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"INTRODUCTION Industrial utilization of the present submarginal domestic manganese resources of the United States is wholely dependent at this time on the electrolytic manganese process established as the result of 4 years of continuous operation of the Bureau of Mines pilot plant at Boulder City and 7 years' operations of the Electro Manganese Corporation commercial plant at Knoxville, Tenn.Three Kids ore provided the feed for the Boulder City pilot plant during 3 years of operation. Hence, the electrowinning characteristics of the ore have been thoroughly established, making possible accurate estimates for commercial operations.Before the Defense Plant Corporation constructed the leaching plant, the Bureau of Mines conducted an exploration project to determine the extent and grade of the ore reserves. Additional exploration, development, and mining by the Manganese Ore Cc, have accurately determined the tonnage and grade of ore. A large tonnage of stock piled ore is now available for immediate processing, and a considerable tonnage of openpit ore has been stripped of overburden preparatory to mining. Numerous facilities, such as power, water, and housing, needed for an electrolytic manganese plant are already available.All of these factors, as well as plans for installation of scale electrolytic manganese plant facilities, are presented in detail in the chapter entitled, ""Mining and. Electrolytic Reduction of use from Three Kids Manganese Mine."" The Manganese Ore Co. kindly provided information on the present ore reserves and state of development of the mine."

Jun 1, 1945

By Doug Russell

Natsource: At a Glance l 160 employees l Global reach ? New York, Washington, Calgary, Ottawa, Toronto, London, Tokyo l Major Environmental Commodity Broker ? Rated as Top GHG Broker (Environmental Finance Magazine Survey, Dec. 2000 & 2001) ? Leading RECs Broker ? Large Broker of SO2, NOx l Large Energy Broker ? One of Highest Volume Gas Brokers ? Major Electricity Broker Overview l International Market l Implementing the Rate-Based Proposal l Assessment and Management of Risk from GHG Emissions Limitations

Nov 1, 2002

By John P. Savage

This paper is one of a series being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines on tunneling methods. The tunneling methods described are those used at the Ojuela unit of the Compania Minera de Penoles, S. A., the Mexican subsidiary of the American Metal Co., Ltd., of New York. The Ojuela unit is situated some 4 miles southeast of Mapimi, Durango. Mexico, the latter place being connected by a 15-mile narrow-gage railway with the standard gage railroad at Bermejillo, some 40 miles to the north of Torreon, the location of one of the company's smelters.

Jan 1, 1931

Jan 1, 1966

By M. E. Taranenko, V. A. Krivonosov, S. A. Nemykin

"In concentrating production energy-consuming power installations are wide used, the most powerful of them are the wet autogenous grinding mill operating in closed circuit with a spiral classifier. The analysis of the current state of the automation of the grinding process shows that the reserves for maximizing productivity and minimizing electricity consumption have not yet been exhausted on the existing process equipment. Usage of the achievements of the modern management theory reveals an opportunity for further optimizing of the grinding process. The purpose of the research is to develop an automated control system of complex ""the mill-classifier"" to conduct the grinding process in the most operating efficiency, ensuring the maximization of productivity and minimization of specific electricity consumption. The main idea of this work is to study the specific features of the ore grinding process and creation on this basis of automated control system complex ""mill-classifier"" which allows to find and to maintain the optimal mode of grinding based on identification of the current object parameters, observance and regulating of the object state coordinates. Research methods. We used the methods of system analysis, mathematical statistics, modern automated control theory, theory of systems identification, optimal control, modelling of dynamic processes. Developed scientific provisions: - identification algorithm of the loading sub-system management object of complex ""mill - classifier"" allowing to obtain the unbiased estimators of its parameters according to the data of normal object exploitation; - observing device, which differs from the classic version of the observer Luenberger with possibility of estimating not only the state coordinates of the control object, but also the low-frequency perturbation component; - automated system stabilizing the active power of the grinding mode on the basis of a states controller with Luenberger observer; - structure of the software and hardware that implements the developed models, algorithms, methods of control, management and optimization in the framework of the automation of grinding."

