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By Albert Ladd Colby

A GLANCE through the Bibliography appended to this paper will show that the Transactions of this Institute contain what virtually contitutes a history of the development of the manu¬facture of steel rails in this country and abroad. It is, therefore, fitting that this paper, bringing one branch of this important subject down to date, should be here presented, and it is also appropriate to select this joint meeting of our Society with the Iron and Steel Institute to compare the specifications covering the rails produced in these two countries, and to propose a standard specification to govern the manufacture of American rails for export. During the last ten years the production of Bessemer steel rails in the United States and Great Britain has amounted to 32,128,720 gross tons. Nearly 19,000,000 tons have been rolled in the past five years. The next five years will see an even larger output, owing partly to the extension of railway projects in the Orient, in South and Central America, in Mexico, and in Australia and the other British Colonies. Of late years, the American rail-mills have so largely increased their daily output, that trade conditions have often made possible the delivery of American rails to foreign ports. The tenders submitted by American mills, however, have always been accompanied by requests for changes in the foreign specifications, chiefly in the reduction of the amount of testing required; and it has only been natural, especially at first, that the engineer, whose specification had always been accepted without question by British mills, should interpret American tenders 'as an evidence that an inferior rail would be furnished

Sep 1, 1906

It is probably safe to say that, as the economic well-being of the mining industry goes, so goes the fortunes of mineral explorationists. And in 1977 the industry was not well at all. The year-long depression of the copper industry, marked by layoffs, temporary shutdowns, and mine closures, provided an appropriate background for the collapse of the nickel market, passage of a surface mining law that will affect the hard-rock industry in ways that are yet unclear, and the threat of operating under a new set of rules brought on by reform of the Mining Law of 1872.

Jan 5, 1978

By Charles W. Merrill

The U .S. Treasury stocks of silver have been reduced at such a rapid rate to meet industrial and coinage requirements that they face exhaustion in 3 or 4 years. Alleviation of the silver problem will require increasing supply or reducing demand. This paper examines possible long-range resource development and research programs and improved secondary recovery. The possible reduction or elimination of silver in coinage and development and introduction of substitutes in the arts and industry are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1965

By Charles Janin

The recovery of gold from sands and gravels is one of the oldest forms of mining; it antedates history and has been practiced by savage peoples. In North America the search for placer gold has been a powerful agency in the exploration and development of unknown regions and has profoundly influenced the course of our civilization. With the progress of invention, the improvements in machinery, and the availability of large capital for the conduct of great operations, the tendency in placer, as in many other branches of mining, has been toward the working of extensive but comparatively low-grade deposits. The early miner washed the rich spots in stream beds or terraces with his pan, his long tom, and his primitive sluice. Then followed the growth of hydraulic mining and the use of giants supplied with water under pressures of hundreds of pounds to the square inch that could work at a profit gravels whose gold tenor was less than 3 cents to the cubic yard. Finally came the dredge that could handle deposits lying so far below water level as to be beyond attack by other methods. Although the gold dredge was first successful on a commercial scale in New Zealand, it has reached its present strength and efficiency in this country and its development is a monument to the daring, per- severance and technical skill of the many men, mine owners and engineers who have each contributed something to the final result. The Bureau of Mines, authorized to conduct investigations for the purpose of increasing efficiency in the mineral industries, had its attention called some years ago to the need of a comprehensive report on gold dredging in the United States. The director of the bureau recognized that such a report should summarize the development of the gold dredge, should describe in detail the essential features of present-day dredges, should discuss the facts that determine whether a placer deposit can be profitably dredged, and should point out the approved methods of prospecting placer ground and of operating dredges. At the request of the director, the author undertook the preparation of such a report and has been intermittently engaged on the task for several years. This bulletin is the outcome of his labors. He hopes that it will prove of interest to designers and builders of dredges, to mining engineers, and to persons who may contemplate investing capital in placer-mining ventures.

Jan 1, 1918

By Charles W. Merrill

The U.S. Treasury stocks of silver have been reduced at such a rapid rate to meet industrial and coinage requirements that they face exhaustion in 3 or 4 years. Alleviation of the silver problem will require increasing supply or reducing demand. This paper examines possible long-range resource development and research programs and improved secondary recovery. The possible reduction or elimination of silver in coinage and development and introduction of substitutes in the arts and industry are also discussed.

