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By Antonio Chávarry C.

El planeamiento minero desarrolla una función importante en la producción minera peruana. En esta perspectiva, el texto describe el programa de plan de minado actual en la Empresa minera de Hierro, Ica como parte del planeamiento a mediano y largo plazo de alcance de dicha compañía. Entre los objetivos del plan está la determinación del volumen de crudos por mineral y de otros materiales, la determinación de minas que deben ser operadas para cumplir los fines requeridos y la estimación de los diferentes insumos para el nivel de producción planeado, así como la disponibilidad de equipos para la operación de minado.

Oct 14, 1980

By Rubio R. Bernardo

El alto índice de contaminación de los electrolitos de zinc conlleva que el contenido de magnesio en los concentrados sea penalizado y rechazado por las refinerías electrolítica. Por tal motivo, el mercado demanda un producto libre de impurezas, así como de los procesos de concentración. En este sentido, el objeto del texto radica en enfatizar la investigación a través de las pruebas de laboratorio y sus resultados a escala industrial. Para ello, se desarrolla nuevos circuitos de flotación rougher, y de limpieza para la esfalerita clara, y las etapas de remolienda, lixiviación y relimpieza para la esfalerita negra.

Nov 8, 1984

By W. P. Erasmus

This paper will focus on the use of the ?wet-mix? steel fibre re-in forced shotcrete as a permanent lining in deep shafts, assessing gold bearing reef. It will cover all aspects relating to the choice of this material covering the geological conditions through to the final quality control. All procedures are in line with ISO 9001,as JCI projects who manage the project, are an approved company therof.

Jan 1, 2001

By H. Lowers, P. Hageman, S. Diehl, D. Fey

Understanding relationships between mineralogy, texture, microstructural features, and element distribution and residence in minerals, is critical for accurate modeling of mineral weathering in waste-rock piles. The morphology of minerals and deformation structures, such as veins and faults, are important factors that control: (1) fluid access to the mineral surface to initiate dissolution, (2) the distribution of trace elements, and (3) formation of secondary minerals. We characterized the mineralogy, textures, and chemical properties of waste-rock material at three sites at scales ranging from outcrop to micrometer scale. A comprehensive hand-sample to thin-section scale methodology utilizing light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe, and laser ablation ICP-MS was used to thoroughly characterize the waste-rock material.

Jan 1, 2007

By Juno Gallego

A soldagem de peças de aço por arco submerso é um dos processos mais tradicionalmente usados na fabricação de componentes estruturais. A microestrutura do metal de solda é importante na definição das suas propriedades mecânicas, sendo a ferrita acicular um microconstituinte capaz de conferir à solda altos níveis de resistência mecânica e tenacidade. A nucleação da ferrita acicular depende da presença de inclusões não metálicas no metal de solda. No presente trabalho fez-se a caracterização microestrutural do metal de solda preparados com diferentes aportes térmicos. Lâminas finas foram observadas por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, que possibilitou determinar alguns parâmetros morfológicos e químicos das partículas e a sua relação com a nucleação das ripas de ferrita acicular. Verificou-se que partículas irregulares com maior tamanho, mais ricas em titânio quando formadas com maior energia de soldagem, apresentam maior probabilidade de servirem como sítio preferencial para nucleação da ferrita acicular, se comparadas às partículas mais lisas e menores.

Aug 7, 2018

By Román Tejada R

El presente trabajo señala los resultados del sostenimiento de labores subterráneas a través del proceso de pre-inyecciones e inyecciones de contacto y consolidación. De acuerdo a este estudio, se encontró que la mina San Vicente contiene estructuras denominadas "Brechas de Colapso", compuestas de material suelto y deleznable que originan un problema en el laboreo minero. En este sentido, se busca un método que se adecúe a estas estructuras como el "Inyección de cemento"donde no se requiere de muchos aditivos.

