Search Documents

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page 1 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?71 1 3 2 Bethlehem, Pa August, ?71 1 10 3 Troy, N Y November, ?71 1 13 4 Philadelphia, Pa February, ?72 1 17 5 New York, N Y May, ?72 1 20 6 Pittsburg, Pa October, ?72 1 25 7 Boston, Mass February, ?73 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa May, ?73 2 3 9 Easton, Pa October, ?73 2 7 10 New York, N Y February, ?74 211 11 St Louis, Mo May, ?74 3 3 12 Hazleton, Pa October, ?74 3 8 13 New Haven, Conn February, ?75 3 15 14 Dover, N J May, ?75 4 3 15 Cleveland, 0 October, ?75 4 9 16 Washington, D C February, ?76 4 18 17 Philadelphia, Pat June, ?76, 5 3 18 Philadelphia, Pa October, ?76 5 9 19 New York, N Y February, ?77 5 27 20 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?77 6 3 21 Amenia, N Y October, ?77 6 10 22 Philadelphia, Pa. May, ?78 6 18 23 Chattanooga, Tenn May ?78 7 3 24 Lake George, N.Y. Oct. ?78 7 25 Baltimore, Md. Feb. ?79 7 26 Pittsburgh Pa, May ?79 8 27 Montreal, Canada Sept, ?79 8 28 New York, N.Y. Feb, ?80 9 29 Lake Superior, Mich Aug, ?80 9 30 Philadelphia, Pa. Feb, 81 9 31 Staunton, Va May, 81 10 32 Harrisburg, Pa Feb, 81 10

Jan 1, 1938

By E. Martinez

The effect of ultrasonic energy transmitted through a liquid on chrysotile asbestos was investigated. Ultrasonic energy was effective in fiberization of chrysotile crudes as well as standard grades of milled asbestos fibers. Treated samples of several grades of milled fibers had increased wet bulk volumes and decreased settling and filtration rates compared to untreated fibers. Ultrasonics may be a method for fiberization of chrysotile without decreasing length or use of chemical additives that alter surface properties. Cavitation of the liquid on the surface of fiber bundles is believed to be the cause of the fiberization. It was found that ultrasonic energy greatly increased the rate of precipitation of latex on asbestos. When chrysotile asbestos fibers require additional opening or fiberization, the usual method employed is some type of high speed impact or grinding to open the fibers and produce a larger surface area. These methods always cause some degradation in length due to breaking of fibers. In addition, the efficiency of mechanical methods decreases as the diameter of fiber bundles decreases. Chemical methods have been proposed and it is claimed that fiberization down to individual fibers of 200-300 A diam is possible with some wetting agents. However, large amounts of reagent are required, approximately EDWARD MARTINEZ is with Central Research Laboratories, American Smelting and Refining Co., South Plain-field, N.J. TP 63H226. Manuscript, Aug. 12, 1963. Discussion of this paper, submitted in duplicate prior to Mar. 15, 1964, will appear in SME Transactions, September 1964, and AIME Transactions, 1964, vol. 229. 50 pct of the weight of fiber treated, and some of the wetting agent remains on the surface of the chrysotile and cannot be removed by any solvent which does not destroy the asbestos.' This investigation was directed at determining whether ultrasonic energy transmitted through a liquid would be effective in fiberizing chrysotile asbestos. Samples of asbestos crudes and commercially milled fibers were treated; settling and filtration rates of treated and untreated milled fibers were obtained. EQUIPMENT A Westinghouse Corp. ultrasonic cleaning system WEHH was used in this investigation. See Table I for a breakdown of this ultrasonic unit. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Fiberization of Chrysotile Crudes: Samples of chrysotile crudes were pulled apart with tweezers so that coarse bundles of fiber approximately 1/16 in. in diam were obtained. The bundles were put into a bottle with 200 ml of methanol and the mixture placed into the ultrasonic tank for 30 min at a power output of 1200 w. The test was repeated using water instead of methanol. During the irradiation it was noted that the surfaces of the bundles were being fiberized. The liquid eventually became cloudy with dispersed solids. Fig. 1 is an electron micrograph of the fibers, some reduced to unit dimensions, and a fine material released by the ultrasonic energy. The platy particles in Fig. 1 were identified by electron diffraction and differential thermal analysis as brucite, Mg(OH)2, which must have been intergrown in the chrysotile crudes. Electron micrographs of bulk specimens of chrysotile have shown a fine material filling the interstices between tubular fibers.2,3 Electron diffraction patterns of the fine material collected after ultrasonic treatment indicate that it is amorphous. After decanting the solution, bundles of chrysotile remained somewhat decreased in diameter. Continuing the ultrasonic irradiation of the remaining material resulted in additional fiberization. The opening of the fibers occurred in both methanol and water. Cavitation of the liquid by the ultrasonic energy is undoubtedly responsible for the fiberization. When sound waves are transmitted through a liquid at a

