The application of the Rejector TM will result in fewer/smaller cyclones being required for a given duty resulting in efficiency gains and reductions in both operating and maintenance costs.

Jan 1, 2002

By Yeruva Ramanareddy, Sohail Wajid, Ahmed Shaz, K. Bhavani

"CP-06 is an NATM cross passage which connects up-line and down-line metro tunnels near Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai. It lies completely in loose silty sand to dense sand with water table almost touching the ground surface after Chennai floods. Pre-grouting was done before excavation to seal the area and to ensure no-loose pockets. The heading was excavated successfully but while benching excavation huge water ingress started seeping out. Sand also permeated along with water which became unstoppable due to cavity formation and caused the up-line tunnel to sink considerably. A large grouting exercise was carried out with different grout materials and techniques both from the ground surface and inside of tunnel to stop the water ingress and stabilize the tunnel. This paper describes the chronology of events that occurred in the tunnel during CP-06 issue. It elaborates all the different grouting techniques involved in the whole process of the tunnel stabilization. It includes a finite element analysis using Rocscience RS2 9.0 software showing the possible cause of sand incursion with water from the CP invert which lead to the tunnel settlement. This paper also describes the after effects and the lesson learnt from the whole incident.INTRODUCTIONConstruction of Metro Rails has become the latest alternative to cope up with the transportation demand of the growing urban cities population. L&T SUCG JV constructed Chennai Rail Metro Phase II Contract UAA-04 which included design and construction of approximately 4 km of route length of underground mass transit railway including 3 underground stations. This package also includes 12 cross passages which are NATM tunnels connecting upline and down-line side of TBM tunnel for safe evacuation of passengers in case of emergency. As per NFPA guidelines, this is a mandatory structure and there should be atleast one cross passage in 244m tunnel length.CP-06 is a cross passage connecting upline and downline tunnel between Pachiyappa College Station and KMC Station, in Chennai Metro. During the construction of CP-06, heavy water seepage of around 450 liters per minute was encountered during second round of benching excavation after full heading was excavated. An inflow of around 12-15 cum of sand and silt was also observed inside the tunnel along with the seepage water, which created piping inside the TBM tunnel causing it to settle continuously with time. A huge effort was made to stop the water ingress along with loose sand which was causing the running tunnel to settle, involving all possible grouting methods and temporary support installation."

Jan 1, 2017

By C. K. Eilerts

Knowledge of the phase relations of the fluids that exist in the porous spaces of rocks constituting natural petroleum reservoirs and of the behavior of these fluids under various field conditions of operation is essential to the conservation of petroleum and natural gas and to their efficient recovery. The problem of determining whether these fluids are in the liquid or gaseous state and of recognizing the transitions that may take place as the material in the reservoir is subjected to different conditions of pressure and temperature confronts many producers today, especially in certain fields. The subject has grown rapidly in importance since the discovery of and production from deeper reservoirs that have correspondingly higher pressures and temperatures as compared with shallower

Jan 1, 1938

By AIME AIME

PLANS are now well advanced for the joint meeting of the Institute and over a dozen other engineering societies in Chicago during the week beginning June 26: Engineers' Week at A Century of Progress. All engineers planning to visit the Fair will find it to their advantage to be present at this time so far as the Chicago attractions are concerned, and Eastern members will also have the advantage of special transportation arrangements on June 24 and 25. The tentative program is given at the bottom of the next page. Monday morning, June 26, will be reserved for registration of members and guests and the Woman's Auxiliary at the Stevens Hotel, where special rooms will be provided. A luncheon will also be served there, and in the afternoon, a technical session on nonmetallics. Instead of having the big family dinner that evening at the Stevens, as at first proposed, the local committee has planned to have it at the Fair Grounds, where special facilities have been arranged. A meeting of the Board of Directors and a few invited guests will precede the dinner. All members and guests are likely to be interested in visiting the Museum of Science and Industry, so that will be the sole event on the program for Tuesday morning, June 27. The big attraction there at present is the model coal mine, the first operative coal mine ever built for exhibit purposes. It is based on the Deutsches Museum mine at Munich, but goes far beyond that in realism, and takes the visitor on an extended tour underground. It shows him in half an hour more types of modern mining machinery and coal geology than he would be likely to see in a week's underground study in the coal fields. The Institute members will be the first group to go through this mine.

