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By Michael R. Brown

A facilities success or failure of doing well during a regulatory inspection is typically measured by the number and type of citations that result, and financial liability resulting from those citations. The success of a facility during an inspection depends on several factors including, the preparation prior to an inspection, behavior and activities during and inspection, and finally, action taken following the inspection. This paper contains suggestions for improving inspection results and establishing an attitude of compliance at manufacturing and mining facilities.

May 1, 2002

By Laura Kelsey

Contaminant Robust In Situ Water Extractor CRIWE Nafion-based water clean-up Extract purified water from natural extraterrestrial sources In situ water processing for downstream electrolysis Chemically resistant to process contaminants such as acid

May 1, 2013

By J. H. Crocket, J. Andy Fyon

"All gold deposits within the Tisdale Group are spatially associated with carbonate alteration zones; however, not all carbonate alteration zones are host to gold mineralization.Within the komatiitic and magnesium tholeiitic volcanic rocks at the base of the Tisdale Group, discordant and stratabound carbonate alteration zones occur throughout. The alteration zones consist of a ferroan dolomite - quartz inner assemblage which is enveloped by calcite-quartz and an outer chlorite-rich subzone. Factors which control the distribution of carbonate alteration include joint systems, flow contacts, synvolcanic faults and bulk composition of the host rock.Two environments of carbonate alteration can be recognized: 1) The subsea-floor alteration zones developed within the volcanic rock succession where hydrothermal fluids did not discharge directly onto the sea floor. Insignificant gold production has come from this alteration environment. 2) Seafloor zones, which represent points of hydrothermal fluid discharge into the hydrosphere, are spatially associated with felsic volcanic rock complexes and are host to syngenetic, auriferous cherty dolomite.Carbonatized, magnesium tholeiitic basalts, which are host to the auriferous, cherty dolomite, are enriched in antimony (>0.35 ppm), boron (>30 ppm), gold (>5 ppb) and lithium (> 35 ppm), but are depleted in copper ( < 70 ppm), with respect to carbonatized basalts not associated with gold. Orerelated, altered komatiitic flows can be screened using gold (>5 ppb), lead(> 10 ppm), arsenic(> 70 ppm) and antimony (>1 ppm).The habit, petrographic characteristics and certain geochemical characteristics of the altered volcanic rocks suggest that the hydrothermal fluid was of sea-water origin."

Jan 1, 1982

By Patrick S. Hudd

Traditionally in hard rock mining, large diameter raise boring was thought of as 3.04 metre or 3.66 metre diameter holes 300 metres deep. Mine and ventilation engineers were challenged to design systems either incorporating such holes, or slashing and modifying to suit. Now, 5.49 metre diameter holes up to 1,000 metres deep are being excavated. The ability to pilot and ream such holes not only creates new options for mine engineers in mine ventilation system design, but also creates new opportunities in mine access. By combining holes of this diameter with the ability to accurately drill long pilot holes within the diameter of the pilot hole through the entire length of the hole, borehole hoisting systems are now fully capable of being main production or service accesses for mines. This paper will review the present day capabilities of large diameter raise boring, potential applications for such excavations and some considerations for companies contemplating using large diameter raise boring in their operations

Oct 1, 2010

By C. D. Kaeding

IN the summer of 1937, the Algoma Steel Corporation, Limited, decided to embark on the full-scale development o their Helen mine and the erection of plants to produce commercial iron sinter from its ores at a rate ? of fifteen hundred tons per day. The Helen deposit has long been known as one of the largest bodies of non-commercial iron ore in Canada, consisting almost entirely of siderite with a band of pyrite along the north wall and some lenticular inclusions of pyrite throughout the mass. It originally contained a nominal amount of hematite (2,800,000 tons), localized at the western end of the ore-body, but this was mined out during the years 1900 to 1918. For details of the:-geology of the Helen range and of the surrounding district, the reader is referred to Memoir 147, Michipicoten Iron Ranges, Geological Survey of Canada, 1926 (1). The siderite mass was explored by diamond drilling in 1917 and the portion so drilled was estimated to contain 67 million tons of siderite averaging 36.0 per cent Fe, 3.2 per cent S, and 8.2 per cent SiO,, without establishing its ultimate depth or extent. The variation in the sulphur content shown by drilling was from 1.5 per cent in 72 per cent of the tonnage, to 7.2 percent in the remaining 28 percent. The pyritic ore aver-aged about 38 percent iron, but otherwise its composition was substantially the same as that of the siderite mass.

