Search Documents

By E. Northcott, I. M. LeBaron

Before describing the electrostatic processing of feldspar, it might be well to review some of the basic definitions and terminology of feldspars. The feldspar minerals constitute a group of alumino-silicates of potassium, sodium, and calcium. Barium feldspar sometimes occurs naturally but is very rare. Hardness varies between 6 and 6.5 and specific gravity between 2.5 and 2.8. Color is generally white or pale shades of red, yellow, or green. The approximate chemical composition of the principal feldspars is given in Table I. The albite (sodium aluminum silicate) and an orthite (calcium aluminum silicate) feldspars are the end members of a series called plagioclase. These two molecules form a complete solid solution series ranging from pure soda feldspar at one end to the pure lime feldspar at the other end. Intermediate solid solutions are known as oligoclase, andesine, labradorite, and bytoconite. The general structure throughout this series is the same. Sodium and calcium may replace each other and silicon and aluminum may replace each other in the structure.

Jan 10, 1958

By E. M. Wise

PLATINUM and palladium are the most generally useful, most ductile and least rare members of the platinum family. They have many impor-tant applications in the pure state but for other applications it is fre-quently desirable to harden them and otherwise modify their properties by alloying small amounts of the other platinum group metals with them. These alloys are frequently required to withstand very drastic forming operations and to possess certain mechanical properties to fulfill specific requirements. For these reasons a knowledge of the tensile properties and annealing characteristics of pure platinum and palladium as well as their more useful commercial alloys is important to the user, and the fabricator. The present work was undertaken to fill this need. Rather brief (5 min.) annealing treatments were employed to render the data of maximum practical value and all tests were conducted upon 0.050-in. dia. wire, initially reduced 50 per cent in area by cold drawing, for the same reason. CONCLUSIONS 1. Pure (thermocouple grade) platinum reduced 50 per cent by cold drawing exhibits the following tensile properties: ultimate tensile strength, 36,000 lb. per sq. in.; proportional limit, 27,000 lb. per sq. in.; elongation, 2.5 per cent in 2 in.; reduction in area, 95 per cent. When fully annealed by treatment at 1100°C. its properties are: ultimate tensile strength, 20,700 lb. per sq. in.; elongation, 30 per cent in 2 in.; reduction in area, 93 per cent.

Jan 1, 1934

PRESIDENT WILLIAM KELLY, District 5 IRON MOUNTAIN, MICh PAST PRESIDENTS E P MATHEWSON, District 0 NEW YORK, N Y ARTHUR S DWIGHT, District 0 NEW YORK, N Y FIRST VICE-PRESIDENT J V W REYNDERS, NEW YORK, N Y TREASURER CHARLES F RAND, NEW YORK, N Y

Jan 1, 1923

By John L. Schroder

In selecting the best system of mining for a particular operation, many different factors must be considered. The system to be finally selected should be that which provides: 1) The highest possible degree of safety for mine personnel. 2) The lowest cost per ton of product. 3) The maximum coal production per man-shift. 4) The most suitable quality of final product, considering its intended use. 5) The maximum percent recovery of coal per acre of reserve consistent with cost and subsidence rights. 6) Consideration for the ecology of the area. Some of the important factors to be considered when choosing a method of mining are: 1) Amount of cover over the coal seam. 2) Type of the rock in the overburden. 3) Characteristics of the coal seam including: (a) the thickness of the coal seam; (b) the nature and location of any impurities or irregularities; (e) the dip (or pitch) of the coal seam; (d) the nature and direction of any definite cleavage ill the czoa1 seam; (e) the hardness of the coal; (f) the structural strength of the coal; and (g) the presence, anti amount, of explosive gas (methane). 4) Quantity of water likely to be encountered in the mining operation. 5) Nature and strength of the roof (top) over the coal seam. 6) Nature and strength of the floor (bottom) under the coal seam. 7) Any previous or concurrent mining in seams above or below the coal seam to be worked. Information on items 1-7 may be obtained in several ways. Topographical and geological reports and maps of the area are generally available