Jan 1, 1933

By AIME AIME

LOCAL COMMITTEES. GENERAL RECEPTION COMMITTEE.-Mr. and Mrs. H. S. Chamberlain, Mr. and Mrs. J. T. Lupton, Mr. and Mrs. T. H Lasley, Mr. and Mrs. R. S. Faxon, Mr. and Mrs. H. Clay Evans, Mr. and Mrs. C. E. James, Mr. and Mrs. B. F. Thomas, Air. and Mrs. H. S. Probasco, Mr. and Mrs. W. M. Lasley, Mr. and Mrs. L. W. Llewellyn, Mr. and Airs. T. G. Montague, Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Thomasson, Mr. and Mrs. C. F. Milburn, Mr. and Mrs. C. A. Raht, Mr. and Mrs. C. C. Notting¬ham, Mr. and Airs. Z. C. Patten, Mr. and Mrs. Willard Warner, Mr. and Mrs. S. R. Read, Mr. and Mrs. Carl White, Mr. and Mrs. M. M. Allison, Air. and Mrs. C. E. Buck, Mr. and Airs. H. F. Temple, Air. and Mrs. M. M. Hedges, Mr. and Airs. X. Wheeler, Mr. and Airs. John A. Patten, Air. and Airs. N. T. Montague, Mr. and Mrs. R. H. Williams, Mr. and Mrs. T. R. Preston, Mr. and Airs. Morrow Chamberlain, Mr. and Airs. T. C. Thompson, Mr. and Airs. T. L. Montague, Mr. and Mrs. O. L. Hurlbut, Air. and Mrs. C. A. Lyerly, Mr. and Mrs. Garnett Andrews, Air. and Mrs. M. B. Ochs, Mr. and Airs. Webster James, Mr. and Mrs. D. P. Montague, Mr. and Mrs. Z. C. Patten, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Sadd, Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Pound, Air. and Mrs. George D. Lancaster, Air. and Airs. J. F. Johnston, Mr. and Mrs. R. W. Barr, Air. acrd Mrs. W. B. Davis, Mr. and Airs. Douglas Baxter, Air. and Mrs. W. R. Crabtree, Mr. and Mrs. Lewis M. Coleman, Mr. and Mrs. Newell Sanders, Mr. and Mrs. E. Y. Chapin, Mr. and Mrs. W: B. Riddell,. Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Frazier, Mr. and Mrs. John A. Moon, Mr. and Mrs. C. D. Mitchell, Dr. and Airs. J. H. Race, Mr. and Airs. A. W. Chambliss, Mr. and Mrs. J. P. Smartt, Mr. and Mrs. J. F. Tarwater, Mr. and Mrs. L. D. Drewry, Capt. and Mrs. A. B. Putnam, Mrs. Minnie C. Ewing, Mr. G. F. Meehan, Mr. Sam S. Gerstle, Mr. P. A. Brawner, Mr. C. M. Preston, Air. George M. Guild, Mr. L. M. Mansfield, Dr. J. W. Johnson, Dr. J. AI. Hogshead. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.-H. S. Chamberlain, Chairman; H. S. Probasco, C. M. Preston, H. Clay Evans, J. T. Lupton, M. B. Ochs, C. C. Nottingham, Al. Al. Alli¬son, R. S. Faxon, C. E. James, C. A. Raht. EXCURSION TO CHICKAMAUGA PARK.-T. C. Thompson, Chairman; B. F. Thomas, G. F. Meehan, Morrow Chamberlain, W. J. Bass, J. K. McGoodwin. EXCURSION TO HALES BAR LOCK AND DAM.-R. H. Williams, Chairman; John A. Patten, Newell Sanders, George M. Guild, Capt. A. B. Putnam. EXCURSION TO ROCK-WOOD.-F. H. Clymer, Chairman; T. L. Brown, T. A. Wright, J. P. Tarwater, T. L. Peterman. INSTITUTE HEADQUARTERS.-The Hotel Patten. THE first session, held Thursday evening, Oct. 1, in the Banquet Hall of the Hotel Patten, was called to order by Capt. H. S. Chamberlain, Chairman of the Local Committee, who, in behalf of the city of Chattanooga, extended a hearty welcome to the members and guests of the Institute.

Nov 1, 1908

By E. D. Doney

The Kerr-McGee Coal Corporation's Galatia Mine's first longwall mining system was implemented on May 3; 1989. Start-up of the longwall face represnted the successful conclusion of an effort begun nearly four years earlier. This paper-presents a case history of the processes that led to the longwall's implementation, and the subsequent mining of the first 7,900 foot long panel.

Jan 1, 1990

By J. B. Platt

Many utility fuel choices 1990-95 defied expectations, with utility decisions and coal market developments ever more closely linked. The Central Appalachian coal boom never occurred; clean-enough coal was developed in the hard-hit Midwest; Colorado-Utah coal surged; Pittsburgh seam production strengthened; utilities embraced Powder River Basin coal; and emission allowance prices collapsed. Competition drove productivity gains, but the future is not a simple repeat. Phase 2 brings fewer viable compliance options. Mega-railroad pricing has become a key risk factor -- will this be countermanded by merging utilities and power market competition? Revenue losses from vintage contracts are problematic. Uncertainty also plagues natural gas, in spite of unanimity across major forecasts, since recent experience has been so heavily influenced by the gas bubble.

Feb 24, 1997