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By Forrest T. Moyer

[The safety record of the nonmetal mining industry during 1965 way worse than that of 1961 in all general measures s of injury experience except for a slight improvement in the number and frequency rate of nonfatal injuries Work fatalities in 1965 totaled al and occurred .it a frequencyrate of 0.29 and a severity rate of 1,711 per million man-hours of worktime. The fatality total was seven oven higher than to 1964 and the injury ratess increased d 32 and 28 present, respectively Thin total. of 2,172 nonmetal injuries u- in 1965 was 3.4 less than in 1964 and the frequency rate per million ion man-hours worked declined percent to 22.73 from: 23.14 in 1964. However, the 1965 nonfatal severity rate of 1,339 per million man-hours worked was 15 percent our the: d.96,1 rate of 1,160, This increases was largely attributable to two more permanent total and nine more permanent partial injuries. in 1965 than in the proceeding year. The average severity all injuries in 1965 was 132 days, 1-I. or charged per injury or 25 days more than in 1961. Injury experience in the nonmetal mining industry, including and excluding officeworkers, for the a-year period 1961-65 is shown in table 1. The average number of men working, on active days in 1963 was 48,429, or 635 fewer than in 1961. However, mines and mills, wore active an average: of 5 days more for a total of 277 in 1965, and each worker averaged 2,245 hours compared to 2', 190 hours in 1961. As a result, aggregate worktime of 108.7 million man-hours increased 1 percent over the 1964 total of 107.4 million hours.]

Jan 1, 1970

By George C. Branner

This circular is concerned with eight nonferrous scrap metals as they generated, collected, prepared, and consumed in California. Brief reference also is included with respect to Nevada and Hawaii. Four of these scrap metals - copper, lead, aluminum, and zinc - are of major importance and make up about 95 percent of the total value, whereas the remaining four - antimony, magnesium, nickel, and tin - make up the remaining 5 percent. For convenience, the subject matter is divided into three parts, (1) Data with respect to the collection, preparation, and marketing practices that are common activities to all the nonferrous scrap metals; (2) separate discussions and statistical data with respect to each of the eight nonferrous scrap metals in California; and (3) data with respect to Nevada and Hawaii.

Jan 1, 1962

By M. N. Rubin

This report summarizes the work performed under USBM contract J0100018. The purpose of this work was to document the currently available noise control techniques that can be incorporated into new coal preparation plants during the design stage. This was accomplished by reviewing the related experience of the contractor and subcontractor (Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.), conducting an extensive literature search, visiting operating coal preparation plants, and contacting various equipment manufacturers. The treatments addressed include equipment substitution, changes in plant layout, and retrofit treatments for existing equipment.

Jan 1, 1982

By C Ross

This paper uses the results of research trials by Landcare Research and Forest Research Institute and assessments of reclamation plantings at mines and other drastically disturbed sites to describe methods of enhancing restoration of native forests. The characteristics of mine and forest environments are compared to highlight the difficulties facing restoration and techniques which result in successful restoration are described. Selection of the most appropriate technique is illustrated by describing restoration of lowland beech-podocarp forest at a West Coast coal mine. The key to successful reclamation is to understand the factors controlling and limiting plant establishment and growth, then to design rooting media, surfaces and management regimes to create a favourable environment. This paper concludes with a summary of the planning and technical factors which are critical for successful restoration of native forest.

Jan 1, 1995

The evident need to improve the reliability of fluid power systems in underground coal mining equipment prompted the U.S. Bureau of Mines, and later the Department of Energy, to contract with the Fluid Power Research Center at Oklahoma State University for a research project to develop methods for achieving this end. Since the work of the contract was completed at about the time DOE was relinquishing its underground coal mining projects to BOM it was decided to issue the final report under 80M cover. The contract revealed that the major causes of poor reliability were: (1) poor overall system design, (2) poor component contamination toleranace, (3) poor system filtration, and 4) poor maintenance practices stemming from a lack of defined maintenance procedures and enforcement of same. This report demonstrates the variability of the reliabilities of components of similar performance description when subjected to standard tests. Improved design procedures are recommended and the information needed to specify and select components whose reliability is predictable and optimum without sacrifice in performance or significant increase in envelope size.