Nov 8, 1984

By Milton Sergio Fernandes de Lima

A soldagem a laser do Ti-6Al-4V necessita de cuidados especiais quanto à reatividade do cordão com o ar. A fragilidade da solda é apontada como um dos entraves para o uso da liga em algumas aplicações de engenharia. Neste estudo, foram realizadas soldas em chapas de Ti-6Al-4V em diferentes condições experimentais. Verificou-se que a dureza aumenta com o inverso do logaritmo da velocidade de soldagem. A dureza, embora heterogênea na largura do cordão, é resultado da contaminação com oxigênio da estrutura hexagonal da fase a-Ti e da formação de óxido de titânio. Um sistema otimizado de proteção gasosa, protegendo ambas as superfícies e em particular a região do plasma, foi eficaz para melhorar o comportamento mecânico das juntas. Os resultados obtidos em tração uniaxial mostraram que houve um ganho expressivo nas medidas de tensão e deformação. Portanto, o sistema é indicado e recomendado para materiais com sensibilidade à contaminação atmosférica.

Aug 16, 2017

By G. M. Dowo

The widespread environmental damage caused by slimes dam construction requires rehabilitation as one of the key management strategies towards land restoration. From the time when Mhangura Copper Mine in Zimbabwe was shut down in 2000 due to viability problems, no follow-up studies were carried out on the slimes dams to assess their development with respect to ecosystem function and longterm recovery. The ecosystem function analysis (EFA) method was thus employed to achieve this end. EFA is a monitoring procedure that establishes how well an ecosystem functions as a biophysical system through the use of rapidly assessed field indicators. The field procedure makes use of simple visual indicators that are related to various soil surface processes. Conventional sampling methods are used to collect the vegetation data. The data was first analysed using landscape function analysis (LFA) software packages and then with various multivariate statistical techniques. In total 27 species were recorded from 14 families; 21 of them occurring in the acacia woodland and only 8 on the slimes dams. Hyparrhenia sp. was the dominant grass on Dam 5 and Imperata cylindrica dominated Dam 6. Acacia saligna was the most abundant tree species on the dams. The tree layer on the slimes dams was not as developed as the grass layer. The rehabilitated slimes dams converged with the natural woodland for the LFA indices of stability, nutrient cycling, and infiltration, which suggested a high level of functionality. The main factors affecting the sustainability of the rehabilitation are postulated to be fire, grazing, and tree harvesting. The study contributed to the importance of, and methods used for, assessing ecosystem function on rehabilitated slimes dams in Zimbabwe, which are often ignored as most efforts focus on the establishment of vegetation on the dams. Keywords ecosystem function analysis, EFA, mine tailings, rehabilitation, monitoring, Mhangura Copper Mine, ecosystem function.

Dec 1, 2013

By Esperanza Tauler, Lluis Rivero, Victoria Cutipa, Raúl y. Lovera, Elisabet Playá

En España, el yeso es una de las litologías sedimentarias más abundantes en afloramientos. Se concentra especialmente en terrenos del Triásico, Paleógeno y Mioceno, explotándose los depósitos del Mioceno en las tres grandes cuencas Terciarias de la Península Ibérica (Cuencas del Ebro, Duero y Tajo). Para conocer la continuidad de los niveles de yeso se utiliza una reciente técnica geofísica no destructiva denominada Tomografía Eléctrica, que permite obtener una distribución de las resistividades reales del subsuelo, inyectando una corriente continua a través de electrodos, logrando delimitar los niveles de una manera práctica y facilitando su modelamiento.