Jan 1, 2018

By Phillip Crowson

The annual surveys of corporate exploration expenditures carried out by Metals Economics Group (MEG) show that estimated total spending rose to a record $13.2 billion in 2008 ($14.4 billion including expenditure on uranium exploration). This compares with the previous peak of $5.2 billion in 1997. MEG does not adjust its figures for the effects of inflation but recognizes that the substantial increase in budgets of recent years has not been reflected in a proportionate rise in actual activity on the ground (MEG, 2009). In recent years, costs were boosted by rising prices of fuel and other inputs, and acute shortages of qualified staff and drilling rigs. The inflation rate for exploration substantially exceeded increases in general price levels as measured by national indices. Just how much exploration costs in-creased, however, is probably not widely appreciated. Figure 1 compares the MEG estimates of total annual dollar spending in Australia, Canada and the United States combined with their drilling activity, measured in meters drilled, as reported by national agencies. These three countries accounted for 39 percent of MEG?s estimate of total spending on minerals exploration in 2007 and 40 percent in 2008. Expenditure is shown both in money terms, as reported by MEG, and adjusted to real terms, with the U.S. implicit gross domestic product (GDP) price deflator. The comparison is of index numbers based on 2000 as 100. Comparisons for the individual countries are shown in Fig. 2 to 4. National figures for drilling activity and expenditures cover some minerals like iron ore, coal and industrial minerals (29 percent of Australian spending in 2007 to 2008 and 10 percent of Canadian in 2008) that are not included in the MEG estimates of spending. Such exploration has risen more than the total since 1997 so that the index of drilling activity in the figure may be overstated for recent years on a like for like basis with the MEG data. MEG only includes spending on uranium exploration in recent years whereas the national agencies include it throughout. Figures 5 and 6 com-pare national and MEG estimates for Australia and Canada. No comparable figures are available for the United States. The national estimates have been converted to U.S. dollars at the appropriate annual average exchange rates, and the Australian annual totals have been summed from the published quarterly data. Not only is spending cyclical, but so are unit costs. Australian and Canadian data show that total exploration spending per meter drilled rose by 2.5 to 3 times between 2001 and 2008. These rises may partly reflect increasingly complex drilling methods, and an increased share of assaying and testing in total exploration costs. In Canada, however, diamond drilling accounted for a lower footage of the total in 2005-2007 than in the preceding few years, and spending on exploration, as opposed to deposit appraisal, made up a higher proportion of the total. Figure 7 compares index numbers of exploration spending per meter drilled in U.S. dollars for Australia and Canada. These figures raise a number of questions. First, is the relationship between total expenditure and meters drilled in the three countries for which data are available typical of the global experience? Secondly, has there been a significant change in the make-up of exploration spending in recent years? The Canadian data do not suggest that there has been, but is Canada typical? Has drilling become less important relative to other exploration techniques, or is it just as important as ever in confirming the existence of viable ore deposits?

Jan 1, 2009

By P. A. Beck, M. V. Nevitt

All binary and a number of ternary u alloys formed by first long period transition elements were examined and found to be ferromagnetic at low temperatures. The Curie temperatures for these alloys were measured. It was found that the correlation of the Curie temperature with composition may be described qualitatively in terms of the contributions of the various component atomic moments to the saturation moment of the alloy. Ternary Fe-Cr-Mo u phase alloys were also found to be ferromagnetic, with a Curie temperature dependent on the iron content and largely independent of the unit cell dimensions. Similar relations were found for the Co-Fe-Cr and the Co-Cr-Mo a alloys, where the Co + Fe content appears to determine the Curie temperature. RECENTLY, it has become increasingly evident that the u phase is some kind of an "electron compound." Several papers1-' discussed the empirical correlation between the composition of the various u phases in alloys of the transition elements and the distribution of electrons in the partially filled d-levels of the component atoms. However, a picture of the latter can be formed only in a more or less intuitive manner, as in the Pauling theory," and the rigorous treatment of these problems is at present prevented by lack of adequate knowledge of the electronic structure of the transition elements in the metallic state. It appeared reasonable to expect that investigation of the magnetic properties, which are related to d-shell electrons, may help in clarifying the physical nature of the foregoing empirical correlation. Qualitative tests of samples of various compositions have shown that certain u alloys become ferromagnetic at liquid nitrogen temperature." The present investigation was undertaken to determine whether or not low temperature ferromagnetism is characteristic of a large variety of u alloys and to establish how the Curie temperatures of ferromagnetic u alloys are influenced by changes in composition and in lattice parameter. In the first portion of the in- vestigation, Curie temperatures were measured for a series of u alloys containing either vanadium or chromium with one or two of the elements manganese, iron, cobalt, or nickel. In the second phase of the work, data were obtained on the Curie temperature of ternary (Fe, Co, Cr)a, (Fe, Cr, Mo)a, and (Co, Cr, MO)U alloys, as a function of composition and of interatomic spacing. Experimental Procedures High frequency vacuum melting in high purity re-crystallized alumina crucibles was employed in the preparation of the u alloys, using metals whose lot analyses are given in Table I. Approximately two-thirds of the alloys were analyzed chemically, the analytical results being in acceptable agreement with the intended compositions, as seen in Tables I1 and 111. The specimens were annealed for homogen-ization in an atmosphere of purified 92 pct He and 8 pct H, mixture or in evacuated and sealed Vycor tubes at temperatures from 780" to 1300°C, depending on the temperature range of the u phase field for the particular composition. The annealing temwerature and time for kach alloy are given in Tables 11 and 111. Curie points were determined by an induction method; the change with temperature of mutual inductance between two coils was observed when the i-u specimen was inserted into the flux path between the coils. The transformer consisted of three coils each containing 1200 turns of 0.0050 in. diam enameled copper wire. The center coil, P in Fig. 1, served as the primary coil, and was linked magnetically with each of the two secondary coils, S, and S? which were connected in series opposition. The primary coil, P, was energized by an audio-oscillator, set at a frequency of 500 cycles per sec, while the signal from the transformer secondary circuit,

