Search Documents

By Joseph Bernhardt

THE Cornwall Ore Mines, Division of the Bethlehem Steel Co., at Cornwall, Lebanon County, consists of two separate magnetite ore bodies, approximately one mile apart. The one ore body was an outcrop in which open-pit mining operations were begun in 1742 and continued without interruption. This mine is also served by a shaft for mining that portion of the ore body not recoverable by open-pit methods. The other property had no outcropping and is entirely an underground operation. This mine, cap-tioned No. 4 mine, is serviced by two shafts 220 ft apart. The No. 4 shaft is for hoisting rock and ore, and the No. 5 shaft is for handling men and ma- terials. The shafts are on a catenary curve, closely following the dip of the ore body. Slope of the shafts at the collar is 36", flattening to 26" at the bottom. The footwall at Cornwall is a traprock which varies structurally from solid to highly fractured. Grizzly stations at the top of each chute raise were reinforced by setting timber sills on concrete. Occasionally it was necessary to concrete the entire chute raise. Concreting was done by using 35-yd electric mixers set up in the breaking subs. Sand, stone, and cement were hoisted up through the chute raises to the breaking subs. Late in 1937 it was decided to eliminate chute raises and breaking subs in future development. Haulage levels are 50 ft apart vertically. When ore is below a 40 " dip, slushing drifts are driven normal to the haulages and on 40-ft centers. In a few areas, ore dips greater than 40" and slushing drifts are then placed parallel to the haulage drifts. Finger raises are opposite each other and on 20-ft centers making 20x20-ft draw areas (fig. 1). For loading

Jan 1, 1951

By Joseph Bernhardt

THE Cornwall Ore Mines, Division of the Bethlehem Steel Co., at Cornwall, Lebanon County, consists of two separate magnetite ore bodies, approximately one mile apart. The one ore body was an outcrop in which open-pit mining operations were begun in 1742 and continued without interruption. This mine is also served by a shaft for mining that portion of the ore body not recoverable by open-pit methods. The other property had no outcropping and is entirely an underground operation. This mine, cap-tioned No. 4 mine, is serviced by two shafts 220 ft apart. The No. 4 shaft is for hoisting rock and ore, and the No. 5 shaft is for handling men and ma- terials. The shafts are on a catenary curve, closely following the dip of the ore body. Slope of the shafts at the collar is 36", flattening to 26" at the bottom. The footwall at Cornwall is a traprock which varies structurally from solid to highly fractured. Grizzly stations at the top of each chute raise were reinforced by setting timber sills on concrete. Occasionally it was necessary to concrete the entire chute raise. Concreting was done by using 35-yd electric mixers set up in the breaking subs. Sand, stone, and cement were hoisted up through the chute raises to the breaking subs. Late in 1937 it was decided to eliminate chute raises and breaking subs in future development. Haulage levels are 50 ft apart vertically. When ore is below a 40 " dip, slushing drifts are driven normal to the haulages and on 40-ft centers. In a few areas, ore dips greater than 40" and slushing drifts are then placed parallel to the haulage drifts. Finger raises are opposite each other and on 20-ft centers making 20x20-ft draw areas (fig. 1). For loading

Jan 1, 1951

By B. H. Sage

IN recent years there has been an increase of interest in the flow of gases at relatively high pressures. Hydrodynamic calculation of the energy losses in the flow of gases in conduits, as well as through the porous solid materials constituting natural petroleum reservoirs, requires a knowledge of the viscosity of the fluid at the pressure and temperature involved. Although there are numerous publications concerning the absolute viscosity? of hydrocarbon gases at atmospheric pressure, there appears to be little information available relating to the effect of pressure upon the viscosity of these gases. Vogel28 determined the viscosity of methane at 32° F. and atmospheric pressure. His measurements at 32° F. were later substantiated by the measurements of Rankine and Smith17 at 63° and 212° F. Ishida12 also reported values for the viscosity of methane at atmospheric pressure. Trautz and Kurz26 measured the viscosity of propane at atmospheric pressure, from 83° to 530° F., by the use of a short capillary tube. Rap-penecker18 determined the viscosity of gaseous isopentane at elevated temperatures. Day' made an accurate investigation of the effect of pressure upon the viscosity of n-pentane and isopentane at pressures from 2 lb. per sq. in. ? to the vapor pressure at 77° F. (approximately 9.8 and 13.3 lb. per sq. in., respectively). Earhart5 reported data upon the viscosity of several natural gases measured by the long capillary-tube method. The viscosity of air, at atmospheric pressure and 73.4° F., was measured by Harrington7 by the rotating-cylinder method. Kellstrom13 has recently made an elaborate investigation of the viscosity of air at atmospheric pressure. The latter work is perhaps the most accurate investigation of the viscosity of a gas that has been made. .