Jan 1, 1963

LIST OF THE MEETINGS OF THE INSTITUTE AND THEIR LOCALITIES FROM ITS ORGANIZATION Transactions Number Place Date Vol Page 1 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?71 1 3 2 Bethlehem, Pa August, ?71 1 10 3 Troy, N Y November, ?71 1 13 4 Philadelphia, Pa February, ?72 1 17 5 New York, N Y May, ?72 1 20 6 Pittsburg, Pa October, ?72 1 25 7 Boston, Mass February, ?73 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa May, ?73 2 3 9 Easton, Pa October, ?73 2 7 10 New York, N Y February, ?74 211 11 St Louis, Mo May, ?74 3 3 12 Hazleton, Pa October, ?74 3 8 13 New Haven, Conn February, ?75 3 15 14 Dover, N J May, ?75 4 3 15 Cleveland, 0 October, ?75 4 9 16 Washington, D C February, ?76 4 18 17 Philadelphia, Pat June, ?76, 5 3 18 Philadelphia, Pa October, ?76 5 9 19 New York, N Y February, ?77 5 27 20 Wilkes-Barre, Pa May, ?77 6 3 21 Amenia, N Y October, ?77 6 10 22 Philadelphia, Pa. May, ?78 6 18 23 Chattanooga, Tenn May ?78 7 3 24 Lake George, N.Y. Oct. ?78 7 25 Baltimore, Md. Feb. ?79 7 26 Pittsburgh Pa, May ?79 8 27 Montreal, Canada Sept, ?79 8 28 New York, N.Y. Feb, ?80 9 29 Lake Superior, Mich Aug, ?80

Jan 1, 1923

[Executive J. V. W. REYNDERS, Chairman WILLIAM H. BASSETT E. DEGOLYER I-I. C. BELLINGER RICHARD PETERS, JR. Finance GEORGE OTIS SMITH, Chairman H. A. GUESS F. JULIUS FOHS Admissions GEORGE D. BARRON, Chairman DAVID LEVINGER P. A. MOSMAN H. K. MASTERS J. A, SINGMASTER Alternates F. G. BREYER C. W. HAMILTON F. E. PIERCE]

