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By M. I. Kalashnikova, Y. M. Shneerson, E. E. Zhmarin, Y. V. Degtiarev, E. M. Vigdorchik

Separation of a magnetic fraction from nickel concentrate following matte flotation, and its treatment in a separate circuit enable reduces precious metals losses. The magnetic fraction is treated in two stages of oxidative leaching: atmospheric and pressure leaching. A study of the atmospheric stage, using mathematical modelling, is described in this paper. The mathematical model and experimental data were used to carry out industrial process calculations. The model enabled extrapolation of the results of batch laboratory test to industrial-scale continuous processing and the selection of optimal process conditions and large-scale equipment. In December 2004, commercial oxidative leaching tests were performed on the magnetic fraction at the Severonickel Plant (Monchegorsk, Russia). A comparative analysis of the mathematical modelling results and the actual process parameters is presented.

Jan 1, 2005

By A. A. Lavrinenko, N. I. Gluhova, L. M. Sarkisova, D. V. Makarov

"The investigated sulfide Cu-Ni ores are characterized by low PGE contents and emulgated impregnations of pentlandite and palladium minerals in the main ore-forming mineral pyrrhotite, which hinders their selective separation, requiring a collective flotation of sulfides to concentrate, and hydrometallurgical processing. As revealed by studies of floatability of Pt-Cu-Ni ore in a mixture of butyl xanthate and chelating phosphorus containing reagents, the most effective additive is Aerophine 3416 (a phosphinates mixture) manufactured by Cytec. Using collective flotation with a butyl xanthate – Aerophine 3416 composite in the ratio of 1:3 has afforded to enhance the Pt, Pd, and Ni recovery by 13.6 %, 9.2 %, and 9.4 %, respectively. The optimal ratios of Aerophine 3416 to butyl collector for the collective flotation are the following: 1:1 for Pt and Pd and 3:1 for Ni. The effect of these reagents on the electrode potential and surface hydrophobicity of pyrrhotite, pentlandite, and platinum black has been investigated. The extraction UV spectrophotometry experiments demonstrate that DIBDTPI exists on the pyrrhotite surface mainly in the form of disulfide in weak acid medium and in the form of compounds with Fe on the mineral surface in minute amounts. There appears some disulfide and few amount of (DIBDTPI)2Ni on the surface after interaction of DIBDTPI and pentlanditeINTRODUCTIONXanthates are widely used in flotation of copper-nickel ores containing platinum group metals (PGM) as sulfides collectors which can concentrate the most part of PGM connected with the sulfides. Though xanthates are hardly efficient for flotation of free PGM, the latter are floated more slowly compared to the sulfides of base metals. The reasons for poor floatation of free (mineral) forms of PGM are under-researched, however the key accepted reasons are: fine disseminations of free PGM, insufficient interaction with xanthate and negative influence of blue copperas and sulfur-containing ions which are sulfides oxidation products (Penberthy et al. 1999; Shackleton et al., 2007). That’s why an additional collector, normally dialkyldithiophosphates, is used during flotation of PGM-containing copper-nickel ores. A reagent DP-4 is used for recovery of PGM at Norilsk mining and metallurgical plant. The reagent represents a slightly-soluble organic calcium sulfonate which is given to flotation pulp in the form of water emulsion of 5% - solution in automotive diesel oil."

Jan 1, 2016

By Alessandro Navarra, Kristian Waters

Mineral concentrators are designed from preliminary geological data, and are therefore subject to geological uncertainty. This uncertainty has a demonstrable impact on the mining lifecycle, and has motivated stochastic strategic mine planning algorithms. The current paper describes how these algorithms may be extended to consider mineral processing operations in conjunction with open-pit mining operations. In particular, the paper describes an effective way to incorporate variable concentrator feed grade into these algorithms, which is the first step toward more elaborate representations of mineral concentrators. The resulting framework will be able to connect geological data to alternate configurations of the downstream resources, hence comparing the benefit of each configuration, and the corresponding capital investments. Sample computations are presented, comparing the NPV and utilization for several different mineral processing capacities.