Jan 1, 1940

The tensile test results of as-cast A356.2 grain-refined alloy castings show that the tensile strength can be improved by strontium modification (`SrM&apos;), superheating at 900°C OM, and melt thermal treatment of the Sr-modified alloy melt (`SrMTT&apos;). Both SrM and SrMTT processes can greatly improve the ductility (percent elongation) of the as-cast alloy. During solution heat treatment at 540°C, eutectic Si particles undergo fragmentation, spheroidization, and coarsening, thereby affecting their morphology. The effects of solution heat treatment on the tensile properties of the variously treated A356.2 alloy castings can be summed up as follows: the yield strength of the castings is significantly improved after 8 h solution heat treatment due to the precipitation of Mg2Si, after which it remains more or less the same with the further increase in solution treatment time up to 80 h; the ultimate tensile strength is also greatly improved within the first 8 h of solution heat treatment and then remains at the same level thereafter, up to 80h of solution treatment. The improvement in UTS is attributed to Mg2Si precipitation, dissolution of Si within the aluminum matrix, and changes in the Si particle morphology (spheroidization). The ductility of the as-received grain refined non-modified (`NM&apos;), grain refined and superheated at 900°C (`SH&apos;), and melt thermal-treated grain refined (`MTT&apos;) A356.2 alloy castings can be improved considerably with solution heat treatment e.g. from ~6% in the as-cast non-modified casting to ~10% after 80 h solution treatment.

Jan 1, 2011

By B. Panton, J. Carvalho, E. T. Brown

"A major consideration in the design of high capacity tiedown anchors for dam, bridge and tower foundations is the tensile resistance of the rock mass to pullout, typically as a result of overturning moments or hydrostatic uplift. Rock mass pullout capacity for installed anchors is developed from the tensile strength and fracture propagation properties of intact rock, the orientation and physical properties of the discontinuities and anchor confinement at depth. The typically assumed, but generally conservative, design approach is to calculate anchor pullout capacity using the dead weight of a uniformly shaped inverted “cone” with an assumed initiation point and breakout angle. In some cases, some tensile or shear strength is considered across the area of the assumed pullout cone, however, these strength estimates are based primarily on based on limited historic testing data, empirical relationships for rock mass strength developed for other applications, and engineering judgement.As an alternative to the current foundation anchor design method, this paper presents a new approach to the rock cone pullout problem using Discrete Fracture Networks (DFN) combined with numerical simulations. The simulations presented in the paper investigate the influence of fractures in a synthetic rock mass on ultimate anchor strength. In addition, the global influence on fracture network statistics on rock mass pullout failure is also discussed and it is contended that some of the aleatory and epistemic uncertainty inherent in the design of rock anchors can be reduced by considering fracture statistics in anchor design."

Jan 1, 2015

By Paul R. Clark

Outline ? Coal As An Energy Resource ? Canadian Clean Power Coalition ? Phase I of the CCPC Project ? CO2 capture options ? Gasification ? CO2 use ? Results ? Phase II Plans ? Next Steps TransAlta - Profile ? 9,726 megawatts (MW) of capacity ? 46,877 gigawatt hours (GWh) produced at an average plant availability of 88.4% ? 47 facilities in four geographies: Canada; the U.S.; Mexico; and Australia ? Fuel mix of coal (62%), gas (26%), hydro and renewables (12%) ? 23.2 million tonnes of coal mined ? 47.0 million gigajoules (GJ) of gas consumed

May 1, 2004

By E. Dernedde

Cell rooms of aluminium smelters have large openings in the sidewalls and in the roof. These openings provide a high ventilation rate, which removes heat and contaminants emitted by the reduction cells and thereby ensures acceptable working conditions inside the cell room. However the large openings make the airflows through the smelter building sensitive to the wind. In this study equations for the airflow through the openings of a smelter building exposed to crosswinds were developed and verified against plant measurements. The equations were then used to estimate the airflows through a two-storeyed smelter building containing VS Soderberg cells. Wind protection by wind-covers over the sidewall openings and by upwind buildings made the airflows through the building less sensitive to the wind. Physical and mathematical modelling showed that working conditions inside the wind-protected cell room would be acceptable for crosswinds at speeds up to 16 km/h. These predictions were confirmed by measurements taken in a VS Soderberg smelter.