Jan 1, 1983

By D. Sprott, P. A. Kirsch, J. Harris, D. Cliff

This paper details the work of RISKGATE, the largest Australian Coal Association Research Program (ACARP) occupational health and safety initiative to date. The program is an interactive online risk management system developed to maximize health and safety performance in the coal mining industry by implementing continuous improvement in managing major unwanted events. The comprehensive knowledge base covers tires, collisions, fires, isolation, strata control underground, ground control open cut, explosions, explosives, manual tasks, and slips/trips/falls. All major Australian coal mining companies contributed topic experts to this broad industry initiative: nine coal mining companies, more than 80 experts, and more than 400 days of individual time for knowledge-capture workshops.

Jan 1, 2014

By F. E. ROGERS

CUSHMAN TUNNEL No. 2 is adjacent to the Hood Canal, near potlatch, Wash. It is 17 ft. inside .diameter, about 13,000 ft., or two and one- half, miles in length, and is a part of the second unit of the Cushman power project. It connects Cushman ' Dam No. 2 and the penstocks that lead to the power house on the beach about 400 ft. vertically below the outlet of the tunnel. One shaft, 190 ft. deep, and two adits between 300 and 400 ft. long, were provided to speed up driving operations. his arrangement gave 6 working headings, which were operated 24 hr. daily. The shaft provided a manway, cageway, and skipway.

Jan 1, 1931

By Dave Ritchie

En el Perú existen 7 cable-carriles en funcionamiento, de los cuales la mayoría son bicables, cuyos baldes están suspendidos y son jalados por medio de un cable de tracción sobre un cable estacionario. En este aspecto, el objeto del estudio describe el empleo de los mismos en Cerro de Pasco Corporation, su historiografía, costos, procesos, instalaciones y el peso. Así, es menester conocer que dos de los más grandes bi-cablecarriles se encuentran en Mahr Tunnel de la Cerro de Paseo Corporation que conecta la mina de San Cristóbal con la Concentradora de Mahr Tunnel, mientras que el otro está en Quiruvilca, propiedad de la Northern Perú. También hay otros cablecarriles en Tamboraque, Atacocha, en las minas de San Luis y en la fundición de La Oroya. De otro lado, en 1864 se dispuso de parte de la Corporación, la instalación de un mono cablecarril para conectar la mina de Yauricocha con un lugar llamado Chaucha, el cual era el terminal de la línea del tren de Chaucha a Pachacayo. Siendo desde entonces, el único mono-cablecarril de la Cerro de Pasco Corporation, situado en Perú, mientras que los dos restantes pertenecen a la Reynolds Metal Co de Jamaica, y el otro a una mina canadiense, respectivamente. Asimismo esta cablecarril acarrea 48 toneladas de mineral por hora y permite ahorrar el costo de acarreo de madera por camión sobre los caminos de Chaucha a Yauricocha, aunque surgieron algunos defectos con el desprendimiento de los baldes transportadores. Finalmente el cablecarril de San Cristóbla a Mahr Tunnel

Jul 20, 1955

By Juan Lizana

El presente trabajo describe el proceso del sistema de gestión estratégica en la mina San Rafael, Puno. En este sentido, la empresa como parte introductoria de sus operaciones, ha propuesto la solución integral, donde la herramienta principal son los índices de gestión por unidades estratégicas de negocio y los índices de gestión por unidad operativa, los mismos que permitirán evaluar el desempeño de su organización frente a sus metas, objetivos y responsabilidades. En este sentido, el establecimiento de este sistema busca crear una cultura en la organización, a través del seguimiento de cada uno de los índices, permitiendo a la alta gerencia y a los demás niveles ejecutivos de la empresa hacer control de gestión, así como una reducción de los costos operativos en el Área de Mina y mejoras en los resultados de voladura.

Sep 12, 2005

[Module 10. Internally Cued Operating Contingencies Prerequisite: Modules 1-7 - Estimated Instructional Time: 2.42 hrs. Module Abstract Trainees, using programmed instruction, describe the cues, consequences, operational sequences, and possible causes resulting from loss of air pressure from power fluctuations, and from a failure of the automatic lubrication system. Although some of the contingencies may be initially signaled by an alarm or from the oiler, each trainee will demonstrate proficiency in the appropriate operating techniques and procedures. This module also includes a review component for those trainees identified in the assessment exam as requiring less detailed instruction.]

