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By H. D. Hoskold

I. Instrument-Parts and Implements. Cross-hairs ; Stadia-measurement; Fineness of Graduation ; Cylindrical Gradu ation ; Nonius; Vernier ; One Vernier or two ; Leveling-Screws ; Troughton & Simms' Shifting Tripod-Head ; Hoskold's Shifting Tripod-Head; Hoskold's Extensible Tripod ; Electric Lamp ; Plumb-lines; Chain. II. Instruments. Compass (Mine-compaes of 1518, Compass of 1541, and Agricolals of 1556, Voig tel's Setz-compass, Circumferentor, Stanley's Hedley Dial, Compass on Tele scope, Hanging Compass, Lack of Precision) ; Plane-table; Octant and Quadrant; Theodolite and Transit (Evolution of the Theodolite, Scott's Tachymeter, Hoskold's Engineer's Theodolite, Angleometer, Precision of Mine-Theodolites). I. Instrument-Parts and Implements. Cross-Hairs.—Mr. Scott‡ says Lean's dial " might also have been provided with a diaphragm and cross-hairs; for Huygene discovered that any object placed in the common focus of the two lenses of a Kepler telescope (1611)- appeared as distinct and well defined as any distant body. Following this established theory, in 1669 Jean Picard, Marquis Malvasia and others crossed silken fibers in the mutual focus of their astronomical instruments." If by this Mr. Scott means that Huygens and Picard first devised and applied cross-hairs to the focus of the telescope, the writer cannot agree with him. Huygens did not describe " his telescope without tubes until 1684, in his Astroscopia Compendiaria."§ Moreover, it is recorded that the English astronomer, Gascoigne,?

Jan 1, 1902

Lieut. Louis J. Brunel, now in France, was commissioned on July 27, 1917, as Second Lieutenant in the Engineers Reserve Corps, assigned to the 7th U. S. Engineers, Dec. 10, 1917, and has been with the American E. F. since Mar. 26, 1918. He was assigned to the staff of the General commanding the 5th Field Artillery Brigade, as Engineer Officer, on Aug. 6, 1918. E. Ross Housholder writes that "the record for pontoon bridge building was broken Sept. 25, 1918, by Section A, Co. 4, 5th Engineer Officers' Training School, at Camp Humphreys, Va., of which I am a member. The time was 15 min. 11 3/5 seconds. We then proceeded to break the record for dismantling in 9 min. 57 1/5 seconds. The length of the bridge section was 200 ft. The post band was sent out to meet us, and we feel proud of this record. I have met quite a few A. I. M. E.

Jan 11, 1918

Jan 1, 1966

Who's Who in Mineral Engineering 1977 - SME Membership Directory of the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME

Jan 7, 1977

By E. D. Gardner

The Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act (58 Stat., 190; 30 U.S.C. Sup., Secs. 321- 325) was approved by Congress April 5, 1944; it directed the Bureau of Mines to build demonstration plants to produce synthetic liquid fuels from coal, oil shale, and agricultural products. The most important oil-shale de- posits in the United States are in the Green River formation of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. The oil shale of western Colorado generally is more amenable to exploitation, more persistent, and apparently richer than elsewhere in the Rocky Mountain Region. It occurs at the top of a high plateau surrounded by bold, nearly vertical escarpments 500 to 600 ft in height. The top 400 to 500 ft of these escarpments comprises an oil-shale measure that averages 15 gal of shale oil per ton; the bottom 70 to 100 ft of the measure, called the Mahogany Ledge, averages over 30 gal per ton. The full measure in a 1000-square-mile area is estimated to contain 300 billion barrels of shale oil;' the Mahogany Ledge is estimated to contain 100 billion barrels of oil. These estimates are based on numerous surface samples and on core-drill holes drilled by the Government and by private enterprise. The oil-shale beds are undisturbed and lie nearly horizontal. The name

Jan 1, 1949

By AIME AIME

Gentlemen, we have ten questions on our list and a number of us here probably have other questions to ask. Therefore, we arc going to allocate the time to these different questions so that we will try to be finished by 4:30; from then until 5 o'clock, if any of you have any questions on subjects not related, you will be free to ask them. Mr. Morton and I have changed the order of the questions. Instead of what is now first, we have put No. 3 first, progress on basic-roof construction, inasmuch as we feel that it is quite important. At this time, H. S. Robertson, of Harbison-Walker, is going to give you a short talk, with slides, on what has been done to date on this subject.