Jan 1, 2007

By Fred A. Webber

STEEL ROPE WIRE is one of the more specialized commodities among the many grades of highcarbon steel wires. In its production there are many metallurgical aspects of interest from the steelmaking on through the final stages of wire drawing. We produce rope wire in an integrated mill com prising all the operations from the blast furnaces to finished wire drawing in the wire mills. Steelmaking is carried out with close control on hot metal, selection of scrap, and fluxing materials. The basic open hearths are of 170 tons capacity. Steel is teemed into 19 1/2 in by 19 1/2 in big-end-down molds and is hot-topped with the use of clay refractory hot-tops. The weight of this ingot is 6,900 pounds. All high -carbon steel ingots are charged hot into the soaking pits and are then rolled through the blooming mill in 16 p asses to a bloom ax~ in. by 41/2 in. and approximately 65 feet long. Necessary bottom and top crops are taken on the bloom as it passes from the blooming? mill to the billet mill. The still hot bloom is continuously rolled through the billet mill in . 5 passes to a 2 3/8 in. square. Billets are cut to 32 feet in length by a flying shear and then allowed to cool on the hot bed.

Jan 1, 1957

By F. L. Pellet, S. Maiolino

"The determination of rock bolt contribution to reinforced joint shear strength is still a challenge, especially for assessing reinforced rock mass stability. For this purpose, several experimental studies have been performed during the last decades, mostly on small scale rock joint and bolt specimens. However, to accurately assess the rock bolt contribution, scale effect has to be accounted for. For this reason full scale lab tests are required as an alternative to in situ tests for which boundary conditions are more difficult to control.In this paper the results of an experimental program carried out with a large shear box, dedicated to test bolts in full scale conditions is presented. Different rock bolt diameters and different rock bolts inclination with respect to the shear plane were tested Experimental results were satisfactorily compared with an analytical model which is able to compute the contribution of the rock bolt to the shear strength of the joint as well the associated displacement of the joint. These conclusions allows us to validate the model in order to help the designer of reinforced rock engineering structures, such as slope or underground openings, to precise the optimum installation of rock bolts. INTRODUCTIONFully grouted rock bolts are commonly used for rock masses reinforcement to ensure the stability of rock slopes and underground cavities. For this purpose, the determination of rock bolt contribution to reinforced joint shear strength is of the utmost importance. During the last decades, several experimental studies have been performed to investigate the behavior of bolted rock joint. For obvious reasons, almost all the experiments were achieved on small scale bolted rock joint specimens (Bjurström, 1974; Azuar, 1977; Dight, 1983; Egger & Fernandes, 1983; Schubert, 1984; Spang & Egger, 1990; Egger & Zabuski, 1991). These studies made it possible to assess the influence of different parameters such as the bolt’s diameter, the number of bolts, the angle between the bolt and the joint, the nature of the rock, the friction and the dilatation angle of the joint. However, to accurately assess the rock bolt contribution, scale effect has to be accounted for (Vallier et al., 2010). For this reason full scale lab tests have been performed as an alternative to in situ test for which boundary conditions are more difficult to control."

Jan 1, 2015

By J. D. Jones

The geographic occurrence of economic mineral deposits presents a variety of problems in modern tailings disposal operations. This paper presents case histories in several sectors of the mineral industry as well as the several stages of operations planning required for new designs, system expansion, reactivation of abandoned systems and upgrading to present environmental standards.