Jan 1, 1928

By Hubert E. Risser

Although, for about a half-century the percentage of coal production provided through strip mining has steadily increased, recent trends indicate that a peak in percentage (not tonnage) is being approached, principally because of the decline in economic adrantage enjoyed by strip mining compared to underground mining. Factors contributing to the decline are the decrease in the margin of advantage in manpower requirements held by strip mining; an increase in depth and volume of overhurden, requiring larger equipment and capital investment; increasing lack of reserve land blocks large enough to support extensive strip mining operations; more stringent legislation for reclamation of stripped land, with increasingly higher costs of such reclamation; and the increasing costs of land surface rights for strip mining. Already there has been a peak and suhsequent decline in relative importance of strip mining insome major Eastern coal-producing states; trends indicate that a peaking for the whole Eastern region is on the way. Although, in the West the pressures are less severe, they will, nevertheless, reduce to an increasing degree the advantage that strip mining has possessed. For about half a century, strip mining has been providing an ever-increasing share of total coal output in the United States, and in the past 30 years this share has grown from less than 8% to 33.7%, as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 1 also shows that strip mining is gaining faster in the West than in the East. From 1961 to 1967, output from strip mines grew 63.6 million toqs, or 52.2%. Certainly there is nothing in such performance to indicate any peaking in the level of strip coal-mine production. But the fact is that, if not in actual tonnage, strip mining appears to be reaching its peak in relative importance, at least east of the Mississippi River. And the area east of the Mississippi provides 90.0% of the strip and 94.9% of the total coal production of the nation. The relative economic advantage which spurred strip mining's growth for a third of a century has been diminishing markedly in recent years. Fig. 2 shows evidence of this decline. From 1947 until 1961, strip tonnage output remained fairly stable, at the end of the period showing only a 12.5% decline. Meanwhile, underground coal production fell 44.5%. As the result of the greater decline in underground coal, strip coal in 1961 furnished 30.3% of the total coal produced, compared to only 22.1% in 1947. In the succeeding six years, however, underground coal output increased by 76.5 million tons, while strip output increased only 63.6 million. Further evidence of the strengthening of underground coal's relative position — or if you will, the weakening of strip coal's position — can be found in the major coal stripping states: Illinois, West Kentucky, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, and West Virginia, which in 1966 provided 80% of the nation's strip coal. Fig. 3 shows what has been happening in three states lying in the Appalachian field and in the total output of these three states. In the figure, the column height represents the output of coal mined by all methods. The number at the base of each column is the percentage mined by stripping. In Pennsylvania and Ohio, the percentage of strip mining increased between 1956 and 1961, but by 1966 had declined from the 1961 level. In West Virginia, a decline occurred during the first five years but was followed by a rise. In January 1968, Coal Age published an article listing the locations and capacities of new large mines in the planning and construction stages that would be operating by 1968-1971. The plans for West Virginia and Pennsylvania indicated all the new mines would be underground. Except to the extent they might replace existing under-

Jan 1, 1970

By I. H. Van Horn

IN the development of the incandescent electric lamp one aim of the investigators has been to establish the fundamentals of lamp design, so that the performance of any new lamp may be accurately predicted. The study of the temperature relations in lamps has done much toward establishing these fundamentals. Fig. 1 gives the typical FIG. 1.-ARRANGEMENT OF PARTS IN MAZDA B AND MAZDA C LAMPS. arrangement of the lamp parts in both the Mazda B (vacuum) and Mazda C (gas-filled) lamps. The outstanding differences are the filament form and the bulb shape. The ideal lamp is one in which the filament operates at a uniform temperature throughout its length. In practice, it is necessary to disturb this uniformity by the introduction of supports and terminals. The amount of cooling at the supports and terminals affects the over-all efficiency of the filament as a light producer. The life of the lamp is ordinarily proportional to the maximum and not to the average filament temperature. The Holborn-Kurlbaum type of optical pyrometer has

Jan 9, 1919

By K. H. Coats, M. H. Terhune

Analysis and example applications have been performed to compare the accuracy and computing speed of alternating-direction explicit and implicit procedures (ADEP and ADIP) in numerical solution of reservoir fluid flow problems. ADIP yields significantly greater accuracy and requires about 60 per cent more computing time than ADEP, not 300 or 500 per cent more as reported elsewhere. l,2 INTRODUCTION Several recent papers 1-3 discuss an alternating-direction explicit difference approximation (ADEP) to the diffusion equation. Example applications of ADEP and ADIP4 were reported to support conclusions that ADEP is comparable in accuracy to ADIP and requires one-fifth to one-third the computing time of ADIP. Applications of ADEP in calculation of two-phase flow in reservoirs was also proposed. 3 This study was performed to compare further the relative merits of ADEP and ADIP in simulation of two-dimensional flow of one and two fluid phases in reservoirs. Since two-phase flow equations are often essentially elliptic rather than parabolic, the efficiency of ADEP in solving the elliptic equation was also examined.

