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By W. G. Matteson

I. Introduction...................................................... 436 (a) Extent of the Gulf Coastal Plain. (b) History of Important Gulf Coast Oil Pools. 1. Corsicans, Tex. 2. Spindletop, Tex. 3. Sour Lake, Tex. 4. Jennings, La. 5. Saratoga, Tex. 6. Batson, Tex. 7. Humble, Tex. 8. Caddo, La. 9. Vinton, La. 10. Naborton, La. 11. Red River, La. 12. Edgerly, La. 13. Goose Creek, Tex. 14. Damon Mound, Tex. 15. New Iberia, La. (c) Favorable Features of the Gulf Coast Pools. 11. General Topography and Physiography of the Gulf Coastal Plain.....440 111. General Stratigraphy of the Gulf Coastal Plain West of the 90th Meridian......................................................441 IV. Structural Types and their Characteristics.........................446 (a) hnticlinal Structure. (b) Structure of Salt Domes. 1. Domes of the Coast Prairie. 2. Domes of the Wold Region. 3. Recapitulation of Dome Structural Characteristics. V. Methods of Surveying and Prospecting............................. 454 VI. The Development of Salt Domes................- .................458 VII. Origin of Salt Domes...............4.............................461 (a) The Volcanic-plug Theory of Hager. (b) The Contemporaneous Sedimentation Theory of Norton. (c) The Theory of Upward Pressure Exerted by the Force of Growing Crystals, as Developed by Harris. VIII. Source of the Oil in the Gulf Coastal Pools.........................465 IX. Petrolific Value of the Salt Domes of the Wold Region..............467 X. Future Outlook.................................................. 467

Jan 1, 1918

By D. J. Jr. McAdam

RESULTS of investigation of corrosion-fatigue of metals at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station have been presented by the author in four papers. 1,2,3,4 In those papers references were given to the work of Haigh in 1917.5 The investigation at Annapolis included a variety of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. The experiments showed that even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue may cause failure at stresses far below the ordinary endurance limit. The experiments also showed that, for most metals, severe stressless corrosion prior to fatigue is much less damaging than even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue. The term "corrosion-fatigue" was restricted to mean the simultaneous action of corrosion and fatigue. The combined effect of corrosion followed by fatigue was called "prior-corrosion fatigue." A stress-cycle graph representing corrosion-fatigue is a curve approaching a horizontal asymptote, the ordinate of which may be called a "corrosion-fatigue limit." To avoid confusion in later discussion, the term "endurance limit" will be restricted to mean the fatigue limit obtained by tests in air with specimens as free as possible from stress concentration and from corrosion. The endurance limit as thus obtained presumably represents an inherent property of the metal.

Jan 1, 1929

By P. L. De Bruyn, R. J. Charles

The transfer of kinetic energy of translation into other forms of energy by impact is a fundamental process in most crushing and grinding operations. During and after the impact process the original source energy may be accounted for in any of the following possible forms: 1) Kinetic energy of translation of both the impacted and impacting objects. 2) Kinetic energy of vibration of the components of the impact system. 3) Potential energy as strain energy of the components of the system or in the form of residual stresses. 4) Heat generated by internal friction during plastic deformation or during damping of elastic waves. 5) New surface energy of fractured materials. At any instant during the impact process only the strain energy of the components of the system can contribute directly to the brittle fracture process. If fracture is the desired result, as in comminution, it would seem advantageous to choose or arrange the conditions of impact so that a maximum amount of the original kinetic energy could be converted to strain energy at some moment during a single impact. The present work deals with determination of these desirable conditions for a simple case of impact and application of the principles involved to general cases of impact.

Jan 1, 1956

By D. J. McAdam

Results of investigation of corrosion-fatigue of metals at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station have been presented by the author in four papers.1, 2, 3, 4 In those papers references were given to the work of Haigh in 1917.5 The investigation at Annapolis included a variety of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. The experiments showed that even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue may cause failure at stresses far below the ordinary endurance limit. The experiments also showed that, for most metals, severe stressless corrosion prior to fatigue is much less damaging than even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue. The term "corrosion-fatigue" was restricted to mean the simultaneous action of corrosion and fatigue. The combined effect of corrosion followed by fatigue was called "prior-corrosion fatigue." A stress-cycle graph representing corrosion-fatigue is a curve approaching a horizontal asymptote, the ordinate of which may be called a "corrosion-fatigue limit." To avoid confusion in later discussion, the term "endurance limit" will be restricted to mean the fatigue limit obtained by tests in air with specimens as free as possible from stress concentration and from corrosion. The cndursnce limit as thus obtained presumably represents an inherent property of the metal.

