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US 4,201,749-In the Bayer process production of alumina wherein aluminum hydroxide is precipitated from a sodium aluminate solution for use as seed, sodium oxalate and caustic components are removed from the precipitate by washing it first with a washing liquor which is saturated with sodium oxalate but has little content of caustic, and secondly with hot water. Substantially no sodium oxalate is recycled, yet loss of sodium aluminate is minimal. K. Yamada, T Harato, and H Kato, assigned to Sumitomo Aluminum Smelting Co Ltd May 6, 1980 8 pp. (423-127). Filed. 5-8-79 (37,145) Priority. Japan, 5-8-78 (53/54,803). Same¬British 2,020,642, dated Nov. 21, 1979.

Jan 1, 1982

By O. Saeki

Dolomite-fluxed pellets have been produced at Kakogawa Works, Kobe Steel, Ltd., since August, 1975. The pellets contain 5.5 % dolomite and have a basicity (CaO/Si02) of 1.3. By charging 30-50 % of dolomite-fluxed pellets into the two large blast furnaces at Kakogawa, a low fuel rate of 450 kg per ton of pellets has been achieved with better furnace permeability and gas utilization. Laboratory studies show that dolomite-fluxed pellets have excellent high temperature properties, and that their softening and melting-down temperatures are about 50°C higher than those of lime-fluxed pellets, and that reducibility at 1250°C is increased from 25 to 70 %.

Jan 1, 1977

By E. S. Greiner

THE hot working of chromium was first reported by Hunter and Jones; who used small pellets of the material obtained by the reduction of chromium chloride with sodium. Later, the working of chromium at 600° to 1100°C was reported by Marden and Rich,2 and at 1250°C by Kroll3 The hot rolled material3 had a Brinell hardness of about 150 (62.5 kg, 2.5 mm ball, 1 min) and was brittle at room temperature. Except for that associated with hardness indentations, no plastic flow in chromium at room temperature has been reported to the author's knowledge. Studies described here have shown slip markings in chromium after deformation at room temperature.

Jan 1, 1951

By R. Chanchani

Single and mixed mineral flotation behavior and the mechanisms for the loss of selectivity in 1:1 and 95:5 apatite: dolomite mineral mixtures are presented. Loss of selectivity in mixed mineral systems is attributed to depletion of oleate ions available for adsorption by bulk precipitation with calcium and magnesium ions dissolved from dolomite. Flotation after two-stage conditioning was found to be a potential technique to separate dolomite from apatite. This method involves conditioning at pH 10 followed by reconditioning at a lower pH. The results indicate that selective flotation of dolomite, a minor mineral in south Florida phosphate deposits, could be obtained by reconditioning at pH below 4.5. Higher selectivity was observed for mixed minerals as compared to that of single minerals.

Jan 1, 1986

By George A. Miller

ALTHOUGH the Andean mountain belt, which contains almost all the metal deposits of the other South American nations, does not enter Brazil, this country is rich in mineral resources, for in area it accounts for half the continent and geologically it contains almost all of the Brazilian Shield. This great mass of ancient rocks has been relatively stable for a long time and forms a great area of plateaus and highlands interrupted only by the syncline which carries the Amazon River across it to the sea. Lowland Brazil - the great flood plains of the Amazon. Tocantins, Paraguay, and Parana Rivers-is of no interest to the miner, and in fact supports but a small proportion of the country's population. The highland area is divided into unequal parts by the Amazon River; the north half is underlain by the north lobe of the Brazilian Shield which extends into Venezuela as far as the Orinoco, and into the Guianas, and is known as the Guiana Highlands. Mineralization appears to have been weak in the Brazilian portion of these hills. In fact most of the ore deposits are to be found in the States of Minas Gerais and Bahia, although the neighboring states of Sao Paulo, Pernambuco, and Piauhy can also boast of some deposits. Goias and Matto Grosso are as yet incompletely prospected but are considered to contain reserves for the future.

Jan 1, 1945

By George A. Miller

AMERICANS like engines, but more than anything they like powerful engines, and next to that they want them quiet, silent, smooth; perhaps a slight purr might be permitted, but they must not knock. To provide a gasoline to fit all these requirements, American petroleum technologists have experimented for years, and mounting octane numbers of the gasolines the refiners have produced both before and during the war bear witness to their success. The question on everyone's mind now is what may we expect in the way of engine fuel in the postwar period? The gasoline drouth during the war rationing, the inconvenience of doing without a car were major annoyances to all motorists, but they put up with them pretty cheerfully for the most part. However, now that the war is over, and the jalopies are all out and the better cars have been taken off the jacks and brought out on the road, the call is for "Some of that good gas-fill her up, if you please."

