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By Sidney Katell

This report covers the period January 1963 through December 1963; it is a continuation of the series that began with the publication of Information Circular 7516 in October 1949. Also, it is the fifth in a series of reports prepared under a cooperative agreement between the Bureau of Mines and the American Association of Cost Engineers. The agreement provides for the publication of an annual cost bibliography with the work load involved in the preparation shared equally. The abstracted articles, concerned with all facets of cost engineering in the field of chemical and petroleum plants and related subjects, are from the following sources:

Jan 1, 1964

By Nicolás Guevara Alvarado

Las energías renovables son aquellas que se producen de forma contínua,+ y cuya disponibilidad energética es mayor que las fuentes de energía convencional. Sin embargo, su utilización es escaza, así como el desarrollo de las fuentes de energía convencional. En ese sentido, el presente trabajo plantea medidas que incrementen estas fuentes de energía, las preserven y mejoren su relación con el medio ambiente a través del avance de energías alternativas como la éolica, solar, etc.

Apr 1, 2014

By R. J. R. Cornelissen

The elimination of the incidence of silicosis in employees in industries such as mining and pottery is an ongoing international initiative. After many decades of industrial activity in these industries and many dollars spent on preventative measures, silicosis is still occurring. The exposure-prevention measures taken so far have certainly improved the working environment dust concentrations; however, the illness is still regularly diagnosed in workers. More funding is needed for interventions to improve working conditions. Many aspects of dust prevention and suppression will be researched and exposure assessment methodologies and equipment will need to be reviewed for the purposes of improvements in effectiveness. This paper presents results from laboratory tests carried out on gravimetric sampling pumps and cyclones. It highlights the erratic flow produced by gravimetric pumps of three different manufacturers who claim their respective pumps are equipped with flow stabilisers. The standard BS EN 1232:1997 is used as a basis for the tests. A method, albeit impractical for fieldwork, is shown for the elimination of the pulsation in the flow. This method serves to prove the method and protocol used in this study. The pressure loss caused air-flow resistance of cyclones is measured. The air inlet aperture size of cyclones is measured. The large discrepancy in the two criteria between individual cyclones is shown. The paper concludes that all the pumps tested failed the prescribed limits of BS EN 1232:1997 regarding the pulsation of the gravimetric sampling flow. The difference in flow characteristics of the cyclones, together with the erratic flow produced by the pumps, throws into question the accuracy of the exposure assessments. It is suggested that substantial resources be channelled towards solving these flow problems in parallel with measures taken to reduce exposure. In principle, the accurate assessment of exposure and dust concentration levels is a prerequisite for effective management of the problem of silicosis.

Jan 1, 2009

By L. A. Cornish, L. H. Chown, M. Matema, R. Süss, L. Glaner, A. Douglas

Mintek has been developing Pt-based alloys for high temperature applications in aggressive environments, for example, land-based turbine engines, to replace the currently used nickel-based superalloys (NBSAs). The Pt-based alloys have a similar structure to the NBSAs, and since Pt is more chemically inert and has a higher melting point, the Pt-based alloys can potentially be used at higher temperatures. The greater chemical inertness of the Pt-based alloys compared to the NBSAs means that coatings can be simpler, or perhaps not even used at all, depending on the environment. TEM work was done at NIMS, Japan, to investigate the changes in the microstructure o f Pt-Al and Pt-Al-Ir alloys at elevated temperatures using in-situheating up to1100°C. Initial casting trials showed that work needs to be done to optimise casting parameters before commercialisation can take place. Room temperature tensile tests were performed and results were variable mainly due to microstructural differences. The alloy hardnesses were in the order of 300-350HV with ultimate tensile strengths of ~800 MPa and elongations of less than 10%. These results are comparable to other alloys used at high temperatures, which is very encouraging. Keywords: platinum, super alloys, hardness, tensile

Jan 1, 2006

By W. F. Dietrich

1. On St. Thomas and St. Croix, and possibly also on St. John, low-quality red-burning clays probably can be developed to provide the major part of the raw materials for structural clay products and earthenware pottery. 2. The potential sales volume for structural clay products is too small to sustain a plant in the Virgin Islands to manufacture such products in competition with Puerto Rico; however, handmade patio tile might be produced successfully. 3. The market for pottery utility wares in the Virgin Islands is too small to justify a plant devoted solely to the production of such wares; but it may be feasible to evolve a diversified community activity to make jugs, pots, casseroles, bowls, charcoal burners, patio tile, and other items.

