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By Didier Kasongo NYEMBWE

The paper circumscribes the base metal casting industry in Southern Africa. It essentially consists in the founding of copper and zinc alloys. The challenge related to the scarcity and the unaffordable quality patterns and dies faced by the industry is discussed. New manufacturing technologies for foundry tooling called Rapid Prototyping that can possibly be used to alleviate the above mentioned challenge are then presented and their benefits assessed.

Jan 1, 2007

By B. I. Matshediso, J. Kaavera, E. Shemang, T. K. Dintwe, L. S. Teseletso, K. Fichani

The minerals sector continues to draw attention from policy makers who would want to see both old and new mineral projects add value to the minerals in the host country. The current technological development in the leaching of manganese oxide ores to produce a high-purity manganese sulphate monohydrate, a compound that is used in the manufacture of batteries for electric vehicles or long-life storage cells for the renewable energy market, has led to junior mining companies spearheading this technology in new projects across the globe. In this paper, we researched the high-purity manganese sulphate monohydrate project pipeline and used projected production volumes and C1 cash costs to construct the industry supply curve for six projects, including the K.Hill project owned by Giyani Metals Corporation near Kanye, in the southern part of Botswana. The aim was to determine the ideal conditions that would provide a comparative advantage for further local value addition to high-purity manganese sulphate monohydrate and to the end user product. The results showed that while the estimated C1 cash costs would place the K.Hill project as the second highest cost producer from among five projects, it would nonetheless have healthy profit margins due to the high projected price of high-purity manganese sulphate monohydrate. The study recommended policy options, which, if implemented, could further encourage the exploitation and value addition of battery metals in Botswana.

May 27, 2025

By O. T. Konina, V. A. Masloboev, A. V. Svetlov, E. A. Krasavtseva, D. V. Makarov, A. A. Goryachev

Dusting phenomena have been examined at the tailings storage facility of Apatit JSC Kirovsk, a mining operation located in the far north of the Russian Federation. The material composition of the tailings was identified. Existing dust suppression methods were examined. Field observations were undertaken and official data was obtained from the Murmansk Administration for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, and analysed. A database was built for forecasting dusting according to critical scenarios in order to estimate the peak MPCs of suspended solids in the atmospheric air. Mitigation measures were formulated and recommended to the mining operation. Keywords: Mineral dust particles, apatite-nepheline ore concentration tailings, suspended solids MPC, climate change

Jan 1, 2020

By V. Labiouse, R. Gärber

The paper aims at clarifying the up-to-now misappreciated role taken by pore water on the design of deep tunnels in saturated porous media. Numerical simulations with a non-dimensional FEM-model emphasise the influence of pore water characteristics (in situ pressure and compressibility) and boundary conditions (lining permeability) on the short and long term underground-structure equilibrium states. These results cannot be achieved by means of monophasic total stress analyses. Dieser Beitrag untersucht den Einfluss des Porenwassers auf die Dimensionierung von tiefen Tunnelbauwerken in wassergesättigtem Untergrund. Numerische Simulationen mittels eines dimensionslosen FEM-Modells betonen den Einfluss der Porenwassereigenschaften (in-situ Druck und Kompressibilität) und der hydraulischen Randbedingungen (Tunnelausbaudurchlässigkeit) auf Kurz- und Langzeitverhalten des Untergrund-Ausbau Gleichgewichts. Diese Ergebnisse können nicht ermittelt werden anhand von Einphasen- und Totalspannungsmodellen. L’article s’intéresse au rôle méconnu de l’eau interstitielle dans le dimensionnement de tunnels profonds creusés dans des milieux poreux saturés. Des calculs adimensionnels par éléments finis soulignent l’influence des caractéristiques de l’eau interstitielle (pression in situ et compressibilité) ainsi que des conditions aux frontières (perméabilité du revêtement) sur les équilibres court et long terme de l’ouvrage. Ces résultats ne peuvent pas être obtenus par des calculs en contraintes totales.

Jan 1, 2003

Bateman Engineering managed the establishment of a second diamond treatment plant at the Letseng Mine in the Mokhotlong District of northern Lesotho, about 100 km from the town of Buthe Buthe. Letseng Diamonds Proprietary Limited, is owned 70 % by Gem Diamonds and 30 % by the Government of the Kingdom of Lesotho. The second plant, which commenced construction in late 2006, doubled Letseng Mines' hard rock processing capacity from 2.6 million t/yr to 5.2 million t/yr, making it the worlds' seventh largest diamond mine by throughput. Bateman Engineering provided the engineering design, procurement and construction management of the new plant.