Jan 1, 1945

By G. R. Rubly, H. J. Steele

The San Manuel property is in town&ips 8S and 9S, range 16E, Gila and salt River Base and Meridan, State of Arizona. This area is in the Old Hat mining district, southern pinal county, and is about 31/25 miles southwest of the town of Mammoth on the San Pedro River And one mile south of the Mammoth mine at Tiger, Arizona, The property consists of over 150 contiguous lode claims. The old Hat district was prospected prior to the civil war, but there was little or no production until 1881.1 The chief producers have been the Mammoth and Mohawk mines, now consolidated and operating as the st. Anthony Mining and Development Co., Ltd. Production to 1936 was $5,200,000, of which 83 pet was gold.2 Since 1940 the production has been chiefly lead and zinc, and some molybdenum and vanadium. There are a few small properties in the vicinity that have produced very minor tonnages of copper ore. In the San Manuel group there are claims which have been held continuously from 1906 to the present time, and at least two churn-drill holes were put down on or near the outcrop in 1917. No logs for these holes are available, but it is assumed that the grade of copper encountered was not sufficient to encourage further exploration. A small amount of ore has been shipped from open cuts on the San Manuel outcrop area, but there is no record of the tonnage Or grade. It is estimated that not more than 50 tons were mined. These cuts, plus a few shallow shafts and some short adits indicate limited and unenthusiastic prospecting at San Manuel. In 1942, through the efforts of James M. Douglas, R. B. Giffin, Victor Erickson, and Henry W. Nichols, owners of the Sari Manuel group, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and War Production Board authorized the United States Geological Survey to investigate the property, and by their recommendation, the United States Bureau of Mines was authorized to put down a limited number of churn-drill holes. The Bureau of Mines carried On drilling from November 1943 to February 1945 Seventeen holes were drilled, varying from 305 to 1990 ft in depth. The property was brought to the attention of Magma Copper Co. in June 1944, and an option agreement was made with the Owners. Subsequently, a group of claims lying north of the original group and held by the Apex Lead Vanadium Mining Corp, and a group to the east held by the Quarelli family, were optioned. A drilling program was laid out to conform to the Bureau of Mines pattern, and drilling started in December 1944 Sari Manue1 Copper Corp. was incorporated September 1945, and has carried on the exploration program to the present time. Geology General The mineralized outcrop, chief copper mineral of which is chrysocolla, is a tri-

Jan 1, 1949

By G. R. Rubly, H. J. Steele

The San Manuel property is in town&ips 8S and 9S, range 16E, Gila and salt River Base and Meridan, State of Arizona. This area is in the Old Hat mining district, southern pinal county, and is about 31/25 miles southwest of the town of Mammoth on the San Pedro River And one mile south of the Mammoth mine at Tiger, Arizona, The property consists of over 150 contiguous lode claims. The old Hat district was prospected prior to the civil war, but there was little or no production until 1881.1 The chief producers have been the Mammoth and Mohawk mines, now consolidated and operating as the st. Anthony Mining and Development Co., Ltd. Production to 1936 was $5,200,000, of which 83 pet was gold.2 Since 1940 the production has been chiefly lead and zinc, and some molybdenum and vanadium. There are a few small properties in the vicinity that have produced very minor tonnages of copper ore. In the San Manuel group there are claims which have been held continuously from 1906 to the present time, and at least two churn-drill holes were put down on or near the outcrop in 1917. No logs for these holes are available, but it is assumed that the grade of copper encountered was not sufficient to encourage further exploration. A small amount of ore has been shipped from open cuts on the San Manuel outcrop area, but there is no record of the tonnage Or grade. It is estimated that not more than 50 tons were mined. These cuts, plus a few shallow shafts and some short adits indicate limited and unenthusiastic prospecting at San Manuel. In 1942, through the efforts of James M. Douglas, R. B. Giffin, Victor Erickson, and Henry W. Nichols, owners of the Sari Manuel group, the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and War Production Board authorized the United States Geological Survey to investigate the property, and by their recommendation, the United States Bureau of Mines was authorized to put down a limited number of churn-drill holes. The Bureau of Mines carried On drilling from November 1943 to February 1945 Seventeen holes were drilled, varying from 305 to 1990 ft in depth. The property was brought to the attention of Magma Copper Co. in June 1944, and an option agreement was made with the Owners. Subsequently, a group of claims lying north of the original group and held by the Apex Lead Vanadium Mining Corp, and a group to the east held by the Quarelli family, were optioned. A drilling program was laid out to conform to the Bureau of Mines pattern, and drilling started in December 1944 Sari Manue1 Copper Corp. was incorporated September 1945, and has carried on the exploration program to the present time. Geology General The mineralized outcrop, chief copper mineral of which is chrysocolla, is a tri-