Jan 1, 1978

By Allan P. Fawley

ONE hundred miles from Vancouver, at an elevation of 4,000 feet, is the Pioneer mine. It is situated on Cadwallader creek, a tributary of Bridge river, and is reached by travelling from Vancouver to Squamish by boat, a distance of thirty-two miles, from there by train to Bridge River (one hundred and seven miles), and finally by automobile across Mission mountain .(7,000 ft. elevation) to the mine (fifty-six miles): a total distance of one hundred and ninety-five miles. Prior to 1924, many Companies had examined the Pioneer, which had been developed by shaft to a depth of 200 feet, but, while values were good, the small size of the ore-shoot discouraged large investors. In July, of that year, opera-tions were re-commenced by the late David Sloan and, on sinking further, the ore-shoot was found to lengthen greatly as well as to ex-tend in depth, while remarkable gold values also were encountered. When, later, the price of gold rose from $20 to $35 per ounce, the mine was in an excellent position to take full advantage of the increase + and not only became an extremely profitable enterprise itself but its success greatly stimulated the search for and development of other 1-gold properties in British Columbia.

Jan 1, 1937

By Karl J. C. Harries

13.1. RIGHT TO RECEIVE ROYALTY CONTRACTUAL ONLY1

Jan 1, 2003

By H. A. Hamza, J. Visman

"This is a report on the combined application of ""long-chain"" flocculants and classifier cyclones in the field of slimes treatment, with emphasis on the simultaneous thickening and clarifying of industrial effluents, at low cost. The principle of the process described below involves: (1) the formation of small floes of relatively great strength, by sequential dispersion and conditioning, with average floe size of about 1501 microns; (2) the floes being of sufficient strength to withstand the shearing forces operating within a cyclone and consequently behaving as solid particles with an equivalent diameter (Stokes) that exceeds the size cutpoint of the classifier cyclone; (3) the removal of flocculated solids by means of a classifier cyclone the size cutpoint of which permits effective separation of these solids from the water. Results of test work to date indicate that a broader use of cyclones in industry is possible with the above types of flocculants because the submicron particles and colloidal material are readily collected and clear water is produced, with the attendant advantages of compact construction and low cost that are characteristic of centrifugal separation. The process generally permits classifier cyclones of medium throughput capacity (e.g. 12-in. diam.) to be used for clarifying effluents that contain minus 10-micron particles."

Jan 1, 1973

By Robert B. Parsons

"Once all the hullabaloo about Finance Minister Wilson&apos;s April 27 budget died down (or was it an April 26 budget?), the pain of the budget papers began to sink in. Individuals and corporations will have to dig deeper and pay more taxes - and government will continue to dig deeper and spend more. The irony of the situation is that higher tax rates actually make flow-through shares more attractive as a tax-deferral investment - a bittersweet ""bravo"" for the mining industry.INTRODUCTIONFor the first time in Canadian history, a major budget address has taken two days to deliver. Of course, it&apos;s not a case of long-windedness, but rather a case of a hastily called press announcement on April 26 in response to a budget leak, followed by a formal budget speech on April 27.The general reaction of the business community to the budget was to the effect that the tax hikes are acceptable, but the government&apos;s failure to curb spending is less than acceptable. Mr. Wilson&apos;s reported response indicated that the government had never promised to cut spending, and that increased government spending would actually benefit the country. That age-old debate will doubtlessly continue for generations.In any event, three noteworthy components of the budget papers are:• Personal income tax rates increase effective July I, 1989;• A ""large corporations tax"" (in effect &apos;a corporate ""minimum tax"") is effective July I, 1989; and• Federal sales tax increases are effective from June 30, 1989, to be replaced by a national sales tax in 1991.A brief overview of these and other budget proposals follows."

Jan 1, 1989

By T. B. Williams

A SEARCH of the records indicates that evidences of accumulations of petroleum and natural gas within the boundaries of British Columbia were discovered at approximately the same time as were those of Alberta. They probably would have been developed as soon bad it not been for the fact that they are in such uninhabited parts of the Province. Even today, the seeps of the Flathead area, and the later discovered extensive seeps of the Peace River area, have been seen by very few people. From the geological evidence, there is reason for believing that British Columbia soon will be a petroleum producing Province. Fifty-eight operators, both companies and individuals, are now backing the money and the effort which they have invested with us, for the most part within the last three years, in a belief that this is so. The promulgation of the Petroleum and Natural Gas Act in 1947 marked the beginning of a new phase with regard to the exploration and the development of our petroleum and natural gas resources. Since August 15th, 1947, the date on which the Act came into force, the area under exploration bas increased from a few thousand acres, held by lease under the Goal and Petroleum Act, 1986, to 10,460,115 acres, including all active permits, licences, and leases. In addition there are 192,720 acres under application, bringing the total under issue and application to 10,652,835 acres. The total area is comprised of 105 permits, 20 licences, and 26 leases under the 1986 Act. The permits and licences, which ?represent active exploration and development, are held by a total of 82 companies and 26 individuals.