Jan 1, 1967

By P. Niessen, W. C. Winegard, C. J. Beingessner

DURING the last 10 years, several grain-growth studies have been made using zone-refined metals with controlled amounts of solute to elucidate the interaction of solute with moving boundaries. In all these studies, it was more or less implicitly assumed that the alloys used were, after recrystallization and grain growth, homogeneous within the grains with respect to solute and lattice defects. This note deals with observations made on microstructures originating from solidification of dilute alloys and from grain growth. Briefly, the experimental procedure used in these studies was the following: zone-refined cadmium and master alloys were melted and cast in Pyrex under vacuum to produce bars 14 mm in diam and about 150 mm long. These bars were cut into 8-mm-thick slices which were mechanically and chemically polished. The specimens were then deformed 30 pct in compression and given a 1-week anneal at 260°C in argon. After this anneal, a second deformation produced completely recrystallized samples 4 mm thick. The time-temperature controlled anneals were carried out in a bath of silicone oil. After the grain-growth anneal, the specimens were polished in Gil-man's' solution (33 g CrOs, 6 g NazSO, in 100 ml of water). Several etches were used depending on the alloy investigated, but mostly a mixture of concentrated HC1 and HNOj (98:2 vol) was employed. In all the alloys examined, the ease with which substructures could be revealed depended strongly on the crystallographic orientation of the surfaces of the grains. However, very frequently the microstructures to be discussed here etched up over broad areas comprising several grains. Fig. 1 is a micrograph of a Cd-0.05 at. pct Mg alloy annealed for 100 sec at 270°C. Different substructures are seen in this photograph. A denotes the now existing grain boundaries. The well-defined lines and points marked B are the remains of a solidification substructure. The lines are boundaries between cell colonies, and the points are nodes located on regular two-dimensional cells. This cellular structure has the same appearance as that found by weinberg2 for rapidly quenched Zn-Au alloys. The "ghost boundaries", marked C, are very similar in appearance to a grain boundary array in a polycrystalline sample. Repeated polishing and etching showed that all the substructures observed were three-dimensional. To date, the ghost boundaries have been clearly observed in all samples containing 0.005, 0.01, 0.05, and 1 at. pct Mg, and in samples containing 0.01 at. pct Zn. Attempts to outline these ghost boundaries in cadmium alloys containing 0.01 at. pct Ag and Au were only partially successful. In these alloys, parallel lines, having a resemblance to the ghost boundaries in the Cd-Mg and Cd-Zn alloys, were observed, but it was not possible to obtain complete arrays of ghost boundaries which extended over several grains. It is possible that a different etch than that presently employed would reveal the ghost boundaries in the Cd-Au and Cd-Ag alloys as clearly as in the Cd-Zn and Cd-Mg alloys. A close examination of the ghost structure showed that it consisted of linear etch-pit arrays, Fig. 2. The ghost boundaries were resolvable even in grains which showed over-all faceting due to the etching, as seen in the corner of Fig. 2. The general appearance of the ghost structure suggests that it originated during grain growth. This is supported by the observation that the mesh width in the ghost-boundary array generally increased with increasing final grain size. To test whether the ghost structure was formed during the long homogenizing anneal or during the grain-growth anneal, some as-cast samples were deformed and given a grain-growth anneal. This anneal was terminated by air cooling or