Jan 1, 1949

By Jean Herenguel

THE published work of Lacombe and Beaujard' has demonstrated the interesting application of etch figures to the determination of crystal orientations in aluminum by a purely micrographic method. The geometry of these figures leaves no ambiguity and the method has the added advantage of being applicable to very small crystal units. These authors applied the technique to the study of high purity aluminum, and it has now been adopted buy Heren-guel and his collaborators to various researches on commercial aluminum, containing up to 1 pct Fe and Si. This must modify the opinion point,ed out by

Jan 1, 1953

By AIME AIME

PRIZES totaling $450 were awarded at the Annual Meeting luncheon on Monday, Feb. 9, to the winners of the third national student prize paper contest. The undergraduate prizewinners, each of whom received a check for $100, were as follows: Mayo W. Lanning, Lafayette College, for his paper entitled ?Some Aspects of the Mining Methods Employed at the Scrub Oak Mines of the Alan Wood Steel Company,? (entered by the Lehigh Valley Section). Charles F. Parent, Montana School of Mines, for his paper entitled ?Relationships of Manganese Minerals in the Butte District,? (entered by the Montana Section). Harry Czyzewski, University of Illinois, for his paper entitled ?A Metallurgical Study of Cast Irons Used for Glass Molds,? (entered by the Chicago Section).

Jan 1, 1942

By J. Wade Watkins, E. S. Mardock

The accurate evaluation of reservoir-performance characteristics in the secondary recovery of petroleum by water flooding requires use of a water tracer that may be injected into water-input wells and detected at oil-production wells to supplement data obtained from core analyses, wellhead tests, and subsurface measurements. Radioactive iodine has been used successfully as a water tracer in field tests to determine: (I) relative rates and patterns of flow of injected water between water-input and oil-production wells and (2) zones of excessive water entry into oil-production wells. Laboratory evaluations of potential water tracers, previous tracer studies, the value of using a radioactive tracer, general field procedures, and the use of surface and subsurface instruments for the detection of the emitted gamma radiation, are summarized. Data from the field tests are presented graphically and discussed in detail. It is concluded that the radioactive-tracer method, using radioactive iodine, may be used successfully to measure either the relative rates and patterns of flow or zones of excessive water entry into wells under conditions of comparatively rapid transit time between wells. INTRODUCTION Extensive use is made of data obtained from core analyses, wellhead tests, fluid characteristics, and subsurface measurements in evaluating the sweep efficiency of water injected into oil sands for the recovery of oil. Theoretical flow rates and patterns may be calculated from those data using radial-flow formulas, if it is assumed that the physical conditions in the productive formation are homogeneous. Unfortunately, homogeneous conditions rarely, if ever, exist in oil-productive formations. The use of a tracer that may be injected into an oil sand and detected quantitatively, or even qualitatively, at offsetting oil-production wells provides basic data that may be used in determining more accurately the subsurface rates and patterns of flow of injected water between wells than is possible by theoretical calculations based on assumed conditions. Consideration of the data obtained by using a water tracer assists in the application of remedial measures to water-input wells, such as plugging of channels, or selective plugging of highly permeable zones, thereby effecting a more uniform flood and a greater ultimate oil recovery. A water tracer should have the following characteristics: (1) low adsorption on solid reservoir material; (2) high solubility in water; (3) low or negligible solubility in crude petroleum; (4) a wide range of solubility of compounds that may be formed by chemical reactions with ions present in reservoir rocks or waters; (5) high detectability in low concentrations by portable apparatus; and (6) general availability at low cost. Additional desirable characteristics are that the tracer should be nonhazardous in nature under normal working conditions and quantitatively detectable in the well bore, as well as at the surface. Review of Previous Tracer Studies The need for a water tracer has been recognized for many years. As far back as 1906, Dole1 described the use of fluorescein in flow-rate studies made in France in 1901. In 1921, Ambrose" discussed in detail the use of organic and inorganic dyes, chlorides, nitrates, and other anions, lithium salts, and the Slichter electrical

Jan 1, 1955

By Hsun Hu, R. S. Cline

In an earlier publication1 it was shown that a single crystal of Cu-4 wt pct Al cold-rolled in the (110)[112] orientation was stable up to 95 pct reduction, although the orientation spread was considerable larger than in a similarly oriented and cold-rolled copper single crystal. When rolled to 99 pct reduction, the copper crystal retained its initial orientation and a high degree of sharpness of texture, whereas the Cu-4 pct