Jan 1, 1973

By L. S. Castleman, R. K. Hotzler

We are currently studying the effects on recrys-tallization of impurities diffused into dispersion-hardened alloys. Our interest in this phenomenon was originally aroused by the observation that the recrystallization temperature range of tungsten "doped" with alumina and silica, or with thoria, is lowered drastically if nickel is plated onto the tungsten prior to heat treatment.' In this note, we report a similar effect that sulfur has on the recrystallization behavior of thoriated nickel. The experimental procedure for this exploratory phase of the investigation has consisted simply in heating commercially obtained stress-relieved samples of thoriated nickel for varying temperatures and times in sealed capsules containing air and small quantities of sulfur. The samples contain 2.4 vol pct thoria and initially less than 18 ppm S by weight; they are prepared either from 0.5-in.-ciiam rod stock or from 0.092-in. sheet and are in the "as-received" (stress-relieved) condition prior to exposure. In an atmosphere free of sulfur, such samples do not show evidence of recrystallization after being annealed for 1 hr at a temperature of 2500°F (1372C).2 The photomicrograph in Fig. 1 shows the microstructure of one of our samples annealed for 75 hr at 1000° C (1832°F) in a sulfur-free capsule. The grain structure is hardly evident (if at all) at 465 times magnification. In contrast, the photomicrograph of Fig. 2 shows the recrystallization that has taken place in a sample exposed to sulfur for 5 hr at 1000°C (1832°F). A nickel sulfide phase is visible at the grain boundaries of the light-appearing grains. We have also observed recrystallization to occur in a sample annealed at 600°C (1112°F) for 25 hr. This temperature is below the 637°C (1178°F) eutectic in the Ni-S system. In the latter case, no nickel sulfide phase is evident in the microstructure. Moreover, we have noticed the occur-

Jan 1, 1969

By D. W. Fuerstenau

THE object of this article is to point out the experimental relationship which exists among contact angle, adsorption density, zeta potential, and flotation rate data. In each of the experiments discussed in this article, the surface properties of quartz, as a function of pH, were measured in solutions to which constant quantities of dodecylam-monium acetate were added. Morrow1 and deBruyn2 worked with solutions containing 4.08x10-5 moles per liter, whereas Fuerstenau3 and Seele worked with solutions containing exactly 4x105 moles per liter, but this difference is not significant. The pH of the solutions was regulated with HCI or NaOH in all cases. In each case, the addition of collector was constant, but the concentration of dodecylammonium ions decreased because of the formation of dodecylamine at higher pH values.2 Contact Angles: Gaudin and Morrow1 presented data for the contact angle of quartz in solutions containing 4.08x10-5 moles of dodecylammonium acetate per liter between pH 2 and pH 10.15. Using the same captive bubble techniques, the writer measured contact angles on quartz in solutions containing 4x105 moles of dodecylammonium acetate per liter at pH values ranging from 9.9 to 13.2. Both sets of data are presented in Fig. 1, in which the contact angle in degrees is plotted as a function of the pH of the solution. From pH 2 to about 8, the contact angle

Jan 1, 1958

A development drilling and bulk sampling program should furnish the following information: (1) geology of the mineralized zone, (2) quantitative data on grade and tons of material within pertinent cutoff limits, (3) physical size and shape of the deposit and areas underlain by waste as well as ore, (4) mineralogical and metallurgical characteristics of the ore, (5) physical characteristics of the ore, (6) bulk samples for metallurgical testing and grade, (7) data on factors that affect mining operations, such as ground water and ground conditions. The method and equipment best suited for a particular drilling job depend upon the geologic features of the mineral deposit to be tested.

Jan 10, 1967

By E. H. Jr. Dix

OF all the alloying elements used in commercial aluminum alloys, copper stands out as by far the most important, and it is perhaps for this reason that the constitution of the aluminum-copper system has received the attention of a number of experimenters covering a period of approximately 20 years. It would be expected that during this time the equilibrium relations had been thoroughly and exactly worked out. In a general way this is true, but there is a surprising lack of agreement in the details of the high aluminum end of the diagram, particularly in regard to the solid solubility of copper in aluminum, which has been given variously as 2 per cent. to 5 per cent. at the eutectic temperature. The importance of this is much greater than might at first appear to one unfamiliar with modern commercial aluminum alloys. This is true because, with one exception, the susceptibility of the strong alloys to heat treatment depends, in part at least, upon the solid solubility relations of copper in aluminum. In 1919, Merica, Waltenberg, and Freeman1 published the first detailed information on these solubility relations. They found that the solubility of copper decreases with falling temperature from about 4 per cent. at 5.25° C. to about 1 per cent. at 300° C. and is apparently still diminishing at lower temperatures. In 1921 there was published a brief account of the results obtained in the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, England.2 This laboratory, however, reported that 5 per cent. of copper is soluble in aluminum at 540° C., and that this amount decreases to about 3 per cent. at 20° C.