Jan 1, 1955

By Mohammed Sakr

A Two-Section Helical Pile (TSHP) is a steel pipe with two shaft sections of different diameters and with one or more helix plates near the bottom of each shaft section. TSHPs are used regularly in western Canada as foundation pockets for single and double circuit distribution power line poles. The results of a comprehensive lateral pile load test program and the field monitoring of TSHPs installed in organic soil (muskeg) over soft clay are presented in this paper. A total of nine full scale lateral load tests were carried out, including seven tests using TSHPs with different diameters and embedment depths, and two tests using one-section helical piles. The prime objective of the study was to evaluate the lateral resistance of TSHPs installed into very soft organic soil (muskeg) overlying soft clay soils, to compare their lateral resistance relative to one-section helical piles and to compare the measured and the estimated lateral resistances using p-y curves. In order to provide sufficient soil data for analysis, the subsurface soil stratification was evaluated using two different techniques including; Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) and Portable Soil Probe Tests (PSPT). The two testing techniques were also compared and evaluated. This paper summarizes subsurface soil conditions, pile configuration, helical pile installation procedure, testing setup and results.

Jan 1, 2009

By Maria Vianna Rigatto

Nesse trabalho, foram realizados ensaios de abrasão do tipo roda de borracha em um aço ASTM A242, com o intuito de verificar se a orientação do desgaste em relação à da laminação influencia no comportamento em desgaste do material. Estes ensaios foram executados seguindo a norma ASTM G65-16. Todas as amostras foram fresadas e lixadas para a realização dos ensaios, além de limpas com acetona para medição da massa tanto antes quanto depois do ensaio de desgaste. Utilizando a massa perdida após o ensaio e considerando um possível desgaste da roda de borracha, foi calculado o volume perdido nos ensaios. Além disso, foi medida a microdureza do aço, nos sentidos transversal e longitudinal à laminação, bem como analisadas as microestruturas nos respectivos sentidos antes e depois dos ensaios de desgaste. Os resultados mostraram que a orientação do desgaste em relação à orientação de laminação possui influência na taxa de desgaste e que no sentido transversal à laminação essa taxa foi 9,6% menor que no sentido longitudinal.

Oct 30, 2017

By Fabio Andre Brand

As empresas de classe mundial, para atingir a excelência, buscam inovações para maximizar a utilização dos seus ativos. Para estas empresas, os departamentos de manutenção assumem uma função estratégica e a utilização de metodologias como a Manutenção Centrada em Confiabilidade (MCC) tem contribuído muito para a obtenção de um desempenho positivo em seu sistema produtivo. Apesar das inúmeras vantagens da aplicação da MCC, identificou-se uma oportunidade de melhoria nesta metodologia, na etapa de aplicação do diagrama de decisão para escolha das tarefas de manutenção. Pois é dentro deste contexto que se insere o presente trabalho, que busca consolidar o processo de implementação da MCC, com a introdução de melhorias na etapa mencionada, voltadas principalmente para a sua utilização na indústria siderúrgica. Inicialmente, apresenta-se uma abordagem sobre os conceitos e métodos empregados na MCC tradicional. Em seguida, as melhorias propostas foram detalhadas junto com um estudo de caso, onde a MCC, já contendo os métodos elaborados neste trabalho, foi aplicada em uma empresa siderúrgica, sendo que os resultados obtidos demonstraram a adequação desta proposta às necessidades deste ramo industrial.

Oct 30, 2017

By S. Y. Chen

A new process comprising metallizing reduction, magnetic separation, and electroheat melting separation is proposed with the aim of achieving high recoveries of iron, vanadium, and titanium from vanadium titanomagnetite. The effects of magnetic intensity, reduction temperature, reduction time, carbon ratio, and coal particle size on the efficiency of reductionmagnetic separation were investigated, the reaction mechanisms elucidated by SEM and EDS analysis, and the optimal process parameters established. Recoveries of up to 80.08% for titanium, 95.07% for iron, and 71.60% for vanadium were achieved. The reduction sequence is shown to be: Fe2O3 ? Fe3O4 ? FeO ? Fe; Fe2TiO5 ? Fe2TiO4 + TiO2 ? Fe + FeTiO3 ? Fe + FeTi2O5 ? Fe + TiO2.