Jan 1, 1965

By Carlos Alberto Mendes Moraes

A legislação brasileira prevê que a destinação correta dos resíduos sólidos industriais é obrigatoriedade do gerador. Porém esta é uma das principais dificuldades encontradas, já que o processo produtivo gera resíduos e impactos ambientais. Entretanto, estes resíduos podem ser aproveitados para aumentar a ecoeficiência e como um objeto maior a ecoefetividade, reduzindo os impactos, aumentando a eficiência econômica e ambiental e contribuindo para a sustentabilidade. O setor metal-mecânico igualmente enfrenta a problemática do gerenciamento ambiental, então, o objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar a ecoeficiência e ecoefetividade dos métodos empregados na limpeza de cavacos metálicos contaminados com fluido de corte de empresas metalúrgicas. Foi realizado um estudo sobre a reutilização do cavaco de alumínio, analisando os métodos utilizados, a destinação caso não possível reutilizar e avaliado a ecoeficiência e ecoefetividade. Esta avaliação foi realizada por critérios estudados, onde é possível avaliar métodos como ecoeficientes e ecoefetivos. Na prática foram encontrados somente métodos ecoeficientes e, entre estes, alguns com práticas ecoefetivas. Os resultados evidenciam que a cultura de reparar, reutilizar, reciclar e destinar, ao invés de promover ações como a remodelagem de um sistema produtivo em ciclo fechado onde não há geração de resíduos é ainda mais prático e realístico.

Aug 16, 2017

By Edward Bullard

El presente texto señala los problemas tecnológicos, económicos y políticos que plantea la explotación de minerales de los fondos marinos. En ese sentido, las investigaciones internacionales realizadas sobre el Mar Rojo durante la última década y el proyecto JOJDES en el Atlántico proporcionan un conocimiento completo de las posibilidades del beneficio de los minerales.

Mar 1, 1975

By Raúl Gonzáles

El presente trabajo señala la estructura y funcionamiento de los cables metálicos de las minas a través de un probador electromagnético en CENTROMIN-PERÚ. Este instrumento de seguridad ha sido probado en las minas de Cerro de Pasco, Yauricocha, San Cristobal, Morococha y Casapalca, donde los resultados fueron satisfactorios, aunque las condiciones en los piques influyeron en los cálculos de resistencia de los cables metálicos. Afortunadamente, las instalaciones de CENTROMIN-PERÚ tienen más ventaja en el uso de dicho aparato, al tiempo que su uso detecta estiramientos y corrosión de los cables, ya que visualmente no son fácil de revelar.

Nov 20, 1978

By E. D. Gardner

A general survey of the mineral industries of the Black Hills is being made by the Bureau or Mines, but this report is confined to the tin deposits of that region. Because of the strategic importance of tin in a national emergency, special attention was given in the field to deposits of this metal. The present paper outlines the procedure that would be required for determining the potentialities of the most promising deposits as emergency sources of tin and gives estimates of the cost of sampling and rehabilitating some of the old tin mines. Tin mining in the Black Hill was quiescent in 1938. Tin occurs in two areas inn the region. The deposits have received considerable attention, and since 1884 numerous articles have been written about them. It is estimated that between 7 and 15 million dollars has been spent in promotion expenses, acquiring claims, development work, and equipment; production, has totaled about 160 long tons of metallic tin worth about $95,000.3/

Jan 1, 1939

By Lashley Harvey

Dado que la colonización de América Latina presentaba problemas en la adquisición y población de valles norteamericanos del Missouri y el Mississippi, el desarrollo de las cuencas del Amazonas, el Orinoco y el Plata tuvo que esperar hasta el siglo XX, puesto que entonces los conocimientos de ingeniería más avanzados hicieron posible utilizar al máximo esos tres sistemas fluviales. En esta perspectiva, el texto plantea la administración de cuencas como una forma de aprovechamiento de los ríos para múltiples objetivos y de conservación del agua.

May 1, 1976

By William O. Vanderburg

This paper gives the results of a reconnaissance of the mining districts in Humboldt County, Nev., made during the month of June, 19373/. During the field work, virtually all the mining districts in the county were visited and many data were obtained on a number of active and inactive properties. No attempt has boon made to include in this report all the properties in the various mining districts, and it should be emphasized that whether or not a property is mentioned herein has no being on its merit. The report covers the location of the various mining; districts, types of deposit, information on past operations and current activity, and general information likely to be useful to operators, investors, and others interested in mining. The geology of the deposits is discussed only briefly. The names of the various mining districts mentioned in this report are those generally used when they were organized for purposes of record and regulation. As organized, the districts embraced largo areas with no definite boundaries, and the names have little significance.