Jan 1, 1940

By C. A. Meissner

THE following is a further discussion of the paper of James Gayley, " The Application of Dry-Air Blast to the Manufacture of Iron " (Trans., xxxv., 746), with special reference to his sup-plementary paper (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 4, July, 1905, pp. 797 to 819), and. to the paper of J. E. Johnson, Jr., "Notes on the Physical Action of the Blast Furnace " (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 5, September, 1905, pp. 1111 to 1146). Mr. Gayley's paper has been discussed also by E. Windsor Richards, R. W. Raymond, E. H. Saniter, W. J. Foster, H. M. Howe, V. Pendred, B. H. Thwaite, James Gayley and Alexander Pourcel (Trans., xxxv., pp. 1022 to 1042), Joseph W. Richards (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 4, July, 1905, pp. 703 to 718); T. W. Robinson (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 4, July, 1905, pp. 788 to 796) ; C. B. Dudley, R. W. Raymond, J. E. Johnson, Jr., W. F. Mattes, James Gayley, David Baker, John Birkinbine and F. E. Bachman (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 5, September, 1905, pp. 1147 to 1152);.E. de Mille Campbell (Bi-Monthly Bulletin., No. 1, January, 1906, pp. 25 to 50) ; John Birkinbine (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 1, January, 1906, pp. 137, 138). At the Washington meeting of the Institute, May, 1905, a very instructive and interesting paper was presented by Mr. J. E. Johnson, Jr., entitled " Notes on the Physical Action of the Blast Furnace,"' in which reference is made to Mr. Gayley's dry-blast process. A few of Mr. Johnson's conclusions, as summarized in the last pages of his paper, do not appear to me to be in complete accordance with the results obtained at the Isabella furnaces; and I therefore present the following notes which may throw further light on this subject: Mr. Gayley has called attention to the fact that the moisture in the air is an extremely variable and uncertain factor; and

May 1, 1906

Secretary's Note.—M. Beutter's introductory remarks, being simply a resume of Prof. Hone's paper, with a disclaimer of the intention to criticise it, have been omitted, and the remainder of this contribution lias been somewhat condensed, without omitting any essential statements. M. Beutter, St. Etienne, France* (communication to the Secretary†):—Professor Home observes in $ 47 of his paper that the fluid-compression of steel diminishes piping by forcing the liquid and viscous metal, while the pipe is forming, or after it has formed, into the space so produced, and proceeds to study the different systems of compression, alluding to the four principal ones: Whitworth, Illingmorth, Williams, and Harmet. Having now for many years had in use the last-named process, that of M. Henri Harmet, I shall attempt to explain the difference between it and the three other processes named. The Harmet process does not diminish or close the pipe after it has formed, but prevents it from forming; and I may add that it is the only one of the four which produces this result. It is true that the Whitworth process diminishes the interior hollow by localizing it around the central axis of the ingot, which is afterwards removed by trepanning the hollow forg-ings for which this process has been, I believe, always exclusively used. The Illingworth and Williams processes, which, in my opinion, are applicable only to small ingots, of necessity allow the pipe to form, or (to use the expression of Professor Howe) they allow the surface of the lake of liquid steel to sink into the interior of the ingot, since they involve waiting a certain time before compression, so that (in the case of the Williams process) the ingot-mold can be opened without danger, or (in the case of the Illingworth process) so as to avoid the risk that the steel may enter the grooves produced by the removal of the distance-bars. During the time required for