By M. Hopf

The use of water-cooled copper components as sidewall elements of submerged arc furnaces and other pyrometallurgical applications has become increasingly common. The high cooling efficiency of copper has made it possible to increase the service life of furnace refractories when compared to conventional refractory linings. However, even the self-healing effect of ?freezing? worn areas of the lining does not necessarily protect the copper coolers against wear or corrosion completely. In order to avoid furnace explosions, various methods have been used to monitor the wear of coolers. Unfortunately, these have not been able consistently to identify localized wear. Thos Begbie (South African) and SAVEWAY (German) jointly developed technology to embed a line sensor into the copper cooler during the casting process. This system allows an exhaustive monitoring of the copper cooler. A SAVELINE sensor is placed inside the copper-cooling panel between the water-cooling passage and the hot face of the panel. The sensor follows the meandering shape of the cooling water channels. In the first instance, the sensor provides analogue information as the thickness of the copper reduces. Secondly, this wear signal will be confirmed by a signal of interruption if the sensor is washed away. Because of the structure of the sensor, a self-diagnosis is possible and indications can be confirmed (double proofed).Subsequent to the manufacture of some test pieces, coolers for a large submerged arc furnace were manufactured. The sensorized coolers have been installed at the intermittent surface (slag line) where the largest amount of corrosion has been encountered. The system has been operating since December 2005 in what is considered one of the largest submerged arc furnaces in South Africa. Keywords: Pyrometallurgy, furnace, copper coolers, freeze lining, monitoring, Saveway

Jan 1, 2006

By J. B. Boisvert, D. S. Silva

"Drillhole placement involves benefits, costs, and constraints. Benefits are related to the drilling campaign value, which includes maximizing “indicated” and “measured” resources. Costs include drilling, rig movement, and access construction. Constraints include infeasible areas, maximum and minimum angles of drilling, maximum depth of drilling, and budget. Manually planning drillholes that meet these constraints is suboptimal. A framework for straight drillhole optimization that accounts for benefits, costs, and constraints is presented. The method aims to maximize the value of resources converted from “inferred” to indicated and measured. The framework is demonstrated for a Nevada gold deposit and outperforms manually selected drillholes.RÉSUMÉ Le choix de l’emplacement d’un trou de forage s’accompagne d’avantages, de coûts et de contraintes. Les avantages sont liés à la valeur d’une campagne de forage, qui comprend l’optimisation des ressources « indiquées » et « mesurées ». Les coûts englobent le forage, le déplacement de l’appareil de forage et la construction des routes d’accès. Quant aux contraintes, elles portent sur les zones impraticables, les angles maximums et minimums de forage, la profondeur maximale de forage ainsi que le budget. La planification manuelle des trous de forage répondant à ces contraintes est sous-optimale. Cet article présente un cadre relatif à l’optimisation des trous verticaux de forage tenant compte des avantages, des coûts et des contraintes. Cette méthode vise à optimiser la valeur des ressources converties de la phase « ressources présumées » à celle de « ressources indiquées et mesurées ». Ce cadre est appliqué à un gisement aurifère du Nevada et donne de meilleurs résultats que les trous de forage sélectionnés manuellement. INTRODUCTIONDetermining the optimum location of infill drilling has been studied because the high cost of drilling suggests that using fewer drillholes is preferred, and targeting locations of the deposit that are locally uncertain should result in better mine planning decisions and increased profit of the operation. Existing methods for optimizing drillhole locations consider minimizing the kriging variance (KV) as the objective and are mostly restricted to two dimensions (Soltani-Mohammadi & Hezarkhari, 2013a, b; Soltani- Mohammadi, Safa, & Mokhtari, 2016)."

Jan 1, 2018

By Osvaldo Aduvire

En los últimos años, las clasificaciones geomecánicas son una herramienta universal para el diseño y cierre de labores mineras, utilizándose en la elección del método de excavación y el tipo de maquinaria para el arranque de rocas. Por ello, el presente trabajo describe las aplicaciones más significativas de las clasificaciones geomecánicas empleadas en la selección de la maquinaria más idónea para el arranque de rocas, a fin de delimitar los rangos de utilización de los equipos mecánicos como excavadoras y tractores o recurrir al empleo de explosivos y que el arranque sea mediante perforación y voladura.