Jan 1, 2010

ADVANCES IN EXTRACTION METALLURGY AND REFINING A symposium organised by the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy will be held in London from 4th to 6th October, 1971. Particulars can be obtained from: The Secretary, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, 44 Portland Place, London WIN 4BR, ENGLAND. ICAMC -71 - HUNGARY The Third International Conference on Automatic Control of Mines and Collieries will be held at Balantsfured, Hungary from 27th to 30th September, 1971. Further particulars can be obtained from: ICAMC - 71, Budapest 3, P.O. Box 115, HUNGARY. AUSTRALIAN INSTITUTE OF MINING AND METALLURGY Illawarra Branch A symposium on "Blast Furnace Injection" is to be held at Wollongong University College from 15th to 17th February, 1972. About 20 papers on various aspects of blast furnace injection will be presented, including two on nonferrous furnaces. Further particulars may be obtained from: N. Standish, Chairman, Symposium Committee, Wollongong University, Australia 2600.

By H. Griesel

The overall supply of platinum is forecast to rise more than the demand, and market deficit will narrow somewhat, but is still substantial at about 480 000 ounces. Because of this deficit, the price of platinum is expected to remain high, not taking into account the impetus from funds and speculators. With this strong demand for platinum and the high price, platinum producers still need to initiate projects to not only sustain current production, but also expand output into the high demand. However, the rise in the platinum price does not entirely offset the drop in revenue due to the strong rand. Consequently, in the current economic environment, executives and managers are under extreme pressure to initiate only the highest yielding projects and implementing them successfully. During the initiation phase of a project, the cost of changing concepts is the least, and strategic project decisions are the most important. It is during this phase that the most value can be added to a project, therefore requiring inputs from highly skilled, creative and experienced people. This paper will discuss thought processes and paradigms during the initiation of projects that will assist project owners in the selection and initiation of successful and profitable projects. The project initiation process will also be discussed outlining selection models, risk analyses and funding considerations.

Jan 1, 2004

By C. A. F. Sweet

The inter-relationship between these parties and the effect on the outcome of the project is often grossly underestimated. There are numerous success stories where the parties have worked as complementary teams aiming at the best outcome for the client company and achieving significant success. While there are a good number of occurrences where either the roles of the parties were unclear or perceived to be different from what others in the team believed or required them to be and the results were less than desired. This usually resulted in ongoing conflict, incorrect focus, working to different agendas and the result being a less than optimum result to Client Company. Mining, by its very nature of exploring where you cannot see, be it a shaft being sunk, tunnel being developed or other excavation that needs to be made, requires a very special working relationship between the parties. To understand this, and it applies equally well to mine and plant construction and other multiple function projects, one needs to start by describing the relationship of the parties. Often people believe that because they manage ongoing complex operations and large numbers of people that they can manage projects and as such the participants will ?fall into line.? At the outset it needs to be stressed that ?Project Management? is a specific type of management and needs to be understood as such. There are enough Colleges and Universities that teach project management, not only as a subject but also as a Master Degree. As you start up your project the relationship you establish between the client, project team (C.P.T) and the Engineering, Procurement, Construction and Management team (EPCM) will largely determine how successful your project will be. It is essential that from the outset a spirit of co-operation, support and respect be nurtured, and that it be actively carried through the project life cycle. There are several methods to facilitate this including team building exercises right at the start. This time and money will be well spent and recouped many times over during the project life cycle.

Jan 1, 2005

Despite the media's use of the mining industry as a whipping boy over its perceived attitude towards the environment, the facts remain that the only legislated requirement in the SA Statute Books for any form of environmental impact-assessment prior to development is to be found in the Minerals Act in the form of an EMPR. Not only is our industry complying with this requirement, but moves are afoot to set up environmental management systems for existing operations in preparation for seeking accreditation under ISO 14001 when published towards the end of this year. On how broad a front are we advancing? ? Is the industry equipped to handle these challenges? ? Does it have the determination to overcome its problems? ? Do we realise that failure may mean the loss of markets overseas to competitors who can meet the international standards? ? Where are the shortcomings and when must our efforts be focussed?