Jan 1, 1951

By Bert S. Hall

"The purpose of this paper is to review the evidence at hand concerning the earliest centuries of cast iron in Europe, from roughly 1400 A.D. until the second half of the sixteenth century. For the most part it is concerned with the relationship between two technologies which emerged first in China and then later appear in Western lands, gunpowder weapons and iron founding. We should not assume, as I hope to show later in this discussion, that weapons constituted the only product for which the iron founder had any market, but it is clearly true that attempts to produce weapons constituted the most severe technical challenge for the early founder. Firearms appear for the first time in Europe in the 1320s and develop into significant weapons on the field of battle by the end of the century. Theirs is a complex history, subject neither to easy summary treatment nor to simplified models of development. I hope to be able, through the analysis of the evidence concerning cast iron, to show that one important strand in the fabric of gunpowder&apos;s history concerns the materials from which cannon could be made. This question is subject to a number of shades of meaning, because ""cannon"" can be made for many purposes under a profusion of different names, and under sharply varying conditions of use. As a result, the question of materials is frequently really a question of competing materials, and involves a complex set of factors, of which production costs and the ultimate safety of the user seem the most important. Judged in this manner cast iron was an important but unsatisfactory metal for weapons purposes until 1543, at which time English founders learned to make iron muzzle-loading cannon which could rival bronze ordnance in most important performance criteria, but which cost much less to produce. With that event, the history of cast iron and the history of weapons entered into the close relationship that persisted until the advent of rifled artillery made of steel in the middle of the nineteenth century."

Jan 1, 1999

By F. H. Samuel, H. Tahiri, S. Valtierra, H. W. Doty, A. M. Samuel

L&apos;affinage des grains dans les alliages d&apos;aluminium consiste à augmenter le nombre de sites de cristallisation de la phase a-Al afin d&apos;obtenir une structure fine. Les alliages mères de type Al-Ti-B sont largement utilisés comme raffineurs des grains. Cette étude a pour but d&apos;établir des mécanismes convenables d&apos;affinage des grains dans l&apos;alliage A356 en utilisant cinq alliages mères et deux températures de coulée (750°C et 950°C). Les résultats montrent que la phase a-Al prend une forme selon l&apos;alliage mère ajoute; les échantillons coules a haute température montrent une taille de grain plus grosse; les températures de germination et de croissance augmentent avec I&apos; augmentation du Ti ou du B et la taille des grains diminue. L&apos;alliage mère Al-4%B montre une puissance remarquable en comparaison d&apos;autres alliages mères. Pour cet alliage mère, le titane résiduel dans l&apos;alliage A356 réagit avec le bore pour former TiB2 qui, par la suite, agit comme un germe actif pour la phase a-Al.

Jan 1, 2006

By A. McLean, L. Gao, Z. Shi, Y. D. Yang, K. Chattopadhyay, G. F. Zhang

Levitation melting of metals is one of the emerging applications of magnetic and electric fields in liquid metal refining. The varying magnetic field generates induced current inside the metal droplet and leads to the Joule heating effect and Lorentz force against gravity. This contactless process can avoid contamination from the crucible and can be used to produce high-purity materials. Visualization of the levitation melting process is difficult, and thus generally investigated by mathematical modeling. In the present study, a three-dimensional mathematical model of metal levitation was developed using finite element method for proper understanding of the levitation process. The effects of harmonic magnetic field frequency, coils power input, and sample size on levitation nickel droplet were investigated. Temporal evolution of temperature fields were predicted directly though the model. Levitation and balance condition of the droplet were investigated as well.

Jan 1, 2015