Jan 1, 1969

[James C. Gray, President W. B. Stephenson, President-Elect A. B. Cummins, Past-President E. G. Fox, Eastern Regional Vice-President H. C. Weed, Western Regional Vice-President Donald W. Scott, Central Regional Vice-President John Cameron Fox, Secretary 29 W. 39 Street New York 18, N. Y. After September 7, 1961 345 East 47 Street, New York 17, N. Y. D. R. Tone, Assistant Secretary Nathaniel Arbiter, Treasurer]

Jan 1, 1961

By M. P. Nackowski

Geological engineering expanded its role and significance during 1966 in the areas of construction, raw materials exploration and inventory, water supply and pollution, mechanical properties of earth material and regional environmental planning. Efforts varied immensely in scope and magnitude, in simplicity, difficulty and importance. Observations, measurements, and analysis encompassed both simple and sophisticated procedures. CONSTRUCTION Activities in construction ranged from preliminary to detailed evaluations of sites, development of preventative measures and designing corrective measures following construction failures. Most investigations concerned dam sites, highway locations and slope stability, building sites, tunnels and underground storage facilities.

Jan 2, 1967

IRON AND STEEL COMMITTEE. ALBERT SAUVEUR, Chairman. A. A. STEVENSON, Vice-Chairman. HERBERT M. BOYLSTON, Secretary, Abbot Bldg., Cambridge, Mass. John Birkinbine, William Kelly, J. S. Unger, William H. Blauvelt, Charles Kirchhoff, Felix A. Vogel,. James Gayley, Richard Moldenke, Leonard Waldo, Henry D. Hibbard, Joseph W. Richards, William R. Walker, Henry M. Howe, C. F. W. Rys, William R. Webster, Robert W. Hunt, E. Gybbon Spilsbury, Frederick W. Wood: J. E. Johnson, Jr.,

Jan 12, 1913

By Fred C. Bond

This article is interesting because it deals with the fundamentals of grinding in a novel manner. However, it is somewhat reminiscent of Mark Twain's famous evaluation of science as the production of pounds of conjecture from ounces of fact. Extrapolations abound, and some cases they are treated with a seriousness that is undeserved. Tests should undoubtedly be made of wet grinding at supercritical speeds, using smooth mill lining and mill charges of large grinding balls as well as pebbles. However, the performance predicted in the article needs more qualification than it has received.

Jan 5, 1958

By N. Brown, J. Washburn, E. R. Parker

MOST previous quantitative work on creep of single crystals has been concerned primarily with developing empirical equations for the creep curve. Although the equations used by Cottrell and Aytekin¹ and Tyndall² represented the data quite well, it was often necessary to use different values of the constants for different specimens even though they were apparently tested under identical conditions. In the course of previous work on the effect of surface coatings on creep of zinc single crystals," it was found that equal resolved shear stress frequently did not produce equal creep rates in different specimens. The work of Chalmers' in the very

Jan 1, 1954

By D. M. Thayer, P. B. Linkson

High intensity wet magnetic separation methods have received much attention in the search for alternative and effective methods to treat weakly magnetic minerals. This paper examines the incorporation of such techniques in the beneficiation of a non-sliming specular Michigan Hematite. The dependence of separation efficiency and beneficiation of specular hematite on various parameters controlling the operation of such a device is investigated experimentally. Particular attention is focused on particle size limitations imposed in these separations. In light of these data, metallurgical balances are presented and an attempt made to rationalize the various models suggested in the literature.

Jan 1, 1982

By C. Carlson, W. Muir

The oxygen demand of the complex lead-zinc-iron feed at the Cyprus Anvil concentrator was determined dependent on the cyanide ion concentration of the pulp. By redistribution of the cyanide added to the grinding circuit in direct proportion to the amount of surface area created, a more activated flotation feed is obtained. Monitoring the oxygen demand of the flotation feed and grinding mill discharges has proved useful in diagnosing metallurgical problems in day-to-day operation.

Jan 1, 1976

By William Kent

(Read at the Philadelphia Meeting, February, 1878.) IN the paper by Mr. Fernow, on Red Charcoal, read at the first session of this meeting, it was suggested that this fuel might be used in the blast furnace with greater economy than ordinary or black charcoal. In the discussion which followed the paper, it was stated that the charcoal furnaces of the Lake Superior District have used imperfectly burned charcoal with success, and that these furnaces have given the best results in fuel economy on record. On consulting some of our well-known metallurgical authorities the writer finds that the question of the use of red charcoal, or other imperfectly burned charcoal, or charred wood, is not at all new. In Percy's late work on Fuel, pages 409-414, are given a few facts, which are here condensed, as follows:

Jan 1, 1878