Jan 1, 1996

By Siyabonga Malevu

Chemical Initiatives? Umbogintwini plant is the production facility of Chemical Initiatives? business. Umbogintwini?s J Plant manufactures sulphuric acid. The plant was designed and built by Simon Carves, and was commissioned in 1974. The plant was designed to produce 500 tons/day of Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) at maximum rates. The Sulphuric acid manufacturing is through the famous contact process whereby liquid Sulphur is injected through dried air in a burner operating at 1000 °C to form sulphur dioxide (10.5% SO2). The SO2 gas is then cooled in waste heat boiler no. 1 before being fed to a four pass converter which provides 99.5% SO2 conversion to sulphur trioxide (SO3). The SO3 gas is the absorbed by 98.5% H2SO4 through the inter-pass & final tower to make more concentrated acid and dilute it with water back to 98.5% H2SO4 in acid pump tanks and dispatched to storage tanks. The manufactured Sulphuric acid is supplied to a variety of industrial manufacturing customers includes Pulp & Paper industry, Mining industry, Chemical manufacturing industry etc.

Jan 1, 2009

By T. Lee

The mining industry, both here and internationally, is continually developing increasingly sophisticated software to compute mineral resource estimates, but these processes cannot compensate for a flawed geological interpretation of the geology of the economic commodity(s) concentrations. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) is becoming increasingly common in association with the sampling and assaying practices within the industry. However, it is rare in the case of a geological interpretation associated with mineral resource estimation. Why? In the context of this paper, QA/QC relates to the use of statistical and graphical tools to show that the geological economic commodity concentrations have been appropriately domained. Domaining is essential to improve the chance of getting a mineral resource estimate right. Commodity value and acceptable concentration variation within a mineral resource can be ingredients that make mineral resource estimation difficult to get right. But it is possible to get it right a very high proportion of the time. It is more likely to occur when inappropriate data consolidation is minimised. In any case, inappropriate data consolidation is significantly reduced when the geological interpretation is strongly consistent with the data and it is demonstrable. To achieve quality global estimates of geological domain concentrations, it is essential that the geology of the prospect is understood sufficiently that the deposit is appropriately domained. Appropriate domaining occurs when sample populations are separated in such a way that only data in harmony with each other within the population contributes to the domain's concentration estimate. The paper will use four brief case studies to illustrate how QA/QC can be used to display data and validate the underpinning geological interpretation through its associated domaining to get it right when it comes to a mineral resource estimation.

Jan 1, 2007

By F. Roelofse, D. Grobler, and M. Purchase, C. Gauert, E. Kotze

Scandium is an important industrial metal for which demand is projected to increase in the future. Although many Sc deposits are secondary, Sc is scavenged by clinopyroxene during fractional crystallization of primary, mafic-ultramafic magmas. Sc may thus occur in sub-economic concentrations in mafic-ultramafic intrusions. In this work, we present new data on the concentration of Sc in the Bushveld Complex (BC) of South Africa. The eastern and western limbs of the BC are considered to be largely pristine, primary magmatic deposits, whereas the northern limb shows evidence of largescale, localized crustal contamination. Samples from the primary magmatic cumulates of the eastern limb, from the mineralized Flatreef of the northern limb, and from the crustal-contaminated Footwall Assimilation Zone (FAZ) of the Flatreef were analysed for Sc. Despite the FAZ containing abundant clinopyroxene, interpreted to have recrystallized from the original cumulates in the presence of melted sedimentary rocks, no significant differences are seen in the concentration of Sc compared to other cumulate rocks of the BC containing less-abundant clinopyroxene. The concentration of Sc in the analysed samples is mainly controlled by mineralogy, with anorthosites, chromitites, and harzburgites containing under 20 ppm, and norites and pyroxenites containing 20–40 ppm. The parapyroxenites of the FAZ are less enriched in Sc than expected, suggesting that Sc may have been lost during alteration and recrystallization.