Sep 14, 2009

By Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo

A produção de papel gera grande quantidade de resíduo em diferentes etapas da produção, constituído basicamente de celulose e caulim, que atualmente não tem um destino adequado e acaba gerando custos para indústria. O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar o efeito de ciclos de molhagem e secagem na substituição deste resíduo em massa de cal (5, 10 e 15%) em argamassas a base de cimento e cal, traço 1:1:6 (cimento: cal: areia), para assentamento de blocos e revestimento de paredes e tetos onde serão analisadas propriedades como a perda de massa e resistência mecânica após a ocorrência de ciclos de imersão em água a temperatura ambiente e secagem em estufa em períodos de 15, 30 e 45 dias após o tempo de cura (28 dias). Os resultados encontrados mostraram que a perda de massa apresentada não é significativa, sendo maior em 15%, provavelmente devido à tendência de preenchimento dos poros na matriz cimentícia, quando correlacionados com resultados da argamassa no estado fresco. Quanto à resistência mecânica a compressão, as argamassas não apresentaram perdas significativas que impedisse seu uso em todos os ciclos analisados. Pode-se concluir que os traços estudados apresentam desempenho satisfatório em ensaios de ciclagem podendo com uso recomendado.

Oct 30, 2017

By Vander de Angeli

Em 2014 houve necessidade de substituição precoce de Caixas de refrigeração no Alto Forno devido a vazamentos provocados por defeitos de fundição ocasionando perda de produção. Após análise das falhas no componente, a oficina de fundição da ArcelorMittal Tubarão na busca contínua pela excelência na qualidade de seus produtos, propôs o desenvolvimento de um novo projeto de fundição visando atingimento de nível radiográfico = 3 nas caixas de refrigeração conforme critério de aceitação estabelecido na Norma ASTM E272. Para atingir o objetivo proposto foram inseridos no novo projeto itens para melhorar o processo de alimentação e solidificação do metal. Como resultado o novo projeto apresentou melhora significativa na qualidade do componente do sistema de insuflação de ar do Alto Forno atingindo níveis radiográficos que atendam as exigências da Norma.

Aug 16, 2017

By Fieldner. A. C.

"In preparing this paper, an attempt was made to obtain results of plant-scale carbonization tests on washed and unwashed coal tram to same mine. A letter. in which the following questions were asked, was sent to some 50 coke-oven superintendents and others who might be interested:“What is the influence of washing coal on:(1) The chemical and physical properties of coke, as for example, the size, the amount of breeze, the fracture, strength, cell-structure, etc.(2) The quantity and quality of gas and by-products.(3) The capacity of the ovens.(4) The composition of the coal..""Your general opinion, as well as any specific data or results of testa, on this important subject will be greatly appreciated.""Of the 45 replies received, 24 stated that they had never used washed coal; 11 had used washed coal but had no comparative data on similar coals washed and unwashed; 7 answered some of the questions based on their general experience; and 3 gave some test data on Pittsburgh bed coal from western Pennsylvania. In none of the three tests did the washed coal come from the same mine as the unwashed. The washed coals in the three tests were from the same washery - one of modern construction in which the operations are under careful technical control in order to give a uniform product containing a minimum of surface moisture. The unwashed coals which were previously used in these plants were from different nearby mines in the same coal bed, and were supplied by the same company. Obviously, no sweeping or finale conclusions can be drawn from these few tests on coal from a single washery. Therefore, the writer vas obliged to consult the literature, coal-carbonization and coal-washing engineers, and other authorities to supplement the fragmentary information gleaned from the questionnaires in order to present a picture of chat gas engineers may expect from the use of washed coal in a carbonizing plant."

May 1, 1930

William Kent, New York City: I regret that I have not had the time since the Cincinnati meeting to make as complete a study of Mr. Salom's paper as I wished. I regard it as one of the most important papers that have been presented on this subject, and worthy of complete study. I started out, on the limited time I had, on a system of study which I would recommend to any one else who has leisure to complete the investigation. I took the original report presented at the Cincinnati meeting, and selected from it' such tests as had the analyses reported along with the physical tests, giving the amounts of carbon, phosphorus, manganese, etc., taking only those in which all these elements are given.