Jan 1, 1956

By J. F. McDermott

The problem of converting our raw coal, and especially those coals that are not suited for long storage, in other words soft, into a fuel which would be at once clean; of a high B. t, u. content and low ash, is one that has occupied the minds of many able chemical engineers and hydrocarbon technologists during the past few years. Low temperature carbonization is the present outcome of this line of research, and many methods have been evolved of recent years to turn out a serviceable, useful fuel, and at the same time, save the by-products. As most of the research and data within my experience and knowledge pertains to lignite or sub-bituminous coals, I will confine my remarks to coals of that character and grade: I might say that Colorado coals, commonly called lignite, are not in reality true lignite, but are sub-bituminous, although I have in my possession an analysis of a Colorado coal which shows a moisture of 17 per cent, volatile 31.5 per cent, fixed carbon 28.8 per cent, and an ash of 22.7 per cent, and B. t. u. less than 8,000. Even this, though useless for domestic or indeed industrial purposes, could not be classified as true lignite. However, for the purposes of this paper I will refer to these coals as lignite. Two thousand pounds, or one ton, of raw lignite carries about 20 per cent moisture. This, of course, varies in some coals, but is, I believe, a fair average. For carbonization purposes this is usually dried to a 5 per cent moisture, therefore leaving but 1,700 pounds of coal to be placed in the retort. From present knowledge, and with the average process of carbonization, 70 per cent of this coal will come out carbonized, or 1,190 pounds, to which is added about 10 per cent pitch, which is fried out as the coal passes through the retort, and which is used as a binder, making a total of 1,360 pounds of coke or carbonized coal. This is usually in appearance a dark colored, rather porous coke of about the size of pea coal. It burns without smoke and have a very high B. t. u. content. According to most authorities on this subject, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and ash constitute the only elements on which carbonization value of a coal depends, and of these hydrogen is the most important. It is claimed the value of a coal for carbonization purposes may be roughly surmised from the hydrogen content. If this is promising, that is, showing an available hydrogen content of from 3 to 5 per cent, the coal should be given a careful ultimate analysis. Should the seam, as often happens in lignite coals, show varying bands of coal of different structure or appearance, samples should be taken from each band as well as a gross sample taken down the face of the seam in the usual way. This is in order to determine what part of the seam is most promising for by-product processes. A seam showing a high nitrogen content adds to the attractiveness of the coal in carbonizing as; if available nitrogen is 2 per cent or better, it should give a very high ammonia yield.