Sep 1, 2022

By H. Immink

Keywords: Kyoto Protocol, carbon credits, global warming, energy, auditing Climate change is nowadays being taken increasingly seriously, and the link between global warming and the carbon dioxide released in the generation of energy is coming under increasing scrutiny. The Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997, after five years of negotiation. So far, about 84 countries have ratified this agreement, under which terms developed countries have strict targets linked to their 1990 level of emissions. However, ?greenhouse gas? (such as carbon dioxide) emissions continue to rise alarmingly. According to the World Resources Institute, greenhouse gas emissions in the USA increased 13% from 1990-2002, while Australia recorded a 22% increase. In contrast, the European Union, a Kyoto signatory, has seen a small decline in its emissions during the same period. This is led by the UK and Germany, who reduced their emissions by 15% and 19% respectively. The concept of ?carbon credits? provides a funding mechanism for companies in the developed world to compensate for some of their CO2 emissions by paying companies (trading credits) elsewhere in the world to undertake projects to bring about reductions in emissions. In the southern African mining industry, it will be possible to get refunded for undertaking voluntary emission-reduction projects. Concern about the environment is creating business opportunities. A preliminary calculation has shown that various projects in South Africa (those in the pipeline, with quite a high likelihood of coming off) could earn a combined total of about R2.5-billion, under the initial phase of the Kyoto Protocol's carbon-credit scheme, which allows developed-country companies to trade credits with developing countries. A number of local companies are planning projects that could comply with the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), in which they will implement techniques to achieve certified emission reductions (CERs) of greenhouse gases. In order to prevent abuse of such a system involving vast sums of money, vigorous audits need to be carried out. A company has to prove it has made real changes and is not simply conducting business as usual under a cloak of claimed environmental improvements. PricewaterhouseCoopers has applied to become one of only a few international agencies that will be accredited to conduct validation and verification of the credits, by auditing what is called the ?designated operational entity?. An independent validator needs to confirm that the project meets the strict requirements of the Kyoto Protocol. The company has to demonstrate that it?s not business as usual. So, if you refurbished every five years, the next refurbishment is not a good CDM project, unless you can demonstrate that you will do something beyond the maintenance - that is what can be registered. So, Kyoto intends to get additional projects going, and the money for that is actually quite good - prices of 14 euros per ton of carbon dioxide not emitted have been seen. The price depends on who takes the risk for non-delivery if a project doesn?t deliver the emission reductions on time. The highly energy-intensive South African mining industry is heavily dependent on coal. There should be many opportunities for the pyrometallurgical industry to come up with creative ideas to reduce emissions, and there is now an additional financial incentive to encourage this. Companies can actually get money in return for doing these types of projects, in addition to the contribution to corporate social responsibility.

Jan 1, 2006

By J. D. de V. Louw

Introduction Zircon is a natural occurring mineral and may exhibit natural low level radioactivity. It contains trace levels (90 to120 pCi/g and 110 to 115 pCi/g respectively or 3.3 to 4.4Bq/g and 4.1 to 4.3 Bq/g) of naturally occurring radioactive uranium and thorium. This mineral is often found in a suiteof minerals (rutile, ilmenite and monazite) Due to the overlap in physical properties of monazite (containing 4–7% thorium) with some of the zircon (slight magnetic susceptibility) it often contaminates the zircon, adding to the levels of thorium in the product. Hazards associated with the products from zircon and its processing is inhalation of respirable dust (generated by milling) containing radioactive uranium and thorium which may cause cancer of the lungs. Legislature regulates the transport, use, workplace environment exposure and storage of radioactive material. In America the general regulation for the unlicensed use of low levels of radioactive materials limits the concentration to 500 ppm (U plus Th). Europe (IAEA) specifies a limit of10 Bg/g (Bequerels per gram) on the parents for transport only which is a higher level of U+Th. Companies selling into these markets need to comply with these regulations and certification is therefore required, not only of the major constituents determining the price, but of the U and Th levels as well. Exceeding the limits for U and Th may result in material being returned to the country of origin. However, for the analyst the requirement is to analyse for these elements throughout the production process as well as the analysis of the ‘tails’ that is returned to the mine area. This requires a wide range of concentration to be analysed. Methods of analysis A wide variety of methods exist for the analysis of U and Th in a range of matrices. (Table I) All these methods have been used with varying degrees of success in terms of accuracy. Overall precision for the different techniques varies from 5 to 25% relative. Time to produce results from these methods vary from a few minutes to several days. The Production Chemist is expected to produce between5 and 10 analyses per hour for process control purposes. A suitable technique that fits this requirement is X-Ray Fluorescence. Both Wavelength Dispersive (WDXRF) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) instruments are suitable. X-Ray analysis in general has a few major advantages over competitive techniques. •It is fairly simple to set up and interferences are known and easy to correct •It has multi-element analysis capabilities •Clean spectral lines for U and Th (in zircon specifically) •Uncomplicated and easy to measure background •Low detection limits (3 to 5 ppm) •A very high degree of precision •Sample preparation is uncomplicated and fast (pressed powders and fused beads). In Zircon (ZrSiO4) processed sands the matrix is constant(>99% ZrSiO4) and the background is thus essentially constant. A typical set up for the analysis of U and Th by WDXRFis given below: X-Ray Tube Tungsten (W) Target, 2.5 to 3kW operated at 50mA/50kV Crystal LiF200 (or LIF220 for higher resolution) Analytical Lines (2?)U La1,226.14Th La1,227.47 Detector Scintillation Counter Analysis time, depending on the concentration can vary from as little as 20 seconds up to 5 minutes. Standards As with any other comparative technique XRF analysis relies heavily on the quality of the standards used. Assuming proper set-up and operation of the instrumentation as well as consistent sample preparation, accuracy is determined by the quality of the initial calibration standards. A search for the available zircon certified reference materials (CRMs) shows that there are only a few CRMs