Jan 2, 1926

By D. W. G. White

The surface tension of zinc has been determined by the sessile-drop method in a progvam emphaszzing detailed experimental care. The surface tension oj. the pure metal was measured over a range of ternperature from the melting point (419.6"C) to 540°C. At the melting point, the suvface tension of zinc was found to be: 1) 99.99+ pct Zn - 757.0 5 dynes per cm 2) 99.999+ pct Zn - 761.0 5 dynes per CI 3) 99.9999 pct Zn - 76'7.5 5 dynes pev cna From experiments carried out in a closed, isothermal cell, the temperatuve coejyicient of the surface tension (6y/6T)p, , of zinc xas found not to be negative but to be postiue. A positive tenzperatre coefficient indicates a greater depee of order in the surface than in the body of the lquid. Houlezer, by delibevately inducing continuous zaporization, a temperature coefficient of su)face tension with a negative slope can be produced. The work reported herein was undertaken as part of a larger program of fundamental research on the properties of molten zinc and zinc alloys. This program grew out of a continuing interest at the Mines Branch in the behavior of liquid metals in the foundry and of a desire on the part of the zinc industry for reliable basic data. The work was originally begun in cooperation with the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. Ltd., Trail, B.C., and was subsequently continued from 1960 to date in association with the Canadian Zinc and Lead Research Committee and the International Lead and Zinc Research Organization. Although the surface tension of liquid zinc has of course, been measured before, as Table I and Fig. 1 demonstrate, there is not good agreement among the existing values. Such disparities arise because sources of experimental error are insufficiently controlled. This situation places the reader in doubt. One result may be correct within narrow limits—even fortuitously—yet, because there is not agreement between several values, none can be accepted with conviction and all become suspect. It seemed, therefore, in the circumstances, that there was room for further work embodying considerable emphasis on experimental care in order that, within a small margin of error, an accurate value might be obtained. It was in this spirit that the work was undertaken. METHOD The sessile-drop method -as adopted for this work. In this method, when applied to liquid metals at elevated temperatures, the outline of the meridional section through a drop resting freely on a horizontal surface is recorded photographically. Certain parameters

Jan 1, 1967

By H. O. Hofman

PAGE Part I. Decomposition OF Zinc Sulphate by Heating in Air, . 811 I. Introduction............ 811 II. Zinc Sulphate Used,..814 III. Fumes and Pyrometers,........ 816 IV. Heating Zinc Sulphate—Dehydration,...... 817 V. Heating Zine Sulphate—Decomposition...818 (a.) Beginning of Decomposition..818 (b.) Rapidity of Decomposition,..819 (c.) End of Decomposition..823 (d.) Retardations in Heating.-Curve,..825 (e.) Formation of Basic Salts,..826 Part II. Decomposition OF Zinc Sulphate by Heating with Carbon (Reducing Roast), .830 I. Introduction,........... 830 II. Experiments and Results ,.........832 III. Summay,........... 834 Part 111. Formation of Zinc Sulphate by Roasting,... 834 I. Introduction,........... 834 IT. Description of Blende,......... 836 III. Outline of Operations,.........838 IV. Details of Experiments.......... 839 1. Decrepitation,.......... 839 2. IgnitionPoint,....839 3. Sulphatizing-Roast of Joplin Blende..840 4. Sdphatizing-Roast of Warren Blemde ,..843 5. Sulphatizing-Roast with Addition of Pyrite...848 6. Summary of Sulphutizng-Roasts,....... 854 Part IV. Appendix : Formation of Zinc Ferrate...856 Part I. Decomposition of Zinc Sulphate by Heating in Air. I. Introduction. With the exception of lead sulphate. all common metallic