Jan 1, 1929

By D. J. McAdam

Results of investigation of corrosion-fatigue of metals at the U. S. Naval Engineering Experiment Station have been presented by the author in four papers.1, 2, 3, 4 In those papers references were given to the work of Haigh in 1917.5 The investigation at Annapolis included a variety of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. The experiments showed that even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue may cause failure at stresses far below the ordinary endurance limit. The experiments also showed that, for most metals, severe stressless corrosion prior to fatigue is much less damaging than even slight corrosion simultaneous with fatigue. The term "corrosion-fatigue" was restricted to mean the simultaneous action of corrosion and fatigue. The combined effect of corrosion followed by fatigue was called "prior-corrosion fatigue." A stress-cycle graph representing corrosion-fatigue is a curve approaching a horizontal asymptote, the ordinate of which may be called a "corrosion-fatigue limit." To avoid confusion in later discussion, the term "endurance limit" will be restricted to mean the fatigue limit obtained by tests in air with specimens as free as possible from stress concentration and from corrosion. The cndursnce limit as thus obtained presumably represents an inherent property of the metal.

Jan 1, 1929

By D. H. NETLAND

DURING the year 1907 an investigation of the Clinton formation in New York has been carried out under the direction of the State Geologist, and a full account of the results has been prepared for publication.1 The more important economic features of the report are summarized in the present paper. Previous knowledge of this, the type, section of the Clinton has been contributed mostly by Hall and Vanuxem in their reports for the Natural History Survey of New York, which were issued in their final form in 1842-43. Brief accounts of the ore-occurrences have been given by B. T. Putnam,2 J. C. Smock,3 A. H. Chester,4 and E. C. Eckel.5 Prof. C. H. Smyth, Jr.,6has discussed the origin of the Clinton ores in two papers, which, so far as the local occurrences are concerned, have removed all doubt that may have existed on that subject. Distribution of the Clinton Formation. The Clinton strata in New York State are restricted to a single belt, Which extends from the eastern central part to the Niagara river, which it crosses, and thence continues for some distance into the province of Ontario. The New York

Mar 1, 1909

By Theodore Simons

The rapid and comparatively recent development of flotation has opened so fascinating a field for study and research that the older processes of gravity concentration no longer receive the attention they deserve. The early work of Munroel and Richards12 and the more recent contributions by Clevenger and Coe,3 Laist and Wiggin,4 Ammon,5 Bardwell,6 Crowfoot,' and Hayden8 (to mention only some which have appeared in our own Transactions) and by Schu1z,9 have furnished so much data that to offer something new seems a difficult task. It is still possible, however, to present known facts from a different point of view, and, with this in mind, the writer has undertaken to express basic principles of gravity concentration in terms of simple mathematics and mechanics; the conclusions thus reached will be found to correspond, in general, with those obtained by experimental methods. Rittinger, in his classic Aufbereitungskunde (1867)) reached analogous conclusions by way of intricate higher mathematics, for which reason his interesting investigations have remained a sealed book to most of us. The writer hopes that a more elementary treatment of the subject, based in part on Rittinger's metheds, may arouse new interest in the study of basic principles.

Jan 1, 1923

By Theodore Simons

The rapid and comparatively recent development of flotation has opened so fascinating a field for study and research that the older processes of gravity concentration no longer receive the attention they deserve. The early work of Munroel and Richards12 and the more recent contributions by Clevenger and Coe,3 Laist and Wiggin,4 Ammon,5 Bardwell,6 Crowfoot,' and Hayden8 (to mention only some which have appeared in our own Transactions) and by Schu1z,9 have furnished so much data that to offer something new seems a difficult task. It is still possible, however, to present known facts from a different point of view, and, with this in mind, the writer has undertaken to express basic principles of gravity concentration in terms of simple mathematics and mechanics; the conclusions thus reached will be found to correspond, in general, with those obtained by experimental methods. Rittinger, in his classic Aufbereitungskunde (1867)) reached analogous conclusions by way of intricate higher mathematics, for which reason his interesting investigations have remained a sealed book to most of us. The writer hopes that a more elementary treatment of the subject, based in part on Rittinger's metheds, may arouse new interest in the study of basic principles.