Jan 1, 1976

By Richard E. Gertsch

Mechanical mining holds great promise for the mining industry. Realizing this promise depends on developing the tools needed to mechanize a mining operation with a reasonable expectation of success. Mechanical mining entered the 1990s with new machines, new operating methods and new ideas for the future. Mechanical mining can provide higher production, increase safety, reduce roof support requirements, create smoother openings for better ventilation, substitute continuous production for cyclical drill-and-blast procedures, and create opportunities for automatic and teleoperated control. The full promise of this important technology still lies ahead. Obstacles include: • Long-term production prediction: Mechanical systems have a high capital cost. Although recouped by lower operating costs, the tradeoffs are not always clear to mine operators. • Cutting tools for hard rock: Rock of more than 103.4 MPa (15,000 psi) cannot be cut by flexible mining machines. • Machine designs: Many machines cannot convert the required power into rock cutting capability. • Engineering: Better use of the machines in the mine is needed.

Jan 1, 1994

TowerMill - Advantages in Wet Grinding Applications The TowerMill, which has now been in existence for no less than 50 years, is one alternative to the horizontal ball mill and offers several advantages. The TowerMill is widely used in (coal-fired) electric power plants for the grinding of raw material for the FGD (Flue Gas Desulphurisation) process involving very high throughputs, very fine product sizes and high availability. Some companies in the mining industry also looked at the use of such optimised grinding machines several years ago and found that many of the advantages offered in other industries are transferable to new applications. Much development work has been undertaken to improve the TowerMill for new applications and, as part of that work, tests have also been conducted to make direct comparisons of their performance with that of ball mills. Grinding tests were performed using the same raw materials and comparable machine sizes. Some of the results are discussed in this paper, along with a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages. The conclusion provides an outlook for some worthwhile future applications. The test results, which are described and analysed, show that the TowerMill offers significant advantages in relation to operating costs and operational safety. An example based on the wet grinding of limestone is presented.

Sep 13, 2010

By A. George Stern

The literature dealing with the drilling of oil wells has become extensive during the last few years, and oil men can find much information relating to drilling muds in the technical literature of the petroleum industry. Although large tonnages of clay are used in preparing drilling mud (also known as drilling fluid), almost no information has been published to apprise the clay industry of the types of minerals used, with their requirements and limitations. It is from this point of view that the present report has been prepared.

Jan 1, 1941

By Robert T. Mann

This paper is one of a series being prepared for and published by the United States Bureau of Mines on the quarrying, crushing, and grinding of limestone for cement manufacture. These papers are designed to disseminate technical information regarding the methods used. The cost tabulations represent operating expenditures only and not total coats. It is recognized that publication of total costs might in many instances cause embarrassment to individual producers, as well as to the industry as a whole. On the other hand, operating costs are essential to the technical discussion and study of the methods employed. The attention of the reader is specifically called to this differentiation in order that no misunderstanding of the scope of the cost tabulations shall ensue. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of J. B. Thoenen, mining engineer of the Bureau of Mines, in the preparation of this paper.

Jan 1, 1933

By Sara J. Davenport

The human race has been exposed to copper for thousands of years, as copper and gold were the metals first used by man (1). if According to Ramazzini (2), "of all the metals that man's ingenuity has contrived to dig out of the bowels of the earth, iron and copper are the most useful, far more so than silver and gold." Workings of copper in the oldest known copper mine associated with the smelting of this metal have been traced back to 4300 B. C. Facts revealed by archeological research in India, Austria, Hungary, France, Italy, and Spain indicate that the use of copper probably began about 5000 B.C. (3), and that about 4000 B.C. a copper age came intermediate between the stone and bronze ages (4). Copper ores are rather widely distributed and are found in nearly every country. Many of the copper minas of Europe have been worked since before the Roman Empire. The must important mines in Europe occur in the district around Huelva, extending into Spain and Portugal. The German deposits are located mainly about Mansfeld (Rhenish Prussia); they have been worked continuously for 1,000 years. Some of the mines in Africa have been worked by the natives for centuries, and China has produced copper from shallow pits for thousands of years. India also has many ancient mines worked in the early centuries (2).