Jan 1, 1923

By Russell Barr, Robert E. Cook

As most mining companies are taking advantage of the high market prices for base metals such as steel, copper and zinc, numerous challenges still face them. While demand is strong from countries like China and the United States, demand is still mixed in Europe. This leads to the question of how long these high prices and overall high global demand will last. The tremendous market prices of most precious and base metals have enabled many companies to pay down a significant amount of debt accrued during acquisition and capital expenditure phases. Additionally, mining companies have been able to internally fund and engage in large projects to address future growth, (Less, 2006), thus maximizing the performance of the existing asset base, driving maintenance costs down, and improving and empowering the work-force (Mining Journal, 2006). Market prices and general efficiency gains have addressed these issues to some extent. However, critical issues still face operating managers in the mineral pro-cessing side of the industry. Energy prices, for example, continue to have a negative impact on cash costs for producing an ounce of gold or ton of a given base metal (Cummins, 2003).

Jan 1, 2007

By F. H. Nehl

Ion elutriation was used to extract silver cyanide complexes and free cyanide from aqueous streams containing up to 10 ppm silver and 5 ppm free cyanide. Screening tests selected nine of 350 different surfactants for further, larger scale experiments. The screening procedure used 0.1 g of each of the surfactants in 300 mL of synthetic wastewater. Air was sparged into the test cell at 50 cc/min. The foam was refluxed during the tests and was not sampled. Samples of the solution were taken at specified intervals and analyzed by wet chemical methods for free cyanide and by atomic absorption for silver content. The most effective surfactants lowered the silver and free cyanide concentrations to less than 0.5 ppm in 1 h or less. These surfactants were quaternary amine salts with one long chain (C12-C18) organic group and three methyl groups. Experiments using 3 L batches of wastewater or an ion elutriation cell continuously fed with solution draining from an inactive heap leach operation confirmed the results from the screening tests.

Jan 1, 2010

By NA NA

In the third of its features on the new owners of the British coal mining industry, Mining Technology reports on the newest company in the field, Midlands Mining.

Jan 2, 1997

By Keith L. Harris

Real2 gross national product (GNP) grew at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.3% in the fourth quarter and at 2.5% for all of 1986, according to the most recent Department of Commerce estimates table 1). The 1986 GNP growth was the lowest since the recession in 1982, and was slightly below the estimate published in the last issue of Minerals and Materials. Barriers to greater economic growth in 1986 included the Federal budget deficit, the trade deficit, reduced energy-sector investment because of low oil prices, and uncertainty over changes in the Federal tax code.3 Major sectors of the economy responsible for the fourth-quarter growth included real Government purchases of goods and services, up $19.9 billion from the third-quarter level; real net exports, up $12.2 billion; real residential investment, up $3.0 billion; and nonresidential fixed investment, up $1.5 billion. The increase in Government purchases of goods and services was attributed to the S25.1 billion rise in net purchases of farm products by the Commodity Credit Corp-oration. Real personal consumption expenditures and inventory investment declined, however. Personal consumption expenditures declined primarily because of reduced motor vehicle purchases. Despite only modest growth during the fourth quarter, the economy improved significantly because of the narrowing of the trade deficit and growing employment (table 2) while maintaining low unemployment and inflation rates. Business sounded an optimistic note, with planned increases in current-dollar capital spending of 0.9% for 1987 compared with a 1.7% decrease in 1986. While it is primarily the nonmanufacturing industries that expect to increase investment from 1986 levels, some manufacturing industries are increasing investment by significant percentages as well, notably the steelmaking and nonferrous metals industries (table 3).

Jan 1, 1987

By E. M. J. Alenius

This paper describing the mining practices at the United Verde open-pit mine at Jerome, Ariz., is one of a series being prepared by the United States Bureau of Mines on mining practices, methods, and costs in the various mining districts in the United States. The purpose of this paper is to present the methods used in developing and operating the mine, and to discuss the problems encountered.