Jan 1, 1905

By Charles Bohdanowicz

The accompanying tables' show that in 1936 production of crude oil in Poland decreased very slightly (Tables 1 and 5), by about 1 per cent, and that gas production increased by about 11 per cent. As in preceding years, drilling (Tables 1, 2 and 3) was devoted principally to extension of oil fields in the Jaslo district (fields 1, 5 and 7) and, in a lesser degree, of those in the Stanislaw6w district (field 27). Production of crude oil is being sustained in a large measure by the deepening of old wells; besides a total number of 183 new wells completed (Table 3) about 152 wells were deepened, and in a general way the results of deepening were better than those of new wells drilled. Reserves of "proved land" have not increased as far as crude oil is concerned, but a notable extension of gas fieldsZ was attained in Daszawa (field 25) and in the Roztoki area (field 5). In the sub-carpathian zone gas fields have been proved in the vicinity of Kalusz, Kos6wJ and in the northwestern sector of that zone, between Tarnow and Lezajsk. The gas horizons of Daszawa occur in the Upper Tortonian, those of Kos6w in the Lower Tortonian (Middle Miocene). Exploratory drilling has been performed near Kalusz, and has been commenced near Kos6w and in the Tarn6w area. The Kos6w gas approaches the "wet" type. A possible gas reserve with a volume of 4,000,000,000 cu. m. (141,000,-000,000 cu. ft.) has been calculated, for an area of about 5 sq. km. of the Daszawa field, on the basis of production obtained and of decreases in pressure and their distribution. The fields of Roztoki and Strachocina (No. 12) have not yet supplied sufficient data for a calculation of reserves, which might possibly be estimated at 2,000,000,000 cu, m. (70,000,-000,000 cu. ft.).

Jan 1, 1937

By J. B. Newsom

IN the September 1936 issue of MINING AND METALLURGY the pioneer work of boring a 5-ft. shaft to a depth of 1125 ft. at the Idaho Maryland mine in California was described. Later, a Bureau of Mines Information Circular (No. 6923) gave additional data. In re¬cent months still further progress has been made in this technique through the sinking of a 5 1/2-ft. shaft for Pickands, Mather & Co. at their Zenith mine, Ely, Minn. The present work was done with new carefully designed equipment and several experienced men so that progress, as shown below has been much better:

Jan 1, 1938

By M. Hall, Y. P. Chugh, A. Okunola

Effects of moisture absorption on the behavior of the Dykersburg shale overlying Harrisburg coal seam in Southern Illinois are presented in this paper. Cylindrical samples of the shale 2.5 cm in diameter and 5.0 cm long were studied for weight gain and swelling strains at 90, 95, and 100 percent relative humidity and under immersed water conditions. After attaining equilibrium conditions, the samples were studied for changes in the strength and deformation behavior. The depth of moisture penetration was measured using the Vickers microhardness measurements. Using the basic mass transfer concepts, effective diffusion coefficients were computed for the shale.

Jan 1, 1981

J. E. Stead, Middlesborough, England (communication to the author): Prof. Howe's valuable paper on cast-iron brings forward most prominently the correct explanation of the part played by combined carbon in pearlite and cementite, in determining the strength and hardness of cast-iron. On a previous occasion I haveoshown that castings made by melting a white Cleveland iron and glazed iron, one containing 1.5 and the other from 4 to 5 per cent. of silicon, and each about 3 per cent. of carbon, were stronger than those made of ordinary foundry-iron; the difference in the final castings being a differ-

Jan 1, 1902

By S. J. Matas, R. F. Hehemann, R. H. Goodenow

The hot-stage metallographic method has been employed to determine radial growth rates of upper and lower bainite. Lower bainite appears to grow as individual plates that increase in both length and thickness while upper bainite grows as sheaves of closely spaced plates or needles. A discontinuity in the temperature dependence of the growth rate appears to be associated with the transition from upper to lower bainite and stepped quenching experiments suggest that lower bainite will not continue to grow when the temperature is raised to the upper range. Thus, a single process does not appear to control the growth of both upper and lower bainite. A tentative model based on the forces acting on a dislocation interface is proposed to account for the slow growth of bainite. It has been recognized since the early studies of Davenport and Bain that a close relationship exists between the martensite and bainite transformations in steels. However, diffusion of carbon during the transformation has lead to considerable controversy concerning the reaction mechanism.1-7 Many studies4,5,7-9 have emphasized the structura and kinetic aspects of the bainite reaction and, in particular, the difference observed between the two forms of bainite—frequently termed upper and lower bainite. A kinetic difference between the two types of bainite has been revealed in the activation energy determined from the overall reaction;4,5 however, many difficulties arise in an interpretation of these activation energies since a number of temperature dependent factors contribute to the kinetics of the overall reaction. The displacive surface relief10 accompanying the bainite reaction permits a separation of the nuclea-tion and growth contributions to the reaction and allows the kinetics of the growth process to be examined. Several investigations of this type have been conducted; however, they have been restricted to the low temperature range.3'6'11 Here, bainite plates are observed to grow slowly in both length and width. The present investigation extends such studies to include the upper bainite range. MATERIALS AND PROCEDURE Materials. The composition of the steels studied in this investigation are presented in Table I. The range of composition permitted a study of the effect of carbon content on the growth rate of upper bainite in the 9 pct Ni steels and consideration of both upper and lower bainite in the higher carbon steels. These steels were received as hot-rolled rounds and were forged to approximately 1/2 in. thick plates for preparation of metallographic specimens. In order to produce an essentially zero carbon steel, Steel A was decarburized in wet hydrogen at 1550°F for 15 days with the result tabulated as Steel AD. Experimental Procedure. In order to study the slow growth of the displacive transformation product, a commercially available Leitz hot stage was modified to permit heating of the specimen by its own resistance in a manner similar to that employed by other investigators.6 The furnace chamber was maintained at a pressure of 2 to 3 X 10-5 mm Hg prior to austenitizing at 2000° ± 12° F for 5 min. Samples could be cooled from the austenitizing to the transformation temperature in approximately 15 sec and the progress of transformation was recorded with a 9 cm by 12 cm single frame camera or a 16 mm movie camera. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Growth Characteristics. The general growth characteristics observed in this investigation were analogous to those reported previously.3,6,11 Typical growth sequences for the high temperature and low temperature forms are illustrated in Figs. 1 to 5. In both temperature ranges, bainite plates increase in length at slow, temperature dependent rates until interrupted by a grain boundary, another plate, or