Jan 1, 2015

By S. Esfahani, M. Barati

Heat recovery from blast furnace slags is often contradicted by another requirement, to generate amorphous slag for its use in cement production. As both the rate and extent of heat recovery and slag structure are determined by its cooling rate, a relation between the crystallization kinetics and the cooling conditions is highly desired. In this study, slags with different basicities were studied during non-isothermal cooling. Their continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagram were plotted and compared with each other. Then, a mathematical model was developed that predicts the amount of crystallization during cooling. The results were validated by experiments performed by Single Hot Thermocouple Technique and image analysis. A second mathematical model that calculates temperature history of slag during its cooling was coupled with the above model, to allow optimizing the slag/air ratio for both heat recovery and slag glass content.

Jan 1, 2015

By Neil Schofield

"The estimation of recoverable ore reserves for feasibility in precious metal deposits such as Pine Creek must account not only f or the extreme variability of the ore grade but also for the complexity of the geology. Compatible models f or both must be adopted. Further, very selective mining demands reserve estimates be based on small selection units whose individual grades cannot be estimated reliably from the exploration drilling data.Multigaussian kriging is one method based on a multivariate normal model for estimating recoverable reserves under such conditions. In this paper, a non-mathematical description of the multigaussian model is presented together with its application to the Pine Creek Gold Deposit. The results, when compared to the first year of production, are encouraging for the model but not without surprises.Together, Part 1 and Part 2 of this study combine a detailed and geologically conditioned variogram analysis with an appropriate estimation method for a highly variable low-grade gold deposit. This and other studies of gold deposits familiar to the author show convincingly both that while the appropriate geostatistical skills and techniques are necessary to tackle the question of reserves, equally important but often discounted is the need for an appropriate and compatible geological model. IntroductionThe Pine Creek gold mineralization is associated with saddle reefs, and quartz and quartz- sulphide veining within the Enterprise Anti cline. The anticlinal structure is complex and, prior to mining, the mineralization was considered to be mainly strata controlled. Grades vary up to 160 grams in l .5rn core samples with coefficients of variation in excess of three.The estimation of the recoverable reserves for such a depo sit must account for both the geological complexity and the extreme variability of the gold grade.Part 1 of this work presented the geological model for the deposit and summary statistics 0 f the gold data. A detailed structural and variogram analysis considered both gold grades and the normal score (or gaussian transform) of these gold grades for different composite sizes."

Jan 1, 1988

"Real-time, on belt analysis of minerals is becoming increasingly important and critical in modern operations, especially in the mine-to-mill. Prompt gamma neutron activation analysis has long been utilised for real-time elemental analysis in bulk materials, with Scantech's GEOSCAN being the instrument of choice in the minerals sector. Working in the minerals space for 15 years, the GEOSCAN has been successfully implemented in a wide range of minerals applications including iron, copper, lead-zinc, manganese, phosphate and more, and it caters for the very high demands and increasing requirements of a contemporary processing facility. An area of focus has been on increasing the analysis frequency to allow for rapid analysis results with the same high degree of accuracy typically expected of the GEOSCAN. This paper discusses the underlying research and technology that has enabled such rapid analysis and presents a range of examples using a thorough statistical approach on real production material, demonstrating achievable accuracy over a short analysis time, and dispelling common myths about the speed of the technique. Potential applications are discussed to conclude the paper.INTRODUCTION Technology and the information it can provide plays a critical role in the evolving modern mineral processing landscape. The importance of technology to analyse various features of ores and concentrates being processed is obvious, and recent years has seen the advance of numerous technologies to provide a variety of real-time measurements on conveyed material flows. From sampling apparatus to particle size analysis to weight and density meters to full elemental analysis, the availability of information enables a variety of improvements in the process leading to improved efficiency and increased revenue. To maximise the potential benefits, access to real-time information is imperative, and rapid updates of information become necessary to make appropriate process control decisions based on the most relevant and up-to-date information."