Jan 1, 1908

By H. D. Hibbard

At the beginning of a Henry M. Howe lecture it seems fitting to refer to Howe's great contributions to steel metallurgy, and particularly to the literature thereof. Most of my predecessors in this role have been able, from their association with him, to give direct testimony as to his great services; but although connected with him for years in a business way, I am less familiar with what might be called his academic side, except as it is embodied in his utterances, written and oral. Howe was adept in his genial way in extracting information in any line which, at the time, was of interest to him. In a technical lecture one expects as a rule new knowledge-—something about recent advances relating to the subject. On this occasion, however, I will ask you to go back with me to the primary department of steel lore, as the title of my lecture shows, to review the more fundamental features in that field for the purpose of seeking some gaps which we can fill and so give the subject renewed interest. In thus going back one must inevitably repeat many familiar facts, but that seems to be necessary in order to reach a clear understanding of the unrecorded matters. The full interpretation of a steel analysis is at present unattainable, though much progress toward that end has been made. The ultimate analysis, giving the percentages of the five commonly determined elements, does indeed usually give a fair idea of what the steel is, and is ordinarily enough, with knowledge of its history and physical condition, to enable it to be assigned to some purpose or use for which it is reasonably suitable. Rut discrepancies arise. Every maker and every User of steel knows, from at least occasional examples in his own experience, that the ultimate analysis is insufficient by itself to enable one to tell positively, from its interpretation, either the mechanical properties of the steel or its adaptability to the purpose for which it was made. Further, if, while having the specified composition, it is abnormal or unsatisfactory, why it is so. Good, bad and indifferent steels may have substantially the same ultimate analysis.

Jan 1, 1928

Apr. 26-May 11, Liege International Fair, Liege, Belgium. May 4-8, Electrochemical Society, Inc., Spring meeting, Benjamin Franklin Hotel, Philadelphia. May 5-6, National Air Pollution Symposium, Huntington Hotel, Pasadena. May 5-7, American. Mining Congress, coal convention, Netherland Plaza Hotel, Cincinnati. May 6-9, Scientific Apparatus Makers Assn., annual meeting, Edgewater Beach Hotel, Chicago. May 9-10, AIME, joint meeting, Industrial Minerals Div. and Metals Branch, Davenport Hotel, Spokane, Wash. May 11-14, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Atlanta Biltmore Hotel, Atlanta. May 17, AIME, Chicago Section, President's night dinner dance, Shoreland Hotel, Chicago. May 27, AIME, Morenci Subsection, Longfellow Inn, Morenci, Ariz. June 2-4, Chemical Institute of Canada, annual conference, Montreal. June 4-14, Mechanical Handling Exhibition and Convention, Olympia, London.

Jan 1, 1952

By W. E. Field

In the Coast Mountains approximately 110 miles north of Vancouver, the gold mine of Bralorne- Pioneer Mines Ltd. lies at an elevation of 3500 ft. The deepest or 41 level in the mine is at an elevation of 1400 ft below sea level, and the rock temperature on this level is 122.5°F. The thermal gradient is 1 "F increase in temperature for each 67.5 ft increase in depth. The mine produces between 500 and 600 tons per clay, utilizing an adit two internal shafts, and one service shaft from surface. The Queen shaft, extending from the 26 to the 41 level, IS the deepest, and most production now comes from this area. Stoping in by cut and fill using mill tailing hydraulic backfill.

Jan 12, 1963

By A. B. Parsons

AT the outset, the authors of this paper desire to file a disclaimer and an, explanation. They have no inside information from occult sources; neither of them feigns clairvoyant powers in the slightest degree. It is true that they have indicated on be graphs an approximate trend for the consumption of seven important mineral commodities up to the year 1954. At best this is a risky business; the figures do not pretend to be any- thing more than reasoned conjectures that are predicated on an attempt to evaluate some of the more obvious of the many factors that are likely to have a bearing on the future.