Jan 1, 1938

By Keith L. Harris

Real2 gross national product (GNP) grew at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.3% in the fourth quarter and at 2.5% for all of 1986, according to the most recent Department of Commerce estimates table 1). The 1986 GNP growth was the lowest since the recession in 1982, and was slightly below the estimate published in the last issue of Minerals and Materials. Barriers to greater economic growth in 1986 included the Federal budget deficit, the trade deficit, reduced energy-sector investment because of low oil prices, and uncertainty over changes in the Federal tax code.3 Major sectors of the economy responsible for the fourth-quarter growth included real Government purchases of goods and services, up $19.9 billion from the third-quarter level; real net exports, up $12.2 billion; real residential investment, up $3.0 billion; and nonresidential fixed investment, up $1.5 billion. The increase in Government purchases of goods and services was attributed to the S25.1 billion rise in net purchases of farm products by the Commodity Credit Corp-oration. Real personal consumption expenditures and inventory investment declined, however. Personal consumption expenditures declined primarily because of reduced motor vehicle purchases. Despite only modest growth during the fourth quarter, the economy improved significantly because of the narrowing of the trade deficit and growing employment (table 2) while maintaining low unemployment and inflation rates. Business sounded an optimistic note, with planned increases in current-dollar capital spending of 0.9% for 1987 compared with a 1.7% decrease in 1986. While it is primarily the nonmanufacturing industries that expect to increase investment from 1986 levels, some manufacturing industries are increasing investment by significant percentages as well, notably the steelmaking and nonferrous metals industries (table 3).

Jan 1, 1987

By Hernán Parra

Las pruebas cerradas de flotación (ICFT) son necesarias para el diseño de plantas a niveles de prefactibilidad y factibilidad, ya sea en proyectos greenfield o brownfield. Estas pruebas se realizan después de haber hecho un estudio previo de flotación batch y se usan para simular un circuito continuo. En este trabajo se reseñan los estudios sobre el tema, se busca establecer la manera adecuada de ejecutar la práctica de laboratorio y de evaluar los resultados experimentales, con el propósito de introducir mejoras en el diseño de plantas.

Aug 30, 2017

By Kelly O'Konnor

El presente texto señala la historia, geología y exploración del yacimiento polimetálico tipo skarn Antamina. Dicho yacimiento se localiza en el lado sureste del valle de Antamina y su nombre en quecha significa: "Mina de cobre". La evidencia de la actividad minera data de 1850 y posteriormente se realiza la disolución del joint venture en el año 1982. Asimismo, se describe la magnetometría, plano esquemático de alteración y zoneamiento metálico y las reservas del mineral.

Apr 26, 1999

By Keith L. Harris

Economic activity in the United States picked up in the third quarter, according to the latest estimate released by the Department of Commerce. Real gross national product (GNP)--the Nation's output of goods and services--grew at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 4.3%, or $17.6 billion, compared with a rate of 1.9% for the second quarter of 1985 and 1.6% for the third quarter of 1984 (table 1). The 4.3% rate is one percentage point above the preliminary estimate reported in the August/September issue of Minerals and Materials. Most of the upward revision was due to the change in business inventories and Government purchases, while the figure for net exports was revised downward substantially. The 4.3% growth bettered by 1.5% the average rate of growth in GNP from 1974 through 1984 and was 1.1 % above that of the period from 1975 through 1984 and 0.7% above that of 1980 through 1984. Of importance to the minerals industry was the $14.4-billion growth in personal consumption expenditures, $10.2 billion of which was for durable goods (especially domestically produced automobiles) and the growing residential investment. The net export deficit continued to grow, however, and investment in nonresidential structures, producers' durable equipment, and business inventories declined. Prices, as measured by the GNP fixed-weighted price index, increased at an annual rate of 3.1% in the third quarter, compared with 3.9% in the second quarter. The slower rate of inflation resulted mainly from a decline in energy prices, following second-quarter increases. Fourth-Quarter Prognosis Many of the economic data available for October and November indicate that the economy is growing modestly and will continue to grow over the next 3 to 6 months. The composite index of leading indicators, designed to predict economic activity within 3 to 6 months, rose 0.3% in October, the sixth consecutive monthly advance, according to the Department of Commerce. Six of the 11 available leading indicators were positive: Stock market prices rose, as did sensitive material prices, credit outstanding, and manufacturers' new orders for consumer goods and materials; initial claims for unemployment insurance decreased, and firms were getting slower delivery of goods. Four of the indicators were negative: Business formations, homebuilding permits, contracts and orders for plant and equipment, and money supply all declined. The average hours worked per week, already at a high level, remained unchanged.