Jan 1, 1953

By Theodore H. Boggs

The battle of the gold standard is not limited to one country alone, or even to a single group of countries. It is being waged merrily in many important commercial and industrial quarters. Though it is not always a practical issue calling for immediate attention, it is none the less, quite widely, engaging the thought of bankers and other students of finance. The controversy arises, in the last analysis, because of the desire of men to secure a stable currency. There are two ways of restoring a reasonably stable currency system: (1) the re-establishment of the gold standard, or (2) the deliberate and artificial management of a paper currency. Both systems are well known. The gold standard was in use prior to the war in the principal commercial countries. A currency of inconvertible paper has been at times employed in the past in various countries; for example in Britain from 1797 to 1821, and in the United States from 1862 to 1879. The gold standard, as all are aware, implies the selection of gold as the standard of value. The unit of value is a fixed weight of gold and, so long as the standard remains unimpaired, all other means of payment are maintained at a parity with standard gold coins. And gold coins alone constitute the standard money, inasmuch as their value as bullion equals their value as coins. Under the gold standard this would not be true of any other form of money, although all other varieties of money, including bank notes, government notes and silver coins would be freely convertible into gold money. Strictly speaking, the gold standard also implies that the gold money in turn shall itself be freely convertible, through melting, into gold bullion and freely exportable.

Jan 1, 1925

By C. E. Williams

THE Iron and Steel Division, A.I.M.E., is unique in this country in that it serves all phases of the iron and steel industries. Through its publications, its meetings, and its sponsorship of new technical developments in the industries, it has proved of great value. The various technical committees of the Division are the nucleus around which this service can be developed. The Blast Furnace and Raw Materials Committee has done excellent work. The need for beneficiation of iron ores is increasing and the economics of this operation are developing more and more in favor of increased activities. Ores that are slightly undergrade should be concentrated up to grade to supplant the present practice of mixing with higher-grade ores to bring up the average composition. Marginal ores that are not now being mined, or that are being mined and piled for future use, should be concentrated. The development of the use of sinter in the blast furnace, because of the elimination of fines, the advantage of better sizing of the charge, the resulting reduction of coke consumption, and increased output of pig iron per furnace, will make concentration and sintering become practical ahead of its natural time.

Jan 1, 1936

By Frank Cook

In this two-year study, an evaluation of mining and reclamation practices at 159 randomly sampled surface coal mines in the United States was conducted. It is concluded that reclamation practices in most of the 22 coal-producing states were adequate during 1975, but that improvement in reclamation performance was desirable in the acid area of the central U. S. and in mountainous southwestern Virginia. Productivity improvements should result from research to determine efficient or optimal operating procedures for dragline stripping of single and multiple seams, surface mining of lignite, multicut and multiseam haulback mining on steep slopes, mountaintop removal, and surface mining in swampy or deeply glaciated areas. Specific candidate research projects are discussed in this report.

Jan 1, 1976

By John D. Ridge

Here are summarized 162 papers, published between 1933 and 1967, that deal with various aspects of ore genesis. Emphasis is placed on additions to, or modifications of, ore-formation theory, no matter what type of deposit is discussed. More space is given to papers on the formation of base-metal sulfides solely because more papers are written on this subject. The final conclusion is reached that a chemically and geologically sound theory for the genesis of ore deposits can be built around the concept of concentration of ore e’ements in a magmatically produced ore fluid and around such surface processes as may act to concentrate economically valuable materials from rocks of any origin exposed at the surface.

Jan 1, 1968

1. Domestic Production and Use: In 1984, 12 companies operated 27 primary aluminum reduction plants, with 3 firms accounting for 57% of production. Washington, Oregon, and Montana accounted for 35% of the production; Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, and Tennessee 25%; Alabama, Arkansas, Texas, South Carolina, and North Carolina 20%; other States 20%. Based on published producer prices, output of primary metal in 1984 was valued at $7.2 billion. Aluminum consumption by 25,000 firms was centered in the east-central United States. Packaging accounted for an estimated 35% of domestic consumption in 1984, transportation, 20%; building, 18%; electrical, 9%; consumer durables, 8%; and other uses, 10%.

Jan 1, 1985