Jan 1, 1937

By A. L. Foell

The development of the modern blast furnace began more than one hundred years ago, with the abandonment of the small hillside furnaces. Its development, especially during the past 50 years, has been accomplished through a rapid succession of enlargements and improvements. The remarkable growth in furnace output during this period is a tribute to the engineers and operators who have constantly endeavored to build larger and more efficient blast furnaces. The blast-furnace operators and their mechanical and electrical maintenance staffs have originated most of the furnace improvements as a result of their practical operating experience. Furnace Lines About 50 years ago furnaces consisted of hearths about 11 ft. in diameter, which merged into rather high flat boshes, with no cylindrical section between the bosh and inwall and no cylindrical section at the stock line. Since then the lines of the furnace invariably have included a cylindrical section above the bosh and a cylindrical section at the stock line. Notable increases have been made in both hearth diameters and furnace heights. During the past 10 years hearth diameters in new and replaced furnace stacks have rather consistently fallen within the range of 25 to 28 ft. while their heights have varied be- tween 100 and 106 ft. The lines of most large furnaces using Mesabi ores have followed a fairly uniform pattern (Fig. I) in which the principal dimensions for 25-ft. hearth furnaces are as follows: Hearth diameter............... 25 it. o in. Height of bosh................. 10 ft. o in. Bosh angle.................... 81 1/2º Diameter top of bosh........... 28 ft. 0 in. Inwall batter per foot........... 15/16 Stock-line diameter............. 19 ft. 6 in. Large-bell diameter............. 14ft. 6 in. Height from iron notch to top ring casting...................... 100 ft. o in. In determining the size of a new furnace for the replacement of an existing stack or for an addition to productive capacity, it is not possible to formulate a procedure that can always be followed. Local conditions, requirements as to capacity, available raw materials and prospects for future expansion dictate the size of such proposed improvements or additions. However, where the immediate requirements indicate a stack or furnace of a certain productive capacity, and the future prospects indicate that more capacity can be utilized, it is well to consider building the furnace ior the ultimate capacity rather than to install a smaller hearth with provision for future enlargement. The decision to build the larger hearth and stack for the ultimate capacity probably will require no greater initial investment, since the saving in the cost of brickwork will about offset the greater cost of the hearth jacket, tuyere breast and bosh bands. In the meantime. the furnace of larger hearth dimensions, while operating below its ultimate output, will yield a better coke rate and

Jan 1, 1943

By A. L. Foell

The development of the modern blast furnace began more than one hundred years ago, with the abandonment of the small hillside furnaces. Its development, especially during the past 50 years, has been accomplished through a rapid succession of enlargements and improvements. The remarkable growth in furnace output during this period is a tribute to the engineers and operators who have constantly endeavored to build larger and more efficient blast furnaces. The blast-furnace operators and their mechanical and electrical maintenance staffs have originated most of the furnace improvements as a result of their practical operating experience. Furnace Lines About 50 years ago furnaces consisted of hearths about 11 ft. in diameter, which merged into rather high flat boshes, with no cylindrical section between the bosh and inwall and no cylindrical section at the stock line. Since then the lines of the furnace invariably have included a cylindrical section above the bosh and a cylindrical section at the stock line. Notable increases have been made in both hearth diameters and furnace heights. During the past 10 years hearth diameters in new and replaced furnace stacks have rather consistently fallen within the range of 25 to 28 ft. while their heights have varied be- tween 100 and 106 ft. The lines of most large furnaces using Mesabi ores have followed a fairly uniform pattern (Fig. I) in which the principal dimensions for 25-ft. hearth furnaces are as follows: Hearth diameter............... 25 it. o in. Height of bosh................. 10 ft. o in. Bosh angle.................... 81 1/2º Diameter top of bosh........... 28 ft. 0 in. Inwall batter per foot........... 15/16 Stock-line diameter............. 19 ft. 6 in. Large-bell diameter............. 14ft. 6 in. Height from iron notch to top ring casting...................... 100 ft. o in. In determining the size of a new furnace for the replacement of an existing stack or for an addition to productive capacity, it is not possible to formulate a procedure that can always be followed. Local conditions, requirements as to capacity, available raw materials and prospects for future expansion dictate the size of such proposed improvements or additions. However, where the immediate requirements indicate a stack or furnace of a certain productive capacity, and the future prospects indicate that more capacity can be utilized, it is well to consider building the furnace ior the ultimate capacity rather than to install a smaller hearth with provision for future enlargement. The decision to build the larger hearth and stack for the ultimate capacity probably will require no greater initial investment, since the saving in the cost of brickwork will about offset the greater cost of the hearth jacket, tuyere breast and bosh bands. In the meantime. the furnace of larger hearth dimensions, while operating below its ultimate output, will yield a better coke rate and