Jan 1, 2003

By A. V. Wilke

The metallurgical balance is a tool usually applied in the mining industry. The final result is used for different objectives. All the existing software for the calculation of the metallurgical balance fits the numbers in such way that a logical correspondence between the input and output materials exist. Nevertheless, the accuracy of the metallurgical balance strongly depends on the quality of the input data. Division El Teniente of Codelco Chile has been optimizing the metallurgical balance system the last 14 years. As well, it has participated in the development of corporate norms to optimize the operations of sampling and weighting systems. As a consequence, the precision and the accuracy of the metallurgical balance have been improved in a significant way. Also the understanding of process variability was enhanced. The improvements have allowed Codelco to discover and minimize hidden losses and to better support top management decisions. The present paper describes the main aspect of the continuous improvement process.

Jan 1, 2009

By Marek Dworzanowski

Dense medium separation (DMS) is critical to the operation of coal and diamond beneficiation plants. It is also utilised in iron ore, manganese, chromite and andalusite beneficiation as well as pre-concentration for platinum-bearing UG2 ore. Gravity concentration plays an important role in the processing of diamonds, coal, gold, platinum, titanium minerals, zircon, chromite, iron ore and manganese. The DMS and Gravity Concentration operations and technology in South Africa conference will focus on the operation of DMS and Gravity Concentration circuits in the South African Mining Industry. The current status of the technologies and equipment employed will be presented as well as future developments. The conference was set up to showcase South African DMS and Gravity Concentration operations and provide a forum where operators, technology and equipment suppliers can engage in knowledge sharing. The papers cover a wide spectrum of topics, including descriptions of operations, optimisation projects, new capital projects, equipment applications, process monitoring and process selection. Most commodities and unit processes associated with DMS and Gravity Concentration are covered. The conference venue was selected to be the CSIR Convention Centre in Pretoria. The CSIR has contributed to DMS research in South Africa and it is located not far from many coal, diamond, gold, platinum and chrome mines that extensively utilise DMS and Gravity Concentration in their beneficiation plants. I believe that the papers and presentations submitted for this conference will provide a valuable future reference for DMS and Gravity Concentration, thus making the work of all the contributors to this conference highly rewarding and worthwhile.

Jan 1, 2006

The application of modifying factors to the Merensky Reef and UG2 Chromitite Layer has a number of challenging aspects as the deposits are tabular and consist of a number of separate geological entities that are grade bearing. The important aspects of the conversion include mineral holdings, dilution with grade bearing material, mining and geological losses, marginal cut offs and recoveries especially where open pit or weathered material is being considered. It is considered inappropriate to add material for dilution at zero grade as the associated material generally comes with an associated low grade. The Merensky Reef Is typically a pegmatoidal feldspathic pyroxenite with bounding chromitite layers. The Merensky Reef is senso stricto too narrow to be considered as a mineable entity and therefore any reserve must include material at low or marginal grades. This is further complicated as the typical mine cut or approach varies across a mine of project. This variation must be included in the mineral reserve conversion. The UG2 Chromitite Layer is typically lithologically bounded i.e. chromitite hosted. However, this adds interesting aspects particularly where leaders are intersected in the hangingwall. These can contribute to unstable hangingwall. It may be considered appropriate to include these in the mineral reserve. One of the overarching principles is that the reserve can be demonstrates to be feasible i.e. can be mined at a profit. Here aspects of a feasibility including infrastructure (power, water etc) needs to be properly considered. The paper will attempt to describe these and other relevant issues and highlight examples from experience together with proposed solutions.