Jan 1, 1967

By C. H. Mathewson

CONSIDERABLE progress has been made during the last few years in analyzing the action of plastic deformation in metallic crystals. This is due largely to the development of X-ray spectrographic methods for studying changes in the orientation of single crystals, or of conglomerates, as they occur during the process of plastic deformation, but partly to the widespread knowledge of suitable technique for preparing large (single or variously combined) crystals for direct crystallographic observation under stress or in various conditions of strain. These two methods of studying changes in the crystalline structure of metals may of course be used in conjunction with features of mutual support, but unfortunately the advantage of direct crystallographic observation is lost when we proceed to the study of severely cold-worked structures, owing to the occurrence of real or apparent crystalline discontinuities which become more and more complicated as the amount of plastic action increases. Furthermore, the X-ray methods do not appear to be adequate, at least in their present stage of development, to fix definitely the character of structural alteration in the parent crystal lattice by plastic deformation. The principal question at issue concerns the nature of the crystalline particles that remain after plastic deformation. These are generally known in our American metallurgical literature as crystalline fragments,' and they seem, indeed, to diffract as individuals causing the Hull pattern of a severely cold-worked metal to resemble the pattern of a fine powder,2 with certain features of preferred orientation among the particles deter- mined by the manner and intensity of cold working. We must freely concede that there are conceptions of lattice alteration, apart from that of simple fragmentation, which would account for an increasing number of lattice positions according to X-ray spectrographic observation as the degree of deformation increased.

Jan 1, 1927

By L. Adler

Two basic cases involved in the design of an opening in bedded rock are: 1) where the beds deflect from each other so as to be separated; and 2) where the beds deflect onto their lower neighbor, loading the latter while reducing their own load. Analysis of case 1 is relatively simple, while the interference of the original deflection curves in case 2 complicates analysis of the latter. Figures and formulae are presented for determination of interference loading in this situation. The design of an opening in bedded rock involves two basic alternatives.1'2 In one case the beds deflect away from each other, so as to be separated from their neighbors; in the other case the beds deflect onto their lower neighbor, loading it, while reducing their own load. This is shown in Fig. 1. The first case lends itself to a simple analysis, since the upper and lower boundaries of each beam remain a free surface. In the latter case, however, due to the interference of original deflection curves, the analysis is more complex. Earlier investigators of this interference problem solved it by making the tacit assumption that this type of loading was uniformly distributed along the beam's length. While there is no intuitive justification for this assumption, its use does lead to an approximate solution. Still, a more exact solution does not require this apparently unrealistic restriction. To achieve initial simplicity, the analysis will at first be limited to a two-bedded sequence, as in Fig. 2. Since both beams have identical end conditions and spans, the original deflections of their center lines are members of the same family of curves, as shown in Fig. 3. Therefore, if interference occurs at one point along their center lines, it will occur at every point. For convenience, the midspan point is that usually examined. Deflection at midspan for a uniformly loaded beam regardless of end conditions is: where c is a constant depending on end conditions; w is the body load and equals yh, lb per ft; y is the specific weight of rock, lb per ft'; L is the span, ft; E is Young's Modulus, lb per ft2; I is moment of inertia (for a rectangular section), I = bh3/12 = h3/12, (ft4); b is the width of beam and equals one; and h is the thickness of beam, ft; or 3U > yB an Substituting the appropriate values into Eq. lb, interference between the two beds can be predicted. Should it occur, the additional loads along the lower boundary of the upper bed and the upper boundary of the lower bed must be determined. From the principle of action and reaction, these added loads are known to be equal and opposite, as indicated in Fig. 4. Since the final deflection curves for both beds are identical (Fig. 3), their successive derivatives of y with respect tox must also be identical. That is:

Jan 1, 1961

By Jack L. Taylor

As expected from similar crystal structures and favorable atomic size factors, titanium, vanadium, and molybdenum are completely soluble in one another above the transformation temperature of titanium. The fl phase parameters of the continuous solid solution are shown graphically. Limiting compositions for retained fl phase have been determined. VANADIUM and molybdenum both have body-centered-cubic structures at all temperatures and, from the atomic diameter comparison factor, 3.9 pct, would be expected to form a complete series of solid solutions. The existence of complete solubility has been confirmed by work' at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Furthermore, vanadium and molybdenum have favorable atomic size factors to form complete binary solid solutions with the B phase, high temperature form of titanium, which also has body-centered-cubic structure. Pietro-kowsky and Duwez' and Hansen et al." have established the existence of the complete series of solutions in these binary systems. It would be logical, therefore, to expect that p-titanium, vanadium, and molybdenum would be completely soluble in one

Jan 1, 1957

By Paul Billingsley

THE purpose of this paper is a comparison, based on genesis, of the ore deposits associated with the igneous rocks of the central Montana Rockies. Considered separately, without attention to their origin, the orebodies appear to be distributed haphazard, with no fundamental laws controlling their position and character. It is believed, however, that if all the factors be weighed, this apparent confusion will to a large degree disappear. The, first essential to such a comparison is detailed knowledge of the individual mines, as to their geographic position (see Fig. 1), their mineralogical character, and in particular the derivation of their ores.1 The authors of this paper have pursued such an investigation for the past 6 years, and have accumulated a mass of evidence that enables a preliminary correlation to be attempted. It appears that the majority of ore deposits are genetically related to one or another of the igneous

Jan 4, 1917

By D. B. RUSHhIORE

I. INTRODUCTION. OF primary importance in mine-installations is the hoist, which has a very direct bearing on the successful operation of a mine. Conditions vary greatly with different mines, and especially in different localities. Such factors as depth, incline, the number of levels, permissible or desirable speeds, conditions of ore, etc., are always more or less special in each case. Veins of ore are never exactly duplicated, and the nature of the ground through which shafts are sunk may considerably modify permissible values. As mining-laws are made by the different States, they necessarily vary somewhat, and, even when not fully observed, they introduce factors which qualify the conditions of hoisting men and ore. The amount of timbering required is often of importance as relating to hoisting-conditions. Methods of loading ore affect the time required, as also does the question of the use of cars or skips. Safety-precautions must be very carefully considered, and the number of men in each mine, the number of compartments, and often the method of removing water from the mine, must. have careful consideration. While a general discussion of the subject. of hoisting is possible, most cases are entirely special, and can be considered only in connection with the peculiar conditions pertaining to that particular installation. The cost of installation of the hoisting-plant may be an appreciable amount, while the cost of raising the ore may be but a small part of the total operating-charge. In many cases, however, the output of the mine is limited by the capacity of the hoist, and the latter thus becomes of the first importance. * Presented also, by mutual agreement, at the meeting of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, New York, N. Y., Mar. 11, 1910.

May 1, 1910

By Henry Louis

THE work performed by the Royal Commission on Mining Subsidence is likely to prove of permanent value, less perhaps for the conclusions it has reached and for the recommendations it has based upon these than for the admirable exposition which it affords of the law concerning mining subsidence and of the legal status of the person who has suffered damage by reason of such subsidence, as also of him whose working has caused the damage. The Commission was appointed by Royal Warrant in the middle of 1925 and delivered its final report in the middle of 1927. The terms of reference to the Commission were as follows: "To consider the operation of the law relating to the support of the surface of the land, and of buildings or works on or under the surface, by underlying or adjacent minerals; to enquire into the extent and gravity of the damage caused by subsidence owing to the extraction of minerals and the incidence of the resulting liability; and to report what steps should be taken, by legislation or otherwise, to remedy, equitably to all persons concerned, any defects or hardships that may be found to arise in existing conditions."