Jan 1, 1937

Division of Geology, State of Tennessee, 401 Seventh Ave, North, Nashville, Tenn. Walter F. Pond, State Geologist A selected list of Bulletins available: Bulletin 1(B), Bibliography of Tennessee geology (1911); 2(A) Outline introduction to mineral resources (1910), 2(D) Marbles (1911); 2(G) Zinc deposits (1910), 16, Red iron ores of east Tennessee (1913), 22, Geology and natural resources of Rutherford County (1920), 24(A) Geology and oil possibilities of parts of Overton, Clay, Pickett and Fentress counties (1920); 24(B) Oil and gas resources of northeastern Sumner County (1920), 26, Mineral resources of Waynesboro Quadrangle (1921); 28, Marble deposits of East Tennessee (1923), 29, Magnetic iron ores of east Tennessee (1923), 31, Zinc deposits of east Tennessee (1923), 33, Tennessee coal fields, 37, Geology and mineral resources of Hardin County, 38, Stratigraphy of the Central Basin (in press), 39, Brown iron ores of the Eastern Highland Rim (in press) From 1911 to 1919, inclusive, volumes were issued annually on The Resources of Tennessee Only a few of the separate papers contained in those volumes are now available Vol. 2 (1911): No 1, Explosions of coal dust in mines, and other papers, No. 4, Lignite and lignitic clays in west Tennessee, and other papers; 5, The growth of knowledge of Tennessee geol¬ogy; 9, The valley and mountain iron ores of east Tennessee, 10, The iron industry of Lawrence and Wayne counties, and other papers; 11, Barite deposits in the Sweetwater district, and other papers, 12, The iron ore deposits in the Tuckalioe district, and another paper Various oil maps (15 to 40 cents each) and traverse maps of counties (25 cents and 31 each) can be had, as well as pertinent U. S topographic maps.

Jan 1, 1933

By J. M. Sands

Describes important developments in, four counties, all of which brought in 40° oil. Indications are favorable for the future, although the daily production of the agate decreased 19,000 bbl. during the year 1923. THE state of Kansas had a daily average crude-oil production of about 87,000 bbl. at the beginning of the year. This showed a steady but consistent decline during the 12 months, so that the daily average production at the end of the year was slightly over 68,000 barrels. GREENWOOD COUNTY THE most active development in Kansas during the year was in Green-. wood County, in a line from near Sallyards in T 25-R 9 to east of Madison in T 22-R, 11. The main part of. this development has been in a succession of pools beginning at the south with the Polhamus pool in 34-24-9 and 3 and 4-25-9; Thrall pool in 28, 29, 32 and 33-23-10; Burkett pool in. 13, 23, 24 and 26-23-10; Seeley and Wick pool in 22, 27, 28, 32 and 33-22-11 and 5, 6, 7, and 8-23-11; Frohm pool in 11, 14 and 15-22-11; Madison pool in 31 and 32-21-12 and 6, 22, 12 and 1-22-11. Some of these pools, have two or more sands, locally called Bartlesville and Burgess Sands. They range in. depth from 1850 ft. near Madison to 2450 ft. near Sallyards, the general dip being to the west. The thickness of these sands runs from 20 to 100 ft., the initial production of the wells being 50 to 1000 bbl. of 40-gravity oil or better.

Jan 3, 1924

By Harry C. Wiess

PETROLEUM has come to be one of the most important and essential of the mineral re- sources of the nation. It is the most advantageous source of mineral fuels and of lubricants, and as such it has provided in large measure for the phenomenal development in our modern means of travel and in the facilities for transportation by land, sea, and air. Without it the remark- ably rapid industrial and social progress in our country during the past thirty years could not have occurred. In view of its important place and the fact that petroleum is irreplaceable and existent in limited quantities in nature, its conservation is essential.