Jan 1, 1943

By R. V. Norris

The anthracite coal trade, with a shipment averaging about 70,000,000 tons per year, differs essentially from other coal business, iii the fact that the larger sizes, comprising about 65 per cent. of the total, are used almost exclusively for domestic purposes, principally during the winter months; and that for proper combustion close-sizing is imperative, so that eight sizes are made; broken, egg, stove, and nut, known as prepared sizes, and pea, buckwheat, rice, and barley, known as steam sizes. These sizes are made in the regular course of preparation, and but little variation in the natural percentage of each is practicable. Thus it is necessary either to work the collieries intermittently, or to dispose of all the varying sizes in their fixed proportions. Unfortunately, the market does not at all times absorb the coal in proper proportions, and rather than interfere with the regular operation of the mines it has been found economical to provide storage for the excess. While the cellars of' the consumers are the great storage-plants of the country, this capacity is not under the control of the trade, except so far as reduced prices during the spring and summer months may tempt the use of this reserve. The same remark applies but with less force to the retail yards, which, though usually small, store in the aggregate a large amount of anthracite. While every effort is made to utilize to the utmost the individual storage-capacity of the country, there still remains the necessity for taking care of the irregularities of the market by the construction of storage-plants under the direct control of the producers. Such plants are usually the property of the railroads, and are situated at points most convenient from a traffic stand-point.

Jan 1, 1912

Jan 1, 1970

'T. C. MERRIMAN, New Haven, Conn. (written discussion *).-This most interesting paper gives much carefully obtained and valuable data. However, there are two points in connection with the commercial application of such data that might possibly be a source of trouble and mis-understanding. In the first place, the examination of thin sections of annealed brass, subjected to standard Brinell test.(500 kg. on a 10-mm. diameter ball) at thicknesses from 0.075 to 0.150 in. (1.9 to 3.8 mm.) indicates that cold work has been performed on the specimen during the application of the load sufficient to extend way through the section, and have the hardness of the metal affected by the backing. If the usual steel support is used, this effect is very evident. If a piece of soft brass is used as a support, there is an indentation in the surface of the support accompanied by a bulge on the under side of the tested specimen opposite the impression made by the 10-mm. ball. The result is that Brinell specifications (governmental or otherwise) on stock for a certain purpose may not be fair in all cases, since manufacturers, owing to differences in equipment, etc., may not all use precisely the thickness and conditions of stock on which the Brinell specifications were based. This would mean that the government Brinell specification might not give them the temper of stock best suited for their manufacturing methods. The concluding paragraph of this paper, stating that "the hardness of cartridge brass may be determined with greater accuracy by the Brinell hardness measurement than by attempting to judge it from the grain size" appears to be in line with the movement of the last year or so among brass manufacturers toward substitution of the Brinell test for microscopic examination as an acceptance test on cartridge brass. The statement may he strictly true that the Brinell test is the best test for hardness, but it is not, as the statement might readily be construed, a sufficient test of suitable condition. For instance, some cartridge brass might accidentally have been overheated to a point where it would be distinctly unsafe to use for the manufacture of small arms cases and then be so rolled (reduction 3 to 5 per cent.) as to pass perfectly proper Brinell specifications. Under such conditions the microscope would reveal its unsuitability where the Brinell test had failed so to do.

Jan 4, 1919

By Edward Hart

The specimen of glazy iron used for analysis was highly characteristic in appearance. It was made at one of the furnaces of the Glendon Iron Works, working a light burden of ore with a highly silicious cinder. There are very few records of analyses of this variety of iron. I have been able to find but the two given by Bell, and I add these to my analysis for comparison. Bell. 1. 2. Iron,......89.47* 88.18 90.70 Carbon, combined,.... 0.00 0.79 0.71 Graphite,......2.88 2.59 2 68 Silicon,......5.47 5 13 5.13 Manganese,.....1.54 0.77 0.56 Sulphur,......0.04 0.17 0.23 Phosphorus,.....0.60 1.12 1.12 Titanium,.....- 0.26 0.18 Calcium,......0.00 0.22 0.20 Magnesium,.....0.00 0.06 0.03 100.00 9929 101.54

By W. F. Durfee

In the year 1862 the author of this paper was called upon to design and superintend the erection and working of the machinery of an experimental works for the production of steel by a process

Jan 1, 1884