Jan 1, 2017

By T. L. Tanton

Introduction Sturgeon River area, on the east side of lake Nipigon, Ontario, was the scene of a gold rush in 1934. According to press reports, the active staking during the latter part of the summer spread out rapidly from the early holdings until it embraced practically all of the lower basin of Sturgeon river in a belt up to ten miles wide extending west from Kinghorn for 35 miles to lake Nipigon. And, before winter set in, active prospecting and claim staking reached beyond lake Nipigon to areas where belts of ancient schists were known, notably west of Obonga lake. The writer's familiarity in past years with the areas to which attention has been directed admits of some observations on means of access in the field, the general geology, and the progress that has been made in identifying formations favourable for the occurrence of gold. Canoe Routes From the writer's observations in Sturgeon River area in 1917 and in the Obonga Lake area in 1933, it is recalled that there is, locally, a striking dif~ ference in the accessibility of the two areas by travel along canoe routes. Sturgeon River area is easily accessible from Kinghorn or Jellicoe stations on the Canadian National railways. Many small lakes, commonly of the linear type and with elongations east and west, occur among the forested rocky ridges near Jellicoe (Figure 1) and to the east and west along, or adjacent to, Sturgeon river. This stream has long stretches with gentle current between the falls and rapids. The drainage system provides excellent canoe routes (Figure 2), and the interruptions to travel (Figure 3) are remembered .as scenic features that were passed by portages with firm footing. West of Obonga lake, the streams flowing easterly to lake Nipigon may be followed through scenic canyons to a plateau of law relief characterized by extensive muskegs and shallow, brown-water lakes; and along small streams, where beaver dams have been destroyed, there are muck ponds where the usual alternatives of paddling or portaging can be dismissed in favour of the 'moosing' method of progress with the canoe (Figure 4).

Jan 1, 1935

By D. C. R. Espinosa, P. Aliprandini, F. P. C. Silvas, J. A. S. Tenório, M. M. Jiménez Correa

"Nickel ores are divided into two types: sulfide deposits and lateritic deposits. About 60% of nickel resources are found in laterite ore, while the remaining 40% is contained in sulfide ore. Laterite ore is usually processed via pyrometallurgical means or through hydrometallurgical techniques that include acid leaching and metal value recovery from solution. In this study, copper and nickel adsorption by Dowex M4195 ion exchange resin from an acidic sulfate liquor was investigated. The acidic sulfate liquor was collected from an atmospheric leaching process (AL) of laterite ore. Ion exchange experiments were conducted in a batch system by varying parameters such as pH, time, metal concentration and temperature. Initially, mono-elemental synthetic solutions of nickel and copper were used in the experiments and then a synthetic solution simulating AL liquor was tested. Test results showed that the resin exhibited high selectivity towards copper and nickel, however, a high concentration of iron in the synthetic AL solution interfered with the recovery of nickel and cobalt by the resin.INTRODUCTION Nickel is one of the most important industrial metals in the world. It is widely used in industrial applications, such as the production of stainless steel, magnets, electroplating and special alloys (Dizge et al., 2009). The main sources of industrial nickel production are sulphide deposits; only 40% of industrial production uses lateritic ores. However, it is estimated that 60% of global nickel resources are found in nickel laterite deposits (Kuck, 2016). Since industrial nickel demand continues to grow, the development of new technologies for the extraction of nickel from laterite ores has become an interesting research topic (Agatzini-Leonardou, 2009)."

Jan 1, 2017

By Alessandro Navarra, Amir Arash Rafiei, Kristian Waters

Mathematical programming (MP) is fundamental to systems engineering and operations management, but has not been widely adopted by mineral processors. The current paper presents an interdisciplinary approach, using MP to incorporate basic notions of mass balancing into an optimization framework. The optimization is typically related to economic profitability. Two- and three-product formulas are extended to give formal descriptions of alternate modes of operation, and a global representation of the concentrator. At this global level, the framework may assist plant managers to make tactical decisions based on incoming feed data. The MP framework is demonstrated through sample calculations describing a lead-zinc concentrator.

Jan 1, 2015

By Qing-hua Tian, Xue-yi Guo, Fei Li

A novel process for the preparation of a-Al2O3 from secondary aluminum dross was studied. Factors including alkali dross ratio, salt dross ratio, smelting temperature, smelting time, leaching temperature, leaching time, and the solid-liquid ratio, which possibly influence the transfer of Al into water were studied, and the feasibility of using seed precipitation as a treatment technology of the leachate was discussed. The optimum condition of the process was determined as: alkali dross ratio 1.3, salt dross ratio 0.7, smelting temperature 500°C, smelting time 60min, leaching temperature 60°C, leaching time 30min, solid-liquid ratio 1:4. The results show that using the seed precipitation method, the leaching of aluminum reaches 92.71%, demonstrating the technique as a feasible and effective treatment technology of the leachate.