Jan 1, 2014

By Ycaro Jorge Maia da Costa

Durante o processo para colocar um poço petrolífero em funcionamento existem algumas etapas a serem seguidas. Várias fases devem ser cumpridas para que o óleo bruto armazenado seja extraído. Dentre essas, duas são muito importantes: a perfuração, que é a fase de construção do poço em si, e logo após essa à de completação, a qual tem como objetivo deixar o poço em condições de produção. Os fluidos de completação extremamente salinos foram preparados empregando os seguintes sais: cloreto de sódio (NaCl), cloreto de potássio (KCl) e Cloreto de cálcio (CaCl2) nas concentrações de 50, 100 e 150 lb/bbl. O tipo do sal desencadeia uma seria de efeitos relacionados a taxa corrosiva e morfologia do ataque corrosivo, onde o diagrama de Pareto foram considerados estatisticamente significante ao nível de 95% de confiança com significância quadrática (Q) dos parâmetros e das interações entre os mesmos. Observou-se que os mínimos e máximos valores da taxa de corrosão ocorrem quando os fluidos de completação foram confeccionados com NaCl e CaCl2.

Oct 30, 2017

By Antonio Carlos Aguiar Gagno Junior

Este trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar a plataforma de integração de dados de inspeção preditiva e sensitiva desenvolvida na ArcelorMittal Tubarão para controle da condição dos ativos, com foco em ganho de produtividade, confiabilidade, e de eficácia das avaliações. O trabalho se constitui no desenvolvimento um sistema informatizado que integre e disponibilize dados em uma plataforma única, a partir de dados migrados dos diversos sistemas específicos já existentes na ArcelorMittal Tubarão, como é o caso do sistema de controle de vibrações, lubrificantes, termografia, grandezas elétricas, além dos dados de inspeção sensitiva. O sistema visa integrar os dados dos ativos das unidades operacionais da ArcelorMittal Tubarão que tenham variáveis de controle, possibilitando a correlação entre estas variáveis de condição e também com as variáveis de processo. A integração dos dados auxilia as equipes de manutenção na detecção imediata e direta das condições operacionais dos ativos, bem como permite avaliar antecipadamente a sua probabilidade de falhas. O sistema também permite construir uma base de dados consistente, que será um pilar importante para desenvolvimento de sistema de auxílio na tomada de decisão.

Oct 30, 2017

By Charolett Hayes, A. L. Russell, Anthony J. Bednar, Jared Smith, Valentine A. Nzengung, Stephen L. Pilcher

The manufacture of Energetics Materials (EM), including maintenance and demilitarization of munitions causes dangerously high levels of explosives residues to be harbored in building features. The two commonly approved methods of decontaminating energetics contaminated equipment and building features are thermal treatment and steam washing. The current regulatory environment is generally becoming more stringent and unfavorable to thermal and steam decontamination because of their adverse impact on air, soil, and water and their ineffectiveness to completely remove accumulated energetics from foundation cracks, internal and external piping, voids in walls and ventilation systems, and internal cavities of fixed equipment. However, chemical destruction of energetics, especially high explosives, is gaining acceptance as a safer, cost-effective and environmental friendly alternative to thermal and steam decontamination. Organic explosives, including nitramines and nitrate esters are oxidized organic compounds that are susceptible to chemical oxidation and reduction reactions. Under suitable conditions, a chemical reagent consisting of sulfur-based bulk reductants (neutralent) commercialized as MuniRem generates highly reactive free radicals that very rapidly degrade many energetic compounds to innocuous end products while stabilizing metals as the insoluble metal sulfides.

Jan 1, 2016

By T. W. Wloder

During recent studies concerning the effects that various surface treatments, surface imperfections, locked-in residual stresses and metallurgical and geometrical notches have upon the mechanical behaviour of metals and, in particular, upon their tension-bending characteristics under impact loads, it became apparent that specially developed methods and samples would be of great assistance in determining the desired data. This paper describes and discusses a number of different types of double-notched tension-bending impact samples which have been considered and examined for this purpose. The types most suitable for exploratory investigations are proposed for application in the study of the _behaviour of metals, their welds, and, in particular, their surfaces, when subjected to various notch-severities, surface imperfections, strain rates, temperatures, and constrained states of stress (i.e. the relations of the three principal stresses). It is expected that the proposed double-notched tension-bending samples and the proposed test methods will also contribute toward further understanding of the cold brittle behaviour and the notch-sensitivities of metals. The possibilities of introducing the so-called impact notch-sensitivity index and relative impact notch sensitivity of metals are discussed. Data obtained on double-