Jan 1, 1930

By W. S. Reid

In March, 1938, E. P. Fleming, metallurgist for the American Smelting and Refining Co. inaugurated an investigation into the possibilities of recirculating the gases from Dwight-Lloyd sintering machines operating on lead charge, with the twofold object of concentration of the SO2 content and reduction in volume of total gas produced. The possibility of recovering a commercial grade of SO2 gas from D & L machines operating on lead charge had previously been considered by several investigators. Early History of Recirculation The Selby Smelter Commission Report, published by the Bureau of Mines in 1914, contains a chapter by A. E. Wells regarding results obtained at Selby, wherein some of the richer gas was recirculated through a hood over the pallets. Oldright and Miller of the U. S. Bureau of Mines had also made tests at Trail, B.C., and at Kellogg, Idaho. R. C. Rutherford, while at the Chihuahua, Mexico, Smelter of the American Smelting and Refining Co., in May, 1937, proposed recirculation of D & L gases to decrease the volume of gas handled by the baghouse. At none of these plants, however, was the operation commercialized. In July, 1938, Mr. Fleming, in correspondence with the Selby Plant, inquired regarding the possibility of obtaining 6 pct SO2 gas from the Selby D & L machines. At that time, the writer advised that there was slight possibility of obtaining 6 pct SO2 gas without re- circulation, but believed that it was possible with recirculation, and that experimental work toward that end should be tried at some plant where spare D & L machines were available. The foregoing statement was based on the following information then available— 1. Tests on Selby first-over machines showed 2.28 pct SO2 from first windbox and 1.03 pct SO2 from second windbox, and corresponding figures for second-over charge of 0.81 pct SO2 for first windbox and 0.08 pct SO2 for second windbox. 2. Oldright and Miller (US. Bureau of Mines) in 1932 at Bunker Hill, on 42 in. X 22 ft machines found: a. First-over charge—Maximum SO2 concentration (leaving cake) of 9.5 pct. b. First-over charge—SO2 concentration of over 8 pct from the 4 ft to the 12 ft points beyond the front dead-plate and that the concentration then dropped rapidly. c. That approximately 80 pct of the total sulphur eliminated on the second-over machines occurred during the travel of the pallets from the 1 ft to the 6 ft distances from the dead-plate. d. That approximately 94 pct of the total sulphur eliminated on the second-over machines occurred over the first windox. 3. Oldright and Miller (US. Bureau of Mines) in 1932, at Trail, on 42 in. X 50 ft machines found: a. First-over charge—SO2 varied from 2.0 pct to 5.5 pct (leaving cake) from the 12 ft to 28 ft points from the deadplate. b. That the average SO2 increased from 1.0 pct at 7 ft from dead-plate to maximum of 3.3 pct at 20 ft, then dropped to 1.5 pct at 40 ft. c. That on a 22 ft, second-over machine with an 11 in. bed the SO2 varied from 4.5 pct to 6.5 pct from the 2 ft to the 8 ft points from the dead-plate. d. That on the final roast, the SO2 concentration also varied across the pallets; that is, 2 1/2 pct at the side, increasing to 6.0 pct, 5 in. in, and to 7.0 pct at 10 in. to 20 in. in, then decreased vice versa at the opposite side. e. Concluded that most of the sulphur on a 22 ft machine was removed over the first 7 ft of the first windbox; therefore, they partitioned the first windbox so that the exit gas from the second 4 ft section was returned to the surface of the pallets over the fist 7 ft section, and during a seven-day trial the gas from the 4 ft section averaged 2.4 pct SO2, while the recirculated gas from the first 7 ft section only increased to 3.8 pct SO2. (Excess suction over the 7 ft section to prevent escape of SO2 laden gas from the 4 ft section caused dilution by air.)

Jan 1, 1950

By Thomas S. Jones

This Bureau of Mines publication reviews characteristics, manufacture, and uses of natural and synthetic iron oxide pigments. Supply and demand trends within the domestic industry and in foreign trade are presented for 1955 through 1976. Iron oxides are expected to continue in demand for traditional uses, and if anything, to be favorably affected by technological developments. Imports have been significant in relation to domestic production, most notably for synthetic oxides from West Germany and Canada.

Jan 1, 1978

By Michael Davis

In the fairly recent past, with a history of cheap and abundant energy, it has been possible to predict with reasonable confidence that world energy demand would continue to double about every 15 years. Those who attempted to forecast the role of nuclear energy in future electricity generation could also start with the fairly safe assumption that electricity demand would increase even faster : with a doubling in demand about every 10 years. To estimate the likely future world demand for uranium it was then necessary to introduce a number of other assumptions including the rate of penetration of nuclear energy, the timing and the specific fuel requirements. This series of assumptions naturally compounded the uncertainty, but, remarkably, usually led to future uranium demands being overestimated. Such a bias which has almost always been observed in predictions made over the past 20 years has increasingly made uranium producers sceptical when expected to match the forecast demand with increased production capacity and supporting reserves. This scepticism has, of course, been reinforced by the persistence so far of a buyers' market in uranium throughout the entire period of emergence of commercial nuclear electricity generation.