Jan 1, 2011

By Sylvain Picard

"RESUMELe gisement Silidor représente la dernière découverte effectuée dans le camp minier de Rouyn-noranda (fin 1985). Située à 5 km à I' ouest-nord-ouest de Rouyn-Noranda, ce gisement aurifère doit être mis en exploitation au cours du mois d’avril 1990. 11 est constitué par plusieurs facies minéralises comprenant une tonalité, un dyke mafique, une brèche carbonatée et par une veine de quartz. L’or se présente en particules très fines associées ou non à la pyrite. La zone d’altération hematitisee se développe sur une largeur de 30m environ de chaque cote de la veine. Une première étude structurale montre que la minéralisation s’est mise en place le long d’une zone de tension, orientée NNW, résultant de I' interaction de deux zones de cisaillement dextre orientées N270° et N300°. Les réserves diluées sont évaluées jusqu’ à 700 m de profondeur, à 4,78 Mt à 5,4 g/t Au. ABSTRACTThe Silidor ore deposit, located 5km WNW of Rouyn-Noranda, is the latest discovery made in the Rouyn-Noranda mining camp. Discovered at the end of 1985, this gold deposit will begin production in the spring of 1990. The deposit comprises several facies including a tonalite, a mafic dyke, a carbonated breccia and quartz vein. Gold is present as very fine grains, associated or not with pyrite. A 30m wide hematized alteration zone is developed on both sides of the structure. A structural analysis shows that the mineralization took place along a NNW oriented tension zone that resulted from the interaction of two dextral shear zones, oriented N270 and N300 respectively. The diluted ore reserves are estimated at4,78 Mt at 5,4 g/t down to a depth of 700m."

Jan 1, 1990

By A. Y. Senchenko, S. G. Rybkin, A. V. Aksenov

In gravity processing of gold-containing ore the target produced concentrate which is high gold grade primary concentrate contains a significant amount of cassiterite (SnO2). The plant attempts aiming at concentrate processing using a standard pyrometallurgical technology did not provide any positive results. The present paper is dedicated to development and testing of improved technology for pyrometallurgical processing of rich gold primary concentrate with high cassiterite content. According to material composition study primary concentrates produced at the plant contained 1.5–2.0% Au, 0.1–0.3% Ag, 55–65% SnO2, 20–25% Fe2O3, and 10–15% Fe3O4. The developed technology included alkaline nodulizing of primary concentrate mixed with sodium hydroxide and carbonate at 350–650°? with cake production. In blend nodulizing stannum and iron passed into sodium stannate (Na2SnO3) and sodium ferrate (NaFeO2) respectively. The blend of cake and fluxing agents was smelted at 1,150–1,200°? resulting in dore gold and slag production. Sodium stannate with 360°? melting point is well dissolved in slag system Na2OSiO2- B2O3-CaO. During plant tests 18.5 kg of high gold grade primary concentrate were processed, 1350 g of dore gold and 75 kg of slag were produced. Dore gold contained 16.5% Au, 0.95% Ag, 78.0% Sn, 3.1% Fe. Slag contained 12.4 g/t Au, 6.7 g/t Ag, 9.8% Sn, and 5.6% Fe. Gold recovery to target alloy was equal to 99.58 %, 87.8% of Sn passed into slag. This new technology was accepted for application at the plant.

Jan 1, 2016

By S. Beskri, N. Geoffroy

When metallurgical plants are designed, a lot of consideration is almost always given to material selection and possible damage mechanisms. Materials engineers are generally involved and will strive to select optimal alloys or refractories for the design conditions. Once in operation however, things often change. Equipment is overstressed to increase production, corrosive leaks are not always promptly addressed, proper welding procedures are disregarded, etc. This paper describes various cases from the mining and metals industry where serious mishaps, associated consequences, and costs could have been avoided if simple and proactive steps had been taken. It also presents a strategy, based on safety reviews, to help predict and prevent damage to critical pieces of equipment.