Jan 1, 1929

By W. A. Tiller, J. D. Harrison

HOT pressing of powder particles has gained importance recently, since it affords a method in which high densities are rapidly attained. In a recent study on hot pressing of alumina powders, Mangsen, Lam-bertson, and Best1 have shown within the limits of their experiment, the validity the rate equation for densification in hot pressing, originally proposed by Murray, Livey, and Williams.2 i.e., where D = fraction of theoretical density, t = time, P = pressure and 77 is the viscosity, all in appropriate units. This equation was derived from earlier work of Shuttleworth and Mackenzie3 which is based on the closing of spherical pores under the action of surface tension. The integrated form of this equation yields a straight-line relation between log (1 - D) and t. Such conditions were found by Felten4 to be true only after extended periods of pressing. In an endeavor to quantitatively evaluate the exactitude of this equation in the initial sintering stage, i.e., prior to sealing of the pores, spherical anti-

Jan 1, 1962

By G. H. Wigton

THE oxidized ores of the Chief Consolidated Mining Co., in the Tintic mining district, have never yielded to metallurgical treatment by any standard method except smelting. These ores occur in comparatively small, irregular, siliceous replacements in limestone, and carry silver, lead, and gold as the principal valuable metals. But smelting methods. are unsatisfactory, as the lead smelters heavily penalize the large amount of silica in the ore, and the copper smelters do not pay for the lead in the ore; therefore, an alternative treatment method was sought. In 1916, a metallurgical research department was organized under; the direction of the writer. Many standard metallurgical methods were investigated but, on oxidized ore, none yielded extraction great enough to make its use feasible. During some chloridizing-roasting experiments in 1916, made in an assay muffle, the writer noted that large proportions of the silver, lead, and gold were volatilized from certain oxidized ores. The possibility of volatilizing the metals and collecting them in the form of a concentrated fume was then studied. But, as it was shown that satisfactory chloride-volatilization would be limited to a furnace feed with a high fusing temperature of the non-volatilizable constituents, and as the results obtained in a rotary kiln with the admixture of common salt with the ground ore were inferior to muffle tests, further volatilization experiments were discontinued until 1920. During this interval, an experimental sulfidizing and flotation plant was operated. After the cessation of attempts to float the oxidized minerals, chloride-volatilization experiments were resumed. The highly infusible flotation. tailing from the operation of the flotation mill was used for furnace feed. The first tests made on flotation tailing mixed with 10 per cent. common salt showed -nearly complete lead and gold volatilization but considerably less volatilization of silver than in muffle tests. In attempts to increase the silver extraction, the percentage salt in the furnace feed was varied, and it soon became apparent that the use of smaller percentages of salt raised the fusion temperature of the furnace charge and thus,

Jan 8, 1925

By W. A. Burns

Vertical flow is an important mechanism in many petroleum reservoirs. Yet no adequate method has heretofore been proposed for determining the in-situ vertical permeability in a reasonable length of time. Core measurements of vertical permeability do not necessarily represent effective in-situ values. Cores may be representative of only localized pockets of high or low permeability, and total reliance on cores might cause one to overlook the presence of vertical fractures altogether. Conventional single-well tests, interference tests, and pulse tests commonly are used to determine horizontal transmissibility, khh/u, but generally are not designed to measure vertical trans-missibility or other groups containing vertical permeability, ku. A new well test described here provides a measure of in-situ vertical permeability as well as the previously measurable horizontal permeability. This "vertical test" determines the vertical diffusivity, kv/gcu, and horizontal transmissibility, khd1/u (where dl is the length of injection or production perforations). The test is basically a short-term interference or pulse test normally lasting less than a day. Conventional down-hole equipment is used between two isolated sets of perforations in the same well, as shown in Fig. 1. A "layer-cake" description of a reservoir can be obtained by running two or more vertical tests in the same well, each over different vertical intervals. Each test can be analyzed for the effective vertical and horizontal properties of the interval tested. In addition, a vertical well test can determine the effective- ness of a shale barrier or tight zone by testing across it. Field use to date of vertical testing has confirmed its utility in reservoir description. Mathematical Basis Interpretation of vertical tests for ku and kh is based on comparison of measured pressure response with computer-generated response. Pressure behavior during a vertical test in a homogeneous, anisotropic, infinite-acting reservoir (infinite in radial extent and bounded in both directions vertically) is given by the diffusion equation for slightly compressible fluids with negligible gravity effects.l A schematic diagram of the problem is presented in Fig. 2, and an analytic solution, based on the image