Jan 1, 1939

The growth and influence of Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd. in the nickel producing industry has been quite phenomenal. Although the company's Lynn Lake deposit in Manitoba was actually dis- covered in 1941, it was not until 1945, when men and materials were more readily available as a result of the end of World War II, that the area was staked and news of the discovery leaked out. As a result of the discovery, Professor Frank Forward of the University of British Columbia was commissioned by Eldon Brown, then President and Man- aging Director of Sherritt, to develop a new nickel refining process. A pilot plant, based on the results of Professor Forward's research, was constructed in Ottawa, and after the successful testing of the Lynn Lake ore, Chemical Construction Co. was given a con- tract in 1952 for construction of a producing plant. By 1954, the Fort Saskatchewan refinery was operating at an annual production of 15 million lb of nickel metal in the form of briquetts or powder. Capacity has since been increased to 30 million lb.

Jan 10, 1968

By F. Twyman, D. M. Smith

THOSE chemists (they are still greatly in the minority) who use the spectroscope, use it very often, and find it almost indispensable. As a means of detecting minute quantities of the metals it is unrivalled. A metal can be readily distinguished in the presence of any other element, compound, or mixture without the necessity of separation. The qualitative analysis of the metallic constituents of a substance, which the spectroscope gives so easily, is a sure basis for planning a chemical analysis. As the determination of each element proceeds the purity of precipitates may be checked as often as desired. If, possessing these advantages, the spectroscope has been neglected in general chemistry, it is not surprising that it was neglected in metallurgical chemistry; for many of the impurities which are of industrial interest, even when they are present in a metal or alloy in small quantities, are not then always easily detected by the examination of their visible spectrum. The history of the development of the art has been given in Bureau of Standards Scientific Paper No. 444.

Jan 1, 1928

By H. H. Moss

OXYACETYLENE .cutting has experienced rapid development in the last few years and greater advances and expansion and broader application may be expected in the immediate future. Marked changes in cutting practice may be expected as a result of the advances in metallurgical science that have produced special alloy steels with properties requiring different cutting techniques than for ordinary low-carbon steels. Much current attention is being directed to those problems of modified cutting practices. Cutting has thus ceased to be merely a shaping problem. It is rapidly coming to have a predominantly metallurgical aspect. The problem is no longer how to cut a given shape, but how to cut a given steel. The answer

Jan 1, 1936

By Zay Jeffries

Each generation accepts the developments of the preceding generations without full appreciation of the difficulties that had to be overcome or of the effect of any given development on society. Today, the production of pig iron is the yardstick with which general industrial health and progress are measured. So natural and logical does this seem to us, that it is difficult to picture conditions prior to the fourteenth century when pig iron was unknown. Not only was pig iron unknown but iron or steel could not be melted and poured into castings; all iron and steel articles were forged from sponge iron. All castings, as well as many worked articles, were made of non-ferrous metals or alloys. In many parts of the world, over long periods of time, not only was the annual exchange value of non-ferrous metals greater than that of iron and steel, but their combined tonnage was greater. At present, the value of the pig iron produced in a year is of the same order of magnitude as that of all non-ferrous metals combined; the tonnage of pig iron is, however, about twenty times that of all non-ferrous metals combined. Owing to lack of records, we will probably never know the relative importance of the various metals at all periods in historic times. A certain conclusion is that the iron and steel industry, since the discovery of pig iron and the cheap methods of converting it into steel, has grown at a much more rapid rate than the non-ferrous metal industries. Notwithstanding their fundamental fitness for man's needs, iron and steel owe their importance in no small degree to the low cost of production. The low cost was a result of increased knowledge of the production appliances and of the metallurgical processes. This increased knowledge is the key to our modern industrial civilization. It will remain for future generations to determine whether there is now going on a gradual change toward greater importance of the non-ferrous metals, as compared to iron and steel. The world's pig iron production in 1920 was slightly more than twice what it was in 1890, whereas the non-ferrous metals production in 1920 was about two and one-half times that in 1890. Every non-ferrous metal industry has shown marked growth during the last thirty years. During this period, the production of cop-

Jan 1, 1924

By M. R. Geer, H. F. Yancey

Four coals were treated in the Humphreys spiral concentrator, and the products were examined by float-and-sink and screen-sizing tests to determine fundamental performance characteristics. The efficiency of the separation between coal and impurity was shown to be influenced greatly by particle size.

Jan 1, 1950

By AIME AIME

TWO days of solid discussion, with barely time out for meals, characterized the Tulsa meeting of the Petroleum Division. It was preeminently an earnest gathering devoted to technical matters. Sessions were held in the Crystal room of the Mayo Hotel with luncheon served each day in the back of the same room so that talk of methods, while slightly less formal, extended right through the lunch hour. Thursday evening the Committee did provide a little relaxation in an informal dinner at the Tulsa Club where, after a brief musical program and an amusing skit by the local Herman the Great, brief addresses in non-technical vein were made by President Farish and Vice-president Rice of the Humble Company, Henry L. Doherty of Cities Service, Secretary. Bain of the Institute, and others. The presence of leading executives of a number of the oil companies at the dinner and the sessions, and the cordial approval they expressed of the work of the Division were especially gratifying. The total registration was 215 with 100 at the dinner and 70-to 80 lunching together each day.