Jan 1, 1974

By Francis Perron

The Directive 019 on mineral industry, which was officially adopted in 1989, is the main tool used by the Quebec Ministry of Environment for the environmental evaluation and control of mineral exploitation projects presented for approval. This document contain the environmental guidelines which must be met by all the mineral companies during and after exploitation. The Directive 019 also contain all the information required by the Quebec Ministry of Environment in order to fully analyse the environmental impacts caused by the mineral projects proposed to the Ministry for approval. The proposed modifications of the Directive 019 cover many new topics that were not addressed in prior editions, these include : water recirculation, groundwater protection, tailings management and post exploitation environmental controls.

Nov 1, 2002

By Kevin M. Ansdell, Irvine R. Annesley, Christine L. Mckechnie

The U-Th-REE mineralization at Fraser Lakes Zone B is hosted by granitic pegmatites and leucogranites, which lie along the deformed contact between Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary gneiss of the Wollaston Group and Archean orthogneiss, approximately 25 km from the southeastern edge of the Athabasca Basin. The pegmatites/leucogranites are subcordant to concordant with the regional foliation and are concentrated within a northeast-plunging antiformal fold nose, the study area, which lies west of Fraser Lakes. The mineralized pegmatites/leucogranites in the western part of the study area (Group A) are typically enriched in U (± Th) with Th/U ~1, and contain uraninite, thorite, zircon, and allanite. Those intruding the central part of the study area (Group B) are generally enriched in Th and LREE, with Th/U >2, and contain monazite, thorite (commonly U-enriched), and zircon. The pegmatites and leucogranites in Group A tend to be slightly enriched in SiO2 and depleted in TiO2 relative to those in Group B and are interpreted to represent more evolved crustal melts. Both groups are peraluminous and show varied chemistry. Partial melting (~850ºC and 9 kbar) of a metasedimentary rock-dominated source, entrainment of accessory minerals as xenocrysts, and assimilation-fractional crystallization processes combined to enrich the granitic pegmatites/leucogranites in U, Th, and REE elements. Transfer of melt from the source region to the crystallization sites was assisted by deformation within and along major structural zones, such as the folded Archean-Paleoproterozoic discontinuity. The character of mineralization and structural control in the study area is reminiscent of the alaskite-hosted deposits at Rössing, Namibia.

Jan 1, 2013

By Oliver Bowles

ROCK is no doubt the most abundant of all material things because the planet on which we live is made of it. All animal and vegetable organisms and the multitude of natural and manufactured products that occupy a comparatively insignificant film on the outer surface of the planet are derived from rock. Processes of Nature acting for untold centuries have transformed rock into soil, making possible the development of vegetable and annual life; and rocks have supplied the numerous raw materials, metallic and nonmetallic, wherewith the innumerable appurtenances of a complex civilization have been fabricated. As time goes on we live with increasing speed and with enlarged desires. Time and space are shortened by man's ingenuity, and products for human use must be manufactured with greater and greater celerity. It was inevitable that Nature's slow processes of rock alteration should fail to keep pace with human demands and that the variety of natural products should fall far short of the requirements of an industrial age. Man therefore supplemented these processes by attacking rock in its native bed amid using it to supply needs not otherwise satisfied.

Jan 1, 1934

By Cornelius F. Kelley

DURING the war, events moved with unprecedented rapidity. Situations, industrial, economic and financial, arose over night that stressed to the uttermost the ingenuity and ability of those who dealt with them. It was essentially a time demanding action rapid and concentrated, and not one for discussion, either academic or polemic. As a result, matters of importance were necessarily transacted without the desirable opportunity being afforded of enabling a general understanding to be gained as to the relative merit or demerit involved, and in some instances, legislation essential to enable the consummation of an important matter was passed without attracting the public attention then deeply engrossed in the larger aspects of the situation. The result was that so long as the public mind was occupied, little or no concern was given to questions that ordinarily would have invited immediate attention; and in some instances, only when as an aftermath of war a particular subject has become a matter of discussion, criticism not altogether fair is made without first obtaining accurate knowledge as to the conditions that prevailed, the purpose sought to be accomplished, or the results obtained by the action taken.

Jan 1, 1921