Jan 1, 1961

By MARCELO TADEU TOMAZELA LIMA

Os aços inoxidáveis são largamente utilizados nos mais diversos segmentos da sociedade, tendo como principal característica a resistência à corrosão. Existem muitos estudos sobre o comportamento destes aços, que se apresentam com diferentes composições, estruturas e propriedades, mas algumas características ainda precisam de muito estudo, como exemplo a interação do metal com o hidrogênio. O hidrogênio nos metais é estudado há muitas décadas pela sua alta capacidade de mobilidade intersticial, todavia seus mecanismos de fragilização são pouco compreendidos e propostos em algumas teorias. O presente trabalho busca caracterizar os efeitos do hidrogênio em um aço inoxidável ferrítico tipo AISI 409 quando tensionado em ensaios de achatamento comparativamente entre amostras hidrogenadas e não hidrogenadas. Os testes no material de base evidenciaram que o hidrogênio age na perda de ductilidade deste aço inoxidável, apresentando facetas de clivagem ao ser tensionado. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a fragilização por hidrogênio representa um risco e um desafio à Indústria, reforçando a necessidade de desenvolvimento de pesquisas e estudos para minimização dos efeitos do hidrogênio nos metais.

Oct 30, 2017

By Henry Choque, Flavio Begazo, Manuel Munguía, Angel Villanueva

Tras 46 años de operación continua, La Refinería de cobre de SPCC se plantea su modernización con el objetivo de renovar sus equipos mayores, los cuales tienen frecuentes paradas que conllevan pérdidas de producción. El proyecto de modernización consiste en realizar un cambio tecnológico, reemplazando la tecnología actual de “láminas de arranque de cobre” por la tecnología de “cátodos permanentes”.

Sep 30, 2022

By Robert Stefanko

With passage of the Clean Streams Act of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and its impact on the coal industry, considerable research has been conducted to explore various approaches to the problem, including deep-well disposal. Available drillhole data from gas and oil wells were used to develop cross -sectional maps for various portions of the state and potential disposal zones were evaluated. Bethlehem Mines Corp., faced with a severe water problem at its Marianna operation in Washington County, cooperated with the Dept. of Mining at The Pennsylvania State University in establishing a 1500-ft well into the Salt Sands for the purpose of determining the feasibility of mine water disposal. The thickness, porosity, and permeability of the formation at the well site proved to be below what had been anticipated from drillhole data. Further, subsequent hydraulic fracturing did not improve the flow characteristics of the well; pumping pressures remained in the range of 1800-2000 psig for disposing of water at the rate of 150 gpm. The legal problems of disposal at the site were very formidable. When the Salt Sands proved to be less than satisfactory, permission could not be obtained to dispose in other promising formations. The paper details many of the problems associated with the experimental well and makes an assessment of the potential for deep-well disposal of mine water. The concept of disposing of liquid industrial wastes by deep-well injection is not a new one. Brines associated with crude oil long have been disposed of in this manner, with the additional benefit of aiding secondary oil recovery. More recently, with the expansion of nuclear energy, the lethal, highly radioactive wastes which are by-products of the fission process have created severe disposal problems. During the past ten years, a variety of industries have resorted to subsurface disposal, some of the details of which are given e1sewhere.l,2 The list reveals wide variations in injection rate, pumping pressure, cost, and waste disposition. Included are successful installations in Western Pennsylvania. Enactment of more restrictive clean-water legislation in Pennsylvania recently had a great impact on the coal industry. Among its provisions was the reclassifica-tion of most mine water as industrial waste whose dis-posal is prohibited in any stream of the Commonwealth. This had the effect of accelerating research in a variety of areas, although treatment methods still retained primary interest. When a feasibility study of deep-well disposal was proposed to the Pennsylvania Dept. of Mines and Mineral Industries, the Coal Research Board (CRB) approved it. This paper summarizes the efforts on this project. Acid mine water is a chemically complex liquid. having no definite quantitative relationship among its constituents. However, it is the iron disulfide (FeS2) associated with practically all coal seams that produces the objectionable products present in acid mine water when combined with air and water. The principal contaminants are sulfuric acid (H2SO,) and ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)2. Ferric hydroxide is a rust-colored gelatinous precipitate that coats stream bottoms and destroys aquatic life. However, other ions and bacteria are present in acid mine water in varying amounts.