Jan 1, 2015

"SART technology is a useful tool for improving the economics of gold recovery from certain types of complex gold ores. SART liberates cyanide consumed by base metals such as copper, zinc and nickel, and enables the newly freed cyanide to be recycled to precious metals leaching while producing high-grade base metal sulphide concentrates for sale. The benefits of SART include the reduction in cyanide consumption, avoidance of cyanide destruction costs, minimization of risks of environmental non-compliance due to residues of cyanide destruction reporting to mine effluents, and generation of extra revenue from the sale of base metal concentrates. Concerns with SART typically include uncertainties around capital and operating costs and proper integration of SART into the overall metallurgical flowsheet. This paper presents two case studies addressing these concerns. The first involves actual costs of the full scale SART integrated into a gold heap leach operation and treating up to 500 m3/hr of leach solution at a mine in Mexico. The second involves field pilot testing and a preliminary cost estimate for integrating SART into a silver mine in Peru using Merrill Crowe.INTRODUCTION One of the current trends in the gold industry globally is the increasing importance of complex polymetallic gold deposits as discoveries of large Carlin type gold deposits become increasingly rare (Sceresini, 2005). The presence of cyanide soluble copper and zinc in complex gold deposits necessitates changes in traditional gold extraction metallurgical flowsheets. One of the tools available to the industry to help deal with interferences of cyanide-soluble base metals in gold extraction is the SART (sulphidization-acidification-recycling-thickening) process. SART breaks the weak acid dissociable (WAD) base metal-cyanide complexes, precipitates the metals as high-grade sulphide concentrates and makes the freed cyanide available for recycle. Although SART is a commercially available technology, it is still relatively new to the industry. Fewer than ten (10) full scale plants have been constructed in the past couple of decades. Some of these SART plants are small, most are located at remote sites, and the majority have not operated on a continuous basis. This has resulted in a general lack of information in the industry about the true costs, operability and metallurgical performance of SART. BQE Water has been involved in the design, construction, commissioning and operation of large scale SART plants in Mexico, Turkey and Chile and has conducted field testing programs as part of the technical assessment of SART integration into various metallurgical circuits. Having built and operated numerous plants utilizing selective sulphide precipitation of heavy metals, BQE Water has gained unique insight into the design and control of the sulphidization stage of SART to minimize costs and ensure high efficiency in cyanide recovery."

Jan 1, 2017

"There are a number of disciplines in the minerals industry for which concern has been expressed regarding the sustainability of human capital. The boom-bust cycles that occur in the industry, the trend in tertiary education towards consolidation or in some cases cessation of minerals related programs and the increasing frequency of fly-in fly-out operations can all contribute towards a decline in the number of professionals with basic skills in process mineralogy. This paper describes approaches taken by the authors to incorporate process mineralogy into three levels of education, namely undergraduate, recent graduate and experienced professionals. The primary objective in designing the learning activities is the development of authentic learning experiences that provide participants with relevant skills in process mineralogy. Selected examples of approaches used by other education groups globally to address this issue are also provided.INTRODUCTIONThe boom and bust cycle of the mining industry has trickle down effects in tertiary education in terms of the ability of universities to consistently provide high quality graduates with relevant skills. When the commodity price surged in 2002 skills shortages in critical resource related professions were reported and despite investment in skill development there was a view from employers that not enough young people were graduating from relevant education programs (PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2012). At the time this signalled positive growth for engineering disciplines catering to the mining industry, however during the downturn cycles, most recently since 2012, graduates exiting from the discipline can find employment difficult and this contributes to reduced enrolments in subsequent years. From an AusIMM (Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy) members’ employment survey conducted in 2013, more than half of the graduates exiting from disciplines related to mining and minerals were not confident of finding employment (AusIMM, 2013). In the long term the concern is not only how to sustain enrolment and graduate numbers but also to provide the opportunity for students to acquire the professional skills that they require to make them attractive to industry.Maintaining and sustaining core competencies in the minerals discipline is an ongoing challenge. There have been a number of recent papers on this issue presented at international conferences (e.g. McCaffrey et al, 2014; Drinkwater and Napier-Munn, 2014) and there is general agreement that one of the ways in which the deficit in foundation concepts can be addressed is through workplace development. Drinkwater and Napier-Munn (2014) presented data from a survey of industry professionals that indicated that more than 90% of respondents undertook on average 30 days of training each year of which approximately 5 days was professional short courses."