Jan 1, 1930

By S. J. Swainson

PHOSPHATE ROCK is a low- priced commodity. This fact has influenced the choice of mining and beneficiating methods to a greater degree, perhaps, than in most other low-grade mining operations. The fact that many yards of everburden and matrix must be stripped and mined per ton of salable "rock" produced and sold has necessitated he development of relatively simple btneficiating plants having high capacity and low capital and operating costs. The law of diminishing returns must always be reckoned with in phosphate mining and washing, and often recovery must be sacrificed in favor of costs in order to achieve the highest over-all economic efficiency. The phosphate-bearing formation, known as "matrix," is composed of (1) phosphate pebbles, which are somewhat rounded in shape and which vary in size from 1-in, to micron sizes, (2) rounded quartz grains usually smaller than 10 mesh, and (3) clay, of varying "stiffness," which is the binder of the matrix. The phosphate pebbles vary in hardness. Their color, which varies from white to black, is not a reliable indicator of the Bone Phosphate of Lime (B.P.L.) content of the

Jan 1, 1944

By M. L. Fuller

MOST commercial alloys undergo changes in phase composition after casting. This is a natural result of the fact that the alloys are not in a state of phase equilibrium as cast and phase changes will therefore take place, with more or less rapidity, in an attempt to attain equilibrium. The practical aspect of aging in zinc-alloy die castings concerns the changes in physical properties and in dimensions that may accompany aging phase changes. Harmful alterations have been reduced to a minimum and zinc-alloy die castings are being produced today that are so stable with respect to dimensions and physical properties that they are entirely suitable for most practical purposes1. In the first paper' of this series, and in this paper, aging phase changes of zinc alloy die castings have been investigated and the possible influence of these changes on dimensional changes of the castings has been evalu-ated and compared with the dimensional changes actually experienced. The change of dimensions has been selected for practical comparison in these papers because the effect of phase changes on the dimensions of a casting is directly calculable; from X-ray crystal-analysis data of the phase structure. The die-casting alloys considered contain, in addition to zinc, 4 per cent of aluminum, about 0.03 per cent magnesium, and from 0 to 3 per cent of copper. It was shown in the former paper that the eutectoidal decomposition of the beta aluminum-zinc phase, while intrinsically capable of causing a considerable shrinkage, can have very little effect on the observed shrinkage of die castings because it takes place within a few days of aging, whereas the observed shrinkage continues for five weeks. It was therefore concluded that the other existing phase change,

Jan 1, 1936

By F. R. Hensel

Up to the present time few attempts have been made to produce hard nonmagnetic materials by heat treatment of austenitic steels. The usual result has been to cause them to pass into the martensitic stage, thus destroying to a great extent the typical austenitic properties, since this involves a transition of a portion of the iron from a face-centered to a body-centered type of atomic arrangement. High-strength nonmagnetic materials such as might be provided by properly hardening austenite are required in the electrical industry for different machine parts. In Europe nonmagnetic retainer rings for restraining the end-turns of the rotor windings in turbo-alternators have been developed as a special application of high-strength austenite. In testing1 a 28,000-kva. three-phase Siemens turbo generator running at 3000 r.p.m. at full load current, the losses in the short-circuit test were 450 kw. for the magnetic ring and 286 kw. for the nonmagnetic, and the difference should be attributable to the magnetic ring. The differences in temperatures during the same test are given in Table 1 and these show the advantage of a nonmagnetic over a magnetic retainer ring.