Jan 1, 1885

By Hao Li, Allan Moss, Richard K. Brummer

At the Palabora Mine, the transition to caving 400 m below the bottom of the 800 m deep pit resulted in a slope failure of the North wall that began in 2003, and is still mobile. This failure can be explained by the daylighting into the cave zone of a prominent joint set. The failure was modelled by the 3-dimensional code 3DEC, which is capable of modelling the nonlinear behaviour of discontinuum materials with large displacement.

Jan 1, 2006

Wire rope, when used for hoisting on a mine is one of the most vulnerable units in the most expensive group of installations on the mine. With the introduction of hoisting on the Koepe sheave, a new technique was established. This innovation brought with it certain advantages which long had been recognized and which are being developed further.A need exists for the development of an infallible non-destructive testing device for wire ropes and it is axiomatic that the development and application of such a device should be coupled with the physical examination of mine hoisting systems. Therefore an integrated type of research programme is necessary in order to correlate the effect of shock loading with rope damage, which may be detected ultimately bynon-destructive means. This paper reviews certain historical aspects of investigations on this topic and it outlines a policy for research which can cope with a.c. or d.c. methods of excitation of the rope.INTRODUCTIONThe importance of wire rope in mining operations is often not fully recognized. A wire rope when used for hoisting in a mine shaft should be regarded as a "machine" forming part of a system of machines, and consequently it should be specified as such when it is purchased, it should be maintained as such during its working life, and it should be discarded only when it has done its duty and has been rendered either unsafe or uneconomic for further use.Every mine shaft, vertical or inclined, has in it one or more wire ropes which are used to transport men, material, and ore. Considering the long history of wire rope haulage and the large number of rope applications, it is a tribute to wire rope makers and to mine maintenance engineers, throughout the world, that not many serious accidents have occurred because of failure of wire rope. However, when a...

Jan 1, 1965

By Leonardo de Oliveira Turani

A energia eólica, fonte de energia renovável e de baixo impacto ambiental, vem crescendo rapidamente na última década, em especial no Brasil. A conversão da energia cinética dos ventos em energia elétrica é realizada por aerogeradores, que são acopladas em torres, que na sua maioria são constituídas de anéis sobrepostos de aço, os quais são fabricados e montados com o emprego de várias etapas de soldagem. Em função disso, o conhecimento da soldabilidade dos aços estruturais é um fator importante para indústria eólica, dando subsídios para a elaboração de procedimentos que permitam a redução dos custos de soldagem e a seleção adequada dos aços empregados. Este trabalho objetivou a avaliação da soldabilidade do aço estrutural EN 10025-4 S355M através de ensaios mecânicos e metalográficos de juntas soldadas pelo processo de arco submerso (SAW) em duas diferentes técnicas: Single Arc e Tandem Arc. Os resultados mostraram que o aço S355M apresentou excelente soldabilidade, com destaque para o processo SAW Tandem Arc, o que possibilita a maior exploração desta técnica como uma excelente alternativa para a redução do tempo de soldagem durante a fabricação de torres eólicas.

Aug 8, 2018

By Carlos .. Alvarado P

Si bien la empresa Inversiones mineras del Sur S.A. inicia sus operaciones de la mina Ishihuinca a través de la Planta de cianuración, la ejecución de sus pruebas para determinar el mejor proceso de beneficio, concluyeron que ni la cianuración ni la precipitación eran los procesos adecuados para la obtención del oro. En este sentido, el presente texto analiza el origen del problema, derivándolo a una mezcla de minerales de la mina,para luego plantear un programa de minado selectivo donde se elimine la extracción de los minerales con sulfuro secundario a través de los óxidos y sulfuros primarios.

Nov 8, 1984