Jan 1, 2016

By S. Usui, Y. Shinohara, C. Tokoro, K. Horiuchi, S. Owada

Process optimization of heating and physical separation for Cobalt (Co) recycling from spent lithium ion battery (LIB) was investigated. LiCoO2 in spent LIB was transformed to LixCoO2 which was more easily decomposed than LiCoO2 by heating. Coexisting materials of aluminum and carbon, and sealed atmosphere of the LIB promoted LixCoO2 decomposition. In an atmosphere of Argon, 95 % of LixCoO2 in the spent LIB was decomposed to 76 % of Co oxide and 19 % of Co metal in 10 min at 823 K; a lower temperature than the theoretical value for LiCoO2. The Co oxide and Co metal exhibited magnetic properties and could be recovered by wet magnetic separation. Furthermore, slow heating was effective for grain growth of Co oxide and Co metal. At 2 K/min rate of heating, average grain size of Co oxide and Co metal were 239 µm and 28 µm respectively, whereas at 30 K/min they were 190 µm and 15 µm respectively. Therefore, separation efficiency for Co recovery by wet magnetic separation was increased when spent LIB was slowly heated at 2 K/min.

Jan 1, 2015

By Georges Houlachi, Raynald Labrecque, Jean-Noël Cloutier

"Electrodialysis (ED) is an electro-membrane technology based on electrochemical process using electrical energy for the production of chemicals. The process can be used for concentrating, extracting, separating products, modifying molecules, purifying solutions, pH adjustment and regenerating salts into their base and acid. This paper reviews the principle of ED, present some of the different options and discuss applications that are relevant to the hydrometallurgy and mining industries for the treatment of effluents focusing on recovery of chemicals (acid and metals) and recycling of water minimizing the environmental footprint.INTRODUCTIONElectrodialysis (ED) is usually defined as an electrochemical separation process in which electrically charged membranes and an electrical potential difference are used to separate ionic species from an aqueous solution and other uncharged components [1]. ED technology consists of an electro-membrane technology based on an electrochemical process using electrical energy for the production of chemicals. It is a method combining electrolysis and dialysis was proposed for the first time in 1890 by Maigrot and Sabates [2]. In the late 1930s Teorell, Meyer and Sievers discussed membrane phenomena, revealed membrane potential, electric conductivity, transport number [3]. Meyers and Strauss introduced a multi-compartment ED apparatus consisting of two electrodes and a stack of ion-exchange membranes between them [1]. They succeeded to double the concentration of a KCL solution [3- Tarleton]. In general, ED consumes less energy than electrolysis to perform salt splitting. In that regard, one can expect an energy reduction of about 30% [4–5]. ED offers a great versatility in the domain of separation processes. Indeed, it can be used for concentrating, extracting, separating products, purifying by desalination, pH adjustment and regenerating a salt to acid and base components. This paper reviews the principle of ED, presents various options available and discusses potential applications relevant to the mining and metallurgy industries with economics of some successful industrial applications."

Jan 1, 2016

By J. Zachwieja

As part of a general review on study of surfactant blinding agents to improve gold recovery during cyanide leaching of carbonaceous gold ores, processes of CIL and RIL leaching using surfactants were investigated. When refractory ores were treated by surfactants, CIL and RIL leaching processes yielded significant improvement on gold recovery. This paper will discuss and compare the laboratory results from two different leaching processes on preg-robbing ores, as well as, illustrate the difference of potential fouling of the blinding agents on activated carbon and resins.

Jan 1, 2015

By Audrey Wagenaar

Introduction ?? Rising public pressures are being placed on companies worldwide to protect the environment and the health and safety of their workers and local communities. ?? International bodies and shareholders want to make sure developments and companies can meet internationally acceptable standards for EHS. In 2005, Golder Associates was asked by the IFC to conduct a comprehensive review and update for their Environmental Health & Safety Guidelines including the mining sector.

May 1, 2008

By Bob Drew, Goran Vukovic, Bojan Zivanovic, Klaus Gamweger

Reaction bath temperature is a major factor in processing liquid metals and in many applications where a balance between process duration and temperature has to be found to run a procedure efficiently. Also extremes of temperature can decrease the output of a process if too cold or even make it impossible, conversely overheating can be detrimental to both the product and furnace integrity. With the help of the new online temperature measurement system very accurate monitoring of the process is possible in contrast to the current routine practice where the temperature is measured periodically with dip thermocouples. The system works with a digital, fiber optic pyrometer, which is embedded in a refractory housing. Installation in the lining is possible below liquid level as nitrogen is blown to keep the system open and to ensure continuous sight from the optical head of the pyrometer to the molten metal through the tuyere. This permanent temperature measurement gives optimal process control with the potential of taking appropriate actions at an early stage enabling proactive process control. Therefore energy savings and even process endpoint detections can be realized.

Jan 1, 2015