Jan 1, 1923

By G. Willard Quick

TENSILE tests of rail steels at elevated temperatures'' have shown that certain rails, in addition to having low ductility in the well-known bluebrittle range in the neighborhood of 200° C., have marked reduction in elongation and reduction of area in the temperature range from 400° to 700° C. This range of low ductility was called "the secondary brittle range" and the phenomenon, "secondary brittleness." The question naturally arises as to whether this property of the steels would be shown by impact tests performed in the same range of temperature. If so, the impact test, as suggested by Gillett3 would be a simpler and quicker method for the routine examination of steels at elevated temperature than the tensile test. A number of investigators have reported results of impact tests on steels at elevated temperatures, in which the energy absorbed decreased with increase of temperature above 200° or 300° C. Langenberg4 performed Charpy impact tests on several steels at temperatures ranging from room temperature up to 1000° F. (538° C). His results showed an increase in the energy absorbed in specimens tested in the range from room temperature to 200° or 300° C. and then a gradual decrease in the range, 300° to 538° C., the maximum temperature used. Greaves and Jones5

Jan 1, 1932

By J. Steininger

The Hallimond tube flotation of sphalerite and pyrite with sulfhydryl collectors has been found to be inhibited near neutral pH in the presence of copper salts. Alkalimetric titration studies of the reactions between collector and activator indicate that this effect is apparently related to the formation of basic copper collector complexes. The conditions of formation of these compounds and their stability are in good agreement with the depression observed in flotation experiments. The general procedure employed in the flotation of zinc sulfide minerals requires activation of the mineral surface by heavy metal ions, usually copper, which react more easily than zinc with the common short-chain ionic sulfhydryl collectors.' Commercially, zinc flotation is carried out under alkaline conditions (pH 7 to 10.5), but small-scale experiments indicate that zinc sulfide minerals can also be activated and collected under acid conditions. Selectivity, however, becomes poor at low pH and undesirable materials such as pyrite, silicates and carbonates tend to report in the float. Several years ago, Wark and Sutherland~, measured the contact angles of air bubbles on copper-activated sphalerite immersed in various sulfhydryl collector solutions. When represented, as in Fig. 1, on pH-sodium cyanide diagrams, the results are characterized by 'islands' of non-contact near neutral pH and

Jan 1, 1969

By J. L. Huiatt, D. G. Foot

The Bureau of Mines, U.S. Department of the Interior, investigated methods of recovering potash values from process and waste brines. Laboratory pan evaporation of four chloride brines produced crude salts containing predominantly sylvite, halite and carnallite. Six sulfate- chloride brines produced crude salts containing primarily schoenite, kainite, leonite, sylvite, carnallite, and halite. Potash grades ranged from 7.2% to 22.2% K20, and recoveries by crystallization ranged from 85% to 99%. Sylvite flotation from chloride evaporites with amine collector, recovered 90% to 97% of the potash in a concentrate containing 54.3% to 60.3% K20. Fatty acid flotation of the high sulfate evaporite recovered 78% of the sulfate minerals in a 28%-K20 concentrate. Flotation of the remaining chloride minerals with amine collector recovered 80% of the potash in a 59.7%-K20 concentrate. Solar evaporation of 37 854 L (10,000 gal.) of brine recovered 99% of the potash in a crude evaporite containing 24.5% schoenite and 20% sylvite. Flotation in a 45-kglh (100-lblh) continuous flotation unit recovered over 95% of the potash in schoenite and sylvite concentrates, containing 28% and 62.3% K20, respectively. An economic evaluation is included.

Jan 1, 1985

By I. N. Zavarine

The observations presented in this paper were recorded during a study of the spheroidizing process. Spheroidization of cementite in steel is either brought about to develop a set of desirable mechanical properties or is an incidental result of mechanical and heat-treating manipulations. Physical properties of steel are materially influenced by the state of the cementite. Conversion of cementite from the lamellar to the spheroidal state is usually accompanied by a decrease of hardness and of strength and by an increase in ductility. The spheroidized structure is usually considered as an ultimate step in the process of the softening of steel. The unorthodox hardening of a 3.5 per cent Ni steel (SAE No. 2330) after a heat-treatment that previously proved entirely suitable for a complete spheroidization of cementite in carbon steels led to the observations that constitute the subject of the present paper. Experimental Procedure The steels used for the experiments described were bought on the market. All were in the form of 3/4-in. round bars. Their chemical compositions are given in Table 1. The spheroidization of cementite in steels can be obtained in several ways. The method used in the present work is, perhaps, the least known. It consists of cyclic heating and cooling of steel, the temperature being