Jan 1, 2007

By Ron Tluczek

[Power Point Presentation]

Jan 1, 2006

By A. J. C. Paterson

High density slurry and paste tailings systems offer significant environmental benefits primarily related to reduced water consumption. However, these potential advantages need to be evaluated on a project-by-project basis. The successful design of a thickened or paste tailings system requires that the system is designed to accommodate the effect of the high density slurry on pumps, pipelines and the overall system operation. The transport system must be designed as an integrated unit and the interaction of all the components need to be considered. The transport system includes the slurry preparation plant, the pump station and the pipeline. This paper assesses the impact of increasing the slurry density in a platinum tailings system from conventional densities to thickened and paste tailings densities. As slurry density and rheology increase, there is a sharp increase in energy consumption for the additional water savings and this additional cost needs to be considered. A case study shows that there is a considerable benefit in increasing densities to the point at which tailings can be still be deposited in the standard manner. For existing systems, increasing density can result in an increased capacity at a marginal power cost, provided that the slurry is not too viscous. For a new system, a smaller pump and pipeline can result in lower capital costs and a marginally higher energy cost, if the optimum density is selected. Keywords: tailings, paste, pumping, slurry

Jan 1, 2004

By A. Fahimifar, H. Soroush

Abstract: Triaxial tests were conducted on the schist specimens with various anisotropic angles under confining pressures of 0, 7 and 15 MPa, and axial stress-axial strains, were measured and plotted for various conditions. The results obtained reveal the effects of schistose on the strength and deformability of the rock very clearly. Peak strength of the specimens for 00 and 900 schistose orientations are nearly the same. Modulus of elasticity of this rock varies with anisotropic angle. For 0 orientation modulus of elasticity increases to a maximum. Confining pressure increases the peak strength and improves the rock deformability. However, this effect is not the same for various orientations, and there are no similar trends for each anisotropy direction. Analysis of the results shows that consideration of a linear failure criterion such as Mohr-Coulomb is appropriate for the prediction of rock behaviour up to 10 MPa, rather than a non-linear one. The analysis also reveals that the friction angle and cohesion are affected by the anisotropy orientation, and this effect is more important for the cohesion than the friction angles. Resume: Les esseys triaxiales sur les echantillon d un roch schist avec les differents angles non-isotrop sous les tension lateral zero et sept et qoinze mega pascal (mpa) est fait et les covtraite et allongment unitaire sont mesure et leur curues est destine sous different condition les resultats obtenues montre les effets du schistosite sur le resistance et le ductilite vissiblement. Le resistance final sur les echantilions pour les angles o degre et 90 degree est equivalent. Le modoule d elasticite de ce roch sera difere par a port de l angle de stratification. Pour l angle o degree le valeur de modoule est le maximum. le pousse lateral augmenterai le resitance final, et sera amilterai le toleran le de ductilite. Mais cette effet bn est pas unigue pour les different stratification, et pour les diferents directions no– isotrop it n y a pas le meme solution. L analyse des resulitats montre que le criterre de ruin comme mohr–colomb est moderate pour le pousse lateral jusq av lo mega pascal , et ce n est pas neccesaire d utiliser de criterre no–linear . Cette analyse aussi montre que l angle de frottement et cohsion est en relation de la direction no–isotrop, et cette effet est olus important pour le cohsion par a port de l angle de frottement . Abriß : Dreiachsige Prüfung wurde auf den schist Exemplaren mit verschiedenen anisotropic Winkeln unter Bestätigen von Drücken von 0.7 und 15 MPa geleitet, und axiale Spannung axiale Spannungen, wurden gemessen und für verschiedene Bedingungen wurde geplant. Die Ergebnisse haben die Wirkungen von schisocity auf der Kraft und dem deformability des Felsen sehr deutlich erhalten offenbart. Maximale Kraft der Exemplare für 0° und 90 sind° schistos Orientierungen beinahe das gleiche. Modulus der Elastizität von diesem Felsen ändert sich mit anisotropic Winkel. Für 0° vermehrt Orientierung modulus der Elastizität zu einem Maximum. Einschränkender Druck vermehrt die maximale Kraft und verbessert den Felsen deformability. Aber ist diese Wirkung nicht das gleiche für verschiedene Orientierungen, und es gibt keine ähnlichen Tendenzen für jede anisotropic Richtung. Analyse der Ergebnisse zeigt jener Überlegung Kriterium eines linearen Ausfalls wie zum Beispiel Mohr Coulomb passend für die Voraussage von Felsen Verhalten bis zu 10 MPa, anstatt eines nicht linear ist. Die Analyse offenbart auch, daß der Reibung Winkel und Bindekraft werden beeinflußt von der anisotropic Orientierung, und diese Wirkung wichtiger für die Bindekraft ist, als der Reibung Winkel

Jan 1, 2003