Jan 1, 1971

By Leandro José de Barros Cardoso

A CSN possui 4 linhas de estanhamento eletrolítico (LEE) com capacidade de produção de 700 kt/ano de Folha de Flandres, nas quais durante o processo de estanhamento podem ocorrer desvios de qualidade que impactam no custo final do produto, afetando diretamente o custo de transformação da folha-de-flandres. Um destes desvios são as manchas superficiais (MS), caracterizadas por manchas na superfície do revestimento da Folha de Flandres que prejudicam o aspecto final do produto. O objetivo deste projeto foi reduzir o índice de desvio NOK por manchas superficiais das Linhas de Estanhamento 5 e 6 de 0,28% para 0,14% até abril de 2013. O projeto foi realizado utilizando a metodologia Lean Seis Sigma, obtida pela união do “Lean Manufacturing”, que visa a eliminação de desperdícios durante o processo produtivo e o Seis Sigma como uma estratégia gerencial que busca a maximização do desempenho dos processos. A metodologia é dividida em cinco etapas: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve e Control. Após a conclusão do projeto observamos uma redução de 65% no índice de desvio do defeito em relação à média do ano anterior (2012). Com esta redução obtivemos um ganho financeiro de R$212.000,00. Este projeto também serviu como projeto de Certificação de especialista Green Belt.

Aug 8, 2018

By Fernanda Santos da Luz

Desde o período Neolítico, a argila é usada na produção de materiais para construção. Posteriormente, verificou-se que queima da argila em fornos aumentava a resistência do material, permitindo seu uso na maioria das formas abrasivas. Com a melhoria das propriedades, a cerâmica vermelha encontrou várias aplicações tais como, telhas, tijolos, louças e revestimentos. Na região estudada, a noroeste do Rio de Janeiro e a área leste da zona da mata mineira, as telhas produzidas e comercializadas exibem características correspondentes à argila local e ao método de queima. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a qualidade das telhas na região, referente às características geométricas, físicas e mecânicas, padronizadas pela norma NBR 15310:2009. De acordo com a análise dos resultados, concluiu-se que a tendência da qualidade das telhas existentes no mercado não atende aos parâmetros atuais da norma brasileira. O teste geométrico apresentou o maior número de não conformidades. A planicidade da superfície e os testes de rendimento também apresentaram desvios maiores em relação ao padrão aceitável. As não conformidades encontradas nas amostras indicaram que ocorreram falhas nos controles de fabricação do produto e na aprovação do lote que liberou o material para a produção de fábrica, resultando em produtos sem padronização.

Oct 30, 2017

By Jon Bowler

Daw Mill Colliery, UK Coal, near Coventry in England, mines the Warwickshire Thick Seam at 800 m/2500 ft depth using longwall retreat with gateroads supported by rockbolts. Over the last eight years the mine has worked longer and wider panels with extraction heights of over 5 m. Recently the mine has experienced high deformation conditions principally from the rib sides resulting in operational issues and production delays. Investigation of rib deformation was undertaken using new inspection and measurement techniques, including systematic laser surveying, and improved rib support consumables were developed and introduced. A new rib trussing system using textile webbing has proved very successful.. A rib support management system was also developed and introduced for face retreat. This allowed rib support to be more effectively managed both for production and safety. For the current developments, new 28-mm-diameter roof and rib bolt systems have been introduced and rib bolt length has been increased to 3 m, with the aim of achieving gateroad stability over the life of the panel. Significant reductions in roof and rib deformation have been confirmed by the latest monitoring results. These ground control innovations are allowing Daw Mill?s potential to be realised. Production from 302?s face in 2008 set new UK and European records. However the support enhancement process continues and further innovations are planned.

Jan 1, 2009

Using a series-model of an automotive short range radar sensor (SRR) and a recently completed experimental radar system, field tests have been performed in a surface mine. It was examined, to what extent low-cost electronically scanning radar sensors can provide useful data for assistance systems on large scale mining machines. Simple sensors are useful for anti-collision safety zones or hopper car automation. The more complex and sophisticated experimental radar system using digital beam-forming can clearly detect and map the contours of trenches and slopes. The overall promising results refer to many more potential applications for electronically scanning radar in surface and underground mining as a reliable alternative to mechanical laser scanners.

Jan 1, 2007