Jan 1, 1931

By Reinhardt Thiessen

During the last few years a type of coal called "splint coal" has been brought to the attention of the United States Bureau of Mines, through numerous inquiries concerning its nature. Until recent years it appears to have escaped general notice. The term "splint coal" is of long standing, but was thought to be merely another expression applied by the miner to coal having certain minor characteristics. When closely examined, however, these coals were found to form a marked and distinct type, with distinctive characteristics that cannot be mistaken. Because splint coals produce a hot cheerful flame, possess a clean blocklike nature, and have a high volatile content, they have lately become much valued for domestic, gas-producer and steaming purposes, and have attracted considerable attention. Mattkohle For many years we have heard from the Germans about Mattkohle and Streifenkohle, in contradistinction to Glanzkohle, but have not realized that they were of a different type from the coals with which we were most familiar. This type of coal was first brought to general notice by Muck, in 1881, who gave a good description of it.' Because this coal is often intercalated with thin sheets of brightly shining cod, Schondorff, who was more familiar with the Saar coals, called it Streifernkohle. This term was later used by Muck also. Still later Potoné² used this term exclusively for the whole group in contradistinction to a class called Glanzkohle, and considered these coals to be composed alternately of Humuskohle and Faulkohle or Mattkohle (Pig. 20). Not knowing the nature of the German coals and not realizing that the term Streifenkohle was applied to a distinct class of coal, the terms of its components as used by Potonié and others were translated to "bright Coal" and "dull coal" and applied to the components of our

Jan 1, 1930

THOSE MARKED THUS * ARE MEMBERS, MARKED THUS ?ARE ASSOCIATES. THESE SIGNS DOUBLED INDICATE LIFE MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATES RESPECTIVELY. THE FIGURES AT THE END OF THE ADDRESS INDICATE THE YEAR OF ELECTION. HEAVY-FACED TYPE SIGNIFIES HONORARY MEMBERSHIP. *AARONS, J. BOYD, Vivian Gold Mining Co., Ltd., Harris, West. Australia. '05 *ABADIE, EMILE R., Cons. and Min. Engr., 214 Union Savings Bank Bldg., Oakland, Cal. '76 ?ABBÉ, MAX F., Prest., Abbé Engineering Co, 220 Broadway, New York, N.Y. '07 ? ABBÉ, PAULO., Secy.,Abbé Engineering Co., 220 Broadway, New York, N.Y. '07 *ABBOTT, AI ARTHUR Morococlia, Peru, So. America. '95 *ABBOTT, CLARENCE Chief EDgr., Iron Mines, Dic Tennessee Caol, Iron & R. R. Co., Bessemer, Ala. '04 *ABBOTT, JAMES W., Min. Engr: Ploche, Lincoln Co., Nev. '94 *ABE, MASAYOSHI, Prof. of Mining, Imperial University Kyoto, Japan. '05

Jan 1, 1910

By B. A. Rogers

IN addition to the usual methods of manufacturing steel, a number of special processes have been the subject of considerable experimentation-and use in manufacturing practice. A number of these methods have been of a type in which a rapid refining action has been secured through the intimate mixture of fluid slag with fluid metal. The persistence with which more rapid methods are sought is indicated by the current interest in the Aston' method for producing wrought iron and in the Perrin2 process for dephosphorizing and deoxidizing steel. In the Perrin process, in particular, the mixing action is extremely vigorous and the reactions proceed with surprising speed.

Jan 1, 1936

By Wallace E. Pratt

TO SERVE their primary function of balancing supply with demand. crude-oil prices must not only return full cost plus a reasonable earning to the efficient producer but they must also offer an additional reward to stimulate exploration sufficiently to maintain adequate reserves. High prices increase the volume and efficiency of exploration; low prig e- -Idle exploration. Over the last decade average prices for crude oil have been much lower than for the proceeding ten years, and lower even than the average over the life of industry. Under these circumstances no one should be surprised to learn that over this same recent period of discovery of new oil fields has also lagged and fallen below its average level for the previous decade. Crude oil prices have been too ion to support the required activity in wildcatting.

Jan 1, 1941

By Herty, C. H.

Iron oxide (FeO) plays an extremely important part in the manufacture of iron and steel. In the three major processes- blast-furnace, open-hearth, and Bessemer converter-iron oxide is the chemically predominant compound and controls to a large ex- tent the operation of the furnaces and the composition and quality of their respective products. In order to emphasize the importance of iron oxide in each process, they will be considered individually in some detail. THE OPEN-HEARTH FURNACE. Iron oxide is introduced into the open-hearth furnace in four ways : 1. The scrap charged into the open hearth is oxidized by the furnace gases, the amount of oxide formed depending primarily on the amount and type of scrap charged. It has been found' that with large scrap, 1.7 Ib. of FeO is formed per 100 Ib. of scrap charged, whereas with scrap of medium size about 5.3 Ib. of FeO is formed per 100 Ib. of scrap charged, when the period between the charging of the scrap and the addition of hot metal is 3 hours. 2. The decomposition of the limestone sets free CO, by the reaction

Jan 1, 1957