Jan 1, 1985

By Carlos Gonzalo Alvarez Rosario

O presente trabalho avaliou a capacidade de degradação bacteriana de cianeto da cepa Bacillus pumilus em efluentes contaminados. Para isso foram realizados estudos de degradação bacteriana de cianeto em frascos agitados e incubados em agitador orbital durante 120 horas. Os ensaios aconteceram em três etapas; a primeira etapa consistiu na ativação e crescimento da bactéria em meio Luria Bertani, seguida da adaptação a ambientes alcalinos e por ultimo a etapa de degradação de cianeto. A proporção de inoculo foi de 1:500. Utilizou-se tampão CAPS para manter o pH alcalino. Para avaliação da degradação de cianeto foi preparada uma solução sintética contendo 500mgL-1 de cianeto de potássio pH 10. Foi avaliada a influencia da temperatura na degradação bacteriana (27, 32 e 37oC). O controle do crescimento celular foi realizado por medidas de densidade óptica com comprimento de onda ?=600nm. A quantificação do cianeto livre foi realziada por polarografia utilizando-se o analisador voltamétrico (computrace control 797 Metrohm). Dos resultados obtidos foi possível determinar que a cepa B. pumilus obteve melhor desempenho na degradação de cianeto a temperatura de 27oC conseguindo degradar 100% do cianeto livre presente na solução. O tempo empregado para a degradação total do cianeto foi de 3 dias.

Oct 30, 2017

By Luis A. Maradiegue

El presente estudio refiere el diagnóstico correcto de la silicosis a través de una revisión de la historia ocupacional, historia clínica y el ambiente del trabajo del trabajador. El control del trabajador y del ambiente de trabajo, lo deben realizar los médicos e ingenieros, para evitar o retardar la progresión de la silicosis o enfermedades respiratorias y facilitar el cambio de lugar de ocupación del trabajador, controlando el medio ambiente, respectivamente. Asimismo, en la evaluación del riesgo silicógeno en una industria extractiva, el ingeniero utiliza el instrumento Midget Iapinger, el muestreo, y los métodos de "campo brillante" para la cuenta de particulas, y la dispensación de la muestra en aceite de inmersión para la medición de partículas. El análisis de sílice libre comprende los métodos petrográficos, difracción de rayos X y el de fusión. Finalmente se hace una interpretación de resultados y se presenta un informe detallado de la condición de salubridad del trabajador.

Aug 20, 1963

By David J. Hoadley

This report describes the development and limited testing of a semi-automatic, raise climber, Compact Service Hoist System designed for stope access in underground metal and nonmetal mines. Demonstrated capabilities of the system include a 1,000-lb payload capacity, control from the traveling cage and from up to three remote stations, operating in vertical or inclined raises 3 ft in diameter and up to 300 ft in length and a travel speed of 50 ft/min. The system has the capability of operating in crooked raises because the conveyance climbs two stationary wire ropes suspended down the raise. The drive unit is electrically powered with power and control signals supplied to the drive unit through an umbilical 'cable also suspended down the raise. The system has been designed for portability, ease of installation and minimum raise development. The hoist has been demonstrated successfully in an above ground test tower. This report provides a detailed description of the hoist design and its demonstrated performance to date.

Jan 1, 1985

The value of domestic raw nonfuel mineral output in 1985 was estimated at $23.7 billion, 2% above the 1984 value of $23.1 billion. This crude mineral output was the basis for approximately $244 billion worth of processed materials of mineral origin. [ ] A U.S. company permanently closed its alumina plant in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, reducing domestic alumina capacity by 10%. Another U.S. company sold its 26% interest in an alumina plant in Jamaica to its two U.S. partners. On completion of the purchase agreement, the two remaining partners promptly closed the plant for an indefinite period, citing a world oversupply of alumina and unacceptably low prices.

Jan 1, 1986

By Arnaldo T. León

El presente trabajo plantea una solución al déficit habitacional en los campos mineros para reducir los costos a la empresa y beneficiar económicamente al trabajador, familia y a la región. Esta alternativa de solución implica la participación de la empresa y el trabajador donde la compañía ofrece al trabajador un lote de terreno con los servicios básicos y el empleado a través de sus recursos propios, construye su vivienda. Asímismo, se describen las ventajas que representa para cada parte, como el impacto que ocasiona en el desarrollo regional a partir de la mejora de la infraestructura en los centros vecinos.

Apr 1, 1991