Jan 1, 1939

By I. N. Zavarine

The observations presented in this paper were recorded during a study of the spheroidizing process. Spheroidization of cementite in steel is either brought about to develop a set of desirable mechanical properties or is an incidental result of mechanical and heat-treating manipulations. Physical properties of steel are materially influenced by the state of the cementite. Conversion of cementite from the lamellar to the spheroidal state is usually accompanied by a decrease of hardness and of strength and by an increase in ductility. The spheroidized structure is usually considered as an ultimate step in the process of the softening of steel. The unorthodox hardening of a 3.5 per cent Ni steel (SAE No. 2330) after a heat-treatment that previously proved entirely suitable for a complete spheroidization of cementite in carbon steels led to the observations that constitute the subject of the present paper. Experimental Procedure The steels used for the experiments described were bought on the market. All were in the form of 3/4-in. round bars. Their chemical compositions are given in Table 1. The spheroidization of cementite in steels can be obtained in several ways. The method used in the present work is, perhaps, the least known. It consists of cyclic heating and cooling of steel, the temperature being

Jan 1, 1939

By D. O. Noel

IT is, of course, expected that manufacture of the various metal powders should involve numerous methods adapted to the specific characteristics of the metals themselves. Several methods for powdering a particular metal may be available, but the physical characteristics of the powder as produced by the several methods may be quite different. In the final analysis, the application of the metal powder dictates the physical properties that the metal powder must possess, and this, to a very large extent, will determine which of several possible methods of manufacture is adopted. Sometimes powder of the same metal is produced by more than one method, each powder having specific characteristics that make it particularly suitable for its application. For purposes of classification, the various methods of powdering metals can be grouped as follows: 1. Machining. 2. Milling (by ball mills, stamps, attrition mills, etc.). 3. Shotting (pouring molten metal into water, air, etc.). 4. Granulation (by stirring molten metal while solidifying). 5. Atomizing (disintegrating by steam, compressed air, etc.). 6. Condensation of metal vapor. 7. Reduction of oxide powders. 8. Chemical precipitation. 9. Electrolytic deposition. 10. Sintering (for producing alloy powders). 11. Formation of an alloy followed by dissolving or otherwise remov-ing one of the alloying constituents.

Jan 1, 1938

By M. E. Wadsworth, R. D. Groves, B. W. Madsen

Experimental results obtained from large-scale (7 ton), long-term (500 days) leaching of low-tenor copper sulfide ores were interpreted by a geometric model involving the movement of a reaction zone through the ore fragments. The postulated leaching mechanism involved mixed kinetics and included diffusion of the reacting species through the host rock and a chemical reaction at the surface of the mineral particles. Ore properties which were considered were Ore particle size and shape, grade of ore, and mineral content. Excellent agreement between the mixed kinetic model and the laboratory leaching results was obtained when -1/2-in. ore particles were not included in the leach. Also, a satisfactory prediction of copper recovery from +1/2-in. ore with a different particle size distribution was made; however, it was necessary to modify the shape factor in the model. Prediction of copper recovery from an ore sample which included the -1/2-in. fine fraction and leaching for 460 days was 56.5%, and the recovery from leaching was 47.0%. The presence of fines caused solution channeling and a deficiency of oxygen which inhibited the leaching rate. Also, compaction of fines around coarser particles interfered with circulation around the ore particles, and bulk solution transport probably was a rate controlling factor.

Jan 1, 1976

By J. A. Snyder, W. L. Finlay

SEVERAL notable studies of the effects of sub- stitutional solutes have been reported. Outstanding among these for its elucidation of general principles, is the summarized work of Hume-Rothery and coworkers.1 For a systematic study of the effects of substitutional solutes on the mechanical properties of the solvent lattice, the work of Brick, Martin, and Angier² on copper; of Frye and coworkers³,4,5 on copper and silver; and of Lacy and Gensamer6 and of Austin7 on iron may be mentioned. Titanium is one of the few elements offering the possibility of a similar study of interstitial solutes since, unlike most metallic elements, it exhibits extended solid solubility for most of the interstitial solutes—hydrogen, boron, nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon. This paper reports a survey of the effects of dilute solutions of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon on the mechanical properties of high-purity alpha titanium. Previous Work: Van Arkel and De Boer showed" that high purity titanium was quite ductile and De Boer, Burgers and Fast established".' that not only were oxygen and nitrogen very soluble in solid titanium but that, long before the limit of solid solubility of either had been reached, these interstitial solutes rendered the metal brittle. Their electrical resistance data as a function of