Jan 1, 1963

By M. Bevis, E. O. Fearon, P. C. Rowlands

Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C martensite specimens have been deformed in compression at room temperature and the habit planes of operative deformation twins determined by two-surface optical trace analysis. The full orientations of the martensite crystals were determined from divergent X-ray beam diffraction patterns. The experimental results are in excelled agreement with predicted twinning modes. In particular, the habit planes of some deformation twins in bcc martensites are consistent with a "Type XI compound'' twinning mode with Kl, Kz, 71, 77~ elements given by {5, 8, 11) {ioi}, (33) (ill) Tetragonal derivatives of this mode are operative in bct martensites. UnUSUAL deformation twinning modes have been reported by Richman' to occur in Fe-Ni-C martensites with bcc and bct structures. The twin habit planes were determined by single-surface trace analysis (pole locus method) and the remaining twinning elements were determined from the geometry of twin-twin intersections. The indices assigned to the observed habit planes are (3 101, "(089)" and "{0, 1,13)" or "{1,2,7} ", and only in the first case do the twinning elements correspond to a predicted twinning mode. This is mode 1.4 in the paper by Bevis et al. The results presented in Ref. 2 indicate that previously unpublished bcc and bct modes should be operative in preference to the (130) mode and anomalous modes reported by Richman. In view of these results and the uncertainties involved in determining habit planes from single-surface trace analysis and twinning elements from twin-twin intersections5 a two-surface trace analysis of deformation twins in Fe-Ni and Fe-Ni-C martensites has been carried out. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES Two alloys with compositions Fe-23 pct Ni-0.6 pct C and Fe-30.4 pct Ni were prepared from 4N pure materials by induction melting under a vacuum of 10"5 mm Hg. The alloys were homogenized at 1350'~ for 5 days. Both of these alloys are austenitic at room temperature with M, temperature - — 50"C. The aus-tenite grain size of the Fe-Ni-C alloy was approximately 300 to 400 p. The Fe-Ni alloy was remelted in a vertical tube furnace and the melt lowered slowly from the hot zone of the furnace to produce s ingle -crystal austenite specimens. Specimens approximately 10 by 5 by 5 mm were cut from the ingots and quenched to various temperatures below the Ms temperature. The specimens were elec-tropolished in a 10 pct perchloric acetic electrolyte before being deformed in compression at room temperature. Martensite plates which exhibited profuse deformation twinning were selected for analysis and the specimen polished on a second surface such that the two surfaces which contained the martensite plate enclosed an obtuse angle of approximately 145 deg. The specimens were then electropolished to reveal the traces of the deformation twins on both surfaces. The full orientations of the martensite crystals were determined using a divergent X-ray beam technique (Kossel line technique) employing an AEI SEM2 electron probe microanalyzer. Details of this technique which include a detailed description of the Kossel camera attachment to the microanalyzer used in the present experiments have been discussed elsewhere.3 Only additional details relevant to this investigation are discussed here. The specimens were mounted with one surface normal to the incident electron beam as illustrated schematically in Fig. 1. The martensite plates to be analyzed were located using the normal scanning equipment of the microanalyzer. The position of the electron beam and hence the position of the source of divergent X-rays generated within the crystal could be located to within 1 p. Exposure times of approximately 8 to 10 min were required for back-reflection Kossel patterns and it was found that useful diffraction patterns could be obtained consistently from heavily deformed martensite plates. A reference line (carbon contamination mark) produced on the two surfaces of the specimen by scanning the electron beam in a direction having a known relationship with the reference !ine in the X-ray camera enabled the full orientation of the crystals to be determined. Martensite plates with widths as small as 8 p could be oriented using this procedure. The Kossel line patterns were interpreted using the charts developed by Rowlands and ~evis~ as generally