Jan 1, 1970

By G. W. Thomas

Jan 1, 1967

By D. M. Davidson, P. F. Kerr

The Permian Cutler Formation in Kane Creek, Utah bears uranium ore in fissure-type vertical veins. This fissure vein formation and its associated host rock bleaching, weak argillic alteration, and base-metal sulfide mineralization along with the development of hydrothermal minerals, a 60 m.y. isotopic Pb/U age, and well-crystallized uraninite's structural control, give evidence of ore deposition in a hydrothermal environment consistent with Laramide mineralization. Mica polymorph studies indicate first, that temperature during the hydrothermal alteration or subsequent ore deposition did not exceed 200°; hence Cutler deposits are classified telethermal; and secondly, that rock alteration and ore deposition are closely related both in time and space, as is seen in argillic alteration sequence. Ore deposition in an alkaline to slightly acid reducing environment is postulated. Ore textures and mineral associations and distributions also indicate that carbonate complexes may have been transported with the deposing ores. Bleached rock formations are not primary strati-graphic phenomena. Bleaching, or changes in ferric iron content, results from a chemical process involving reduction and conversion of hematite to a soluble aqueous ion. Nearby Chinle bedded deposits (Moss Rack sandstone), containing shale lenses, fossil wood, organic debris and minor fractures, overly the Cutler formation. Chinle ores have a single reported isotopic age of approximately 200 m.y. Their chemical environment is assumed similar to that of the Cutler ores, though slightly more acidic. Two genetic, paradoxically divergent interpretations of the bedded deposits are derived from available spectrographic, petrographic, X-ray and chemical analyses. Kane Springs canyon is located southwest of Moab, Utah, south of the Colorado River and northwest of the Lisbon Valley mining district (Fig. 1). Uranium deposits occur along the northeast flank of a Kane Creek salt anticline where two geologic formations bear ore, the Permian Cutler and the Triassic Chinle. The Cutler deposits' fissure vein formation is an unusual occurrence in the Colorado Plateau. The Chinle deposits appear to be of the normal sedimentary type. Associated with the vein deposits are a number of features, including argillic alteration of sedimentary strata. The minerals of these deposits and their associated features have been studied in detail in a two year program entailing both field and laboratory techniques. STRATIGRAPHY A stratigraphic section of the lithologic units in the Kane Creek area is given in Table I.

Jan 1, 1967

By H.A. Bedworth

AlloTs of copper and silicon have been known for one hundred years or more but the commercial development of this type of alloy has taken place during the past few years. In 1905, Sperry l proposed the use of copper-silicon alloys for springs and other purposes for which copper-tin bronzes were used. Some attention was given to this proposal at the time but no one succeeded in producing a practical alloy containing more than a fraction of a per cent. of silicon. The equilibrium relations of the copper-silicon system were studied first by Rudolfi2 and later by Sanfourche 3 and Corson. 4 The constitution of the system has also been recently investigated by Matuyama, 5 and in the laboratories of the American Brass Co. by Smith. 6 Some of the physical properties of the copper-silicon alloys have been investigated by Norbury7 and by Geiss and Van Liempt.8 Summarizing the results of various investigators of the constitution of copper-silicon alloys, the solubility reaches its maximium value, 6.7 per cent. silicon, between 721" and '782" C. At 852" (1. the solubility is 5.25 per cent., while at 400" C. it is only 4.1 per cent. silicon. The copper-silicon alloy begins to get so hard at about 3 per cent, silicon that it is difficult to manage. It was found by Jacobs that the addition of manganese to this alloy considerably improved the working

Jan 1, 1929