Jan 1, 1951

By A. J. Fenn

Long experience with underground mining inspired the unusual idea of using an underground crusher-conveyor system as a substitute for surface haulage at the Cananea open-pit copper mine in Sonora, Mexico. Now implemented and working well, the system has born out the expectations of its originator, Cia. Minera de Cananea S.A. de C.V., that it would effect substantial cuts in the high cost of haulage. The Cananea deposit is a large, low-grade orebody above the mined-out Colorada pipe which was once one of the largest high-grade underground deposits in the district. Present facilities at the pit consist of: (1) A large open-pit mine capable of moving 80,000 tons of material per day with a shovel-truck, underground crusher and belt conveyor haulage system. (2) A 25,000-tpd concentrator equipped for four stages of crushing, rod mill-ball mill grinding with cyclone classification, and flotation in conventional machines. (3) A dump leaching process producing 1 million lb of copper per month in a tin-can scrap precipitation plant. (4) A two-reverberatory, six-converter smelter which can make 140 tons of blister copper per day. (5) A well-integrated contingent of supporting departments running the gauntlet from housing to power generation.

Jan 3, 1969

By R. W. Borio, T. S. Spicer

Inflammability and crossing point apparatus were used to study the influence of increasing amounts oi such inerts as ash, fly-ash, pyrite, limestone and Portland cement with several pulverized bituminous coals. The results indicate that it requires large proportions of inerts to substantially suppress the ease of ignition. The ignition phase of the combustion of solid fuels has been under study periodically since 1900. With the advent of pulverized coal firing some 60 years ago, a technique now dominating the coal utilization field, the ignitibility characteristics have become increasingly important. Much of the early work was directed toward the prevention of coal dust explosions and improved mine safety rather than combustion. Many factors affecting ignitibility have been studied and numerous methods devised in an effort to measure the ignition temperature and these have been reviewed by other authors. A recent survey was made by Finney and Spicerl in 1959, so a discussion of previous work will be omitted. Despite these efforts, the initial stage of combustion, termed ignitibility, is still a little understood phenomenon. In fact, no ASTM method has been adopted for the calibration of this illusive property. However, a D-5 Subcommittee XVI on Ignitibility of Coal and Coke of ASTM (now inactive) defined ignitibility:' "The ignitibility of a fuel is that char-

Jan 1, 1963

By Jerry Tien

Mine regulators are normally used for proper air distribution in underground mines. They are deliberately introduced resistance in the regulated airway, and by altering sizes, they can distribute specific air quantities to regulated splits and free splits (4, 5). The enactment of the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969, the Federal Mine Safety and Health Amendments Act of 1977, and the regulations adopted by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (now called the Mining Safety and Health ministration) prompted greater discussions of optimal mine regulator locations because of the Act's stringent ventilation requirements (2, 3). For example, by requiring the separation of the air used in the belt haulage entries from the intake and return airways, the regulations required the creation of a third type of airway---the neutral airway, as opposed to the intake and return airways, adding to the complexity of a mine's ventilation network. It is the intent of this report to show that panel regulators should be located in intake airways at the neck of a panel for a blowing fan system and in return airways at the neck of a panel for an exhausting fan system in order to achieve optimal air control. A computer simulation model is used to determine optimal mine regulator location.

Jan 1, 1983

By Paul M. Tyler

HISTORICAL concepts of the economics of the glass-sand industry are changing rapidly. The greatly expanded demand for glass containers combined with higher freight rates on raw materials and manufactured products have induced a migration of glass factories toward densely populated centers and the creation of new standards of place value for sub- standard sand deposits. This migration has been facilitated by the construction of pipelines to bring cheaper natural gas and liquid fuel to large cities and may be further speeded by the adoption of modern mineral dressing methods to permit economical utilization of local raw materials. Our national resources of naturally high-grade 1 silica sand are abundant, but most of the best de- posits are situated so far from large centers of population that it now costs $3.00 to $5.00 a ton to carry the sand from the mine to the optimum site for a 1 factory making beverage bottles, scientific and electrical glassware, and miscellaneous blown and pressed ware for local markets. It follows that on the basis of freight savings alone it may be economical to use material from inferior deposits closer to the factory even though the f.o.b. cost of mining and treatment may be much high

Jan 1, 1950