Jan 1, 1969

By H. W. McCue, Henry Rogatz

Oil.—During the year 1939, there were 365 oil wells drilled in the Texas Panhandle, with a total daily initial production of 130,968 bb1.— that is, 69 fewer oil wells drilled than in the previous year, with a decrease. in total daily initial production of 61,738 bbl. The total daily potential of the field on Dec. 5, 1939, as determined by the Texas Railroad Commission, was 1,344,677 bbl., an increase of 94,032 bbl. over the previous year. On Dee. 5, 1939, a daily allowable of 130,527 bbl., which was an

Jan 1, 1940

By Henry Rogatz, H. W. McCue

Oil.—During the year 1939, there were 365 oil wells drilled in the Texas Panhandle, with a total daily initial production of 130,968 bb1.— that is, 69 fewer oil wells drilled than in the previous year, with a decrease. in total daily initial production of 61,738 bbl. The total daily potential of the field on Dec. 5, 1939, as determined by the Texas Railroad Commission, was 1,344,677 bbl., an increase of 94,032 bbl. over the previous year. On Dee. 5, 1939, a daily allowable of 130,527 bbl., which was an

Jan 1, 1940

By A. W. Schillinger

Drilling was not entirely satisfactory in the search for native copper in the Osceola amygdaloid footwall, for oreshoots mined were more continuous than drilling indicated. The Geophysics Dept of Michigan Technological University developed a portable induced polarization drill hole probe with a 3-electrode configuration and a sampling radius of 5 ft ±. A 20 ma current of alternately reversed polarity is pulsed at 3.5 sec intervals and readings are taken every 2 ft. Potential is read during the "on" cycle for resistivity determinations. During the "off" cycle, after 10 ms delay, the 1P potential is sampled for 10 ms and recorded. Resistivity (ohm-ft) and "S" values (mv/v) are plotted on semi-log paper. A lithologic log is plotted based on resistivity and anomalous S values noted. The low resistivity amygdaloid contains sills of high resistivity basalt. Verified by core logs, contacts between amygdaloid and basalt could be picked to ± 0.5 ft from resistivity alone. Lithologic logs of long-steel holes, based on resistivity, then replaced sludge logging. An S value of 30 mv/v was established as the lower limit of diagnostic 1P effects in mineralized amygdaloid and 50 mv/v as a threshold value for ore. Of 914 footwall zones drilled, 315 were probed yielding 203 anomalies. Success increased from 34% for drilling to 72% for drilling and probing. As checked by mining, 46 probe results were 78% correct. Failures were due to the instrument not detecting copper or to the misinterpretation of an anomaly. No false anomalies were found. During the past ten years, the Calumet Div. of Calumet &Hecla, Inc has conducted extensive exploration and mining in the footwall of the Osceola amygdaloid lode in the native copper district in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. In an attempt to delineate more clearly the extent and nature of high-grade footwall copper mineralization, 876 diamond drill and long steel holes aggregating slightly more than 47,000 ft have thus far been drilled from the accessible hanging-wall workings in the Osceola No. 6, 13, 14 and 15 shafts. Early in this program it became obvious, through inspection of footwall workings in progress, that due to the erratic and bunchy occurrence of the native copper in the footwall zone, the exploration drilling was failing to outline completely the extent of the oreshoots. Early drilling re-

Jan 1, 1964

C. G. Dunn (Generai! Electric Research Laboratory)— The author is to be commended on his attempt to calculate the residual strain energy from information on the dislocation density within the subgrains and a surface energy associated with the subgrains. However, much closer agreement between a calculated critical size of a nucleus and the observed size of grains that did not continue growing can be obtained if a reasonable correction is made in obtaining the energy of the surfaces of the subgrains. For example, since the sample is a single crystal with a cold-rolling reduction of 70 pct in thickness, one needs either an average disorientation for this or an average subgrain boundary energy rather than the 2.5 deg disorientation of a bent crystal, which was used by the author. From either the Laue photographs of the author or the pole density plot of Koh and Dunn 16 for a (113) [332] cold-rolled crystal the

Jan 1, 1961