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By S. Z. Pethö, H. Yilmaz

South Deep Mine is currently undertaking numerous voidfilling projects using low strength aerated cement products. Representative samples from one such site, were taken and tested for the load deformation behaviour under uniaxial loading conditions. The process of sample collection, laboratory preparation and testing are explained in detail. The results of testing were analyzed and the critical aspects pointed out as a design consideration to be implemented as part of the quality control and assurance program. Design aspects and underground application of the aerated cement product are discussed for the particular site on 58 level SV1. A simple instrumentation has been designed and installed to enable monitoring of any future movements in this area. A quality control and assurance process has been formulated enabling all aspects of the support installation in this excavation to be signed off.

Jan 1, 2003

SOME notes on the works of the Electrolytic Refining and Smelting Company of Australia will no doubt be of interest to members of the Institute, more especially as much of the work is new to Australasia. As many of the members who may read this paper have not been in a position to visit works of this kind, and are consequently not thoroughly acquainted with all the operations carried on, the author has taken the liberty, in some cases, to enter into explanation which would otherwise be unnecessary. The works are situated at Port Kembla (New South Wales), about fifty miles south of Sydney, and are approachable both by rail and water. The Government has recently built a low-level jetty upwards of five hundred feet long, and intends installing at an early date an electrically operated portable crane to facilitate the handling of material to and from the boats. This will mean: a considerable reduction in the length of time that boats are laid up at the jetty. There are also under construction two breakwaters, which, when complete, will materially assist shipping operation...

Jan 1, 1910

By E K. Leeka

Process control limitations have led to suboptimal performance of the crushing section of Sishen MineÆs Jig Plant. The performance of the PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controller implemented during commissioning was hampered by the relatively small buffer capacity between the crushers and screens. The inability to maintain the tertiary crushing chamber under full choke conditions lead to inefficient crushing and reduced crusher product cubicity.Model predictive control (MPC) was implemented in the tertiary crusher plant in May 2012 and resulted in a throughput improvement of six per cent in its first month. The controller was further optimised and indicated a throughput improvement of 16 per cent during on/off testing in July 2012. The throughput improvement is attributable to the finer crusher product resulting from operating the crusher under full choke conditions and controlled feed rate to the tertiary crusher plant screens. The next step is to couple the model predictive controller, automated gap control system and an economic optimiser to ensure maximised throughput and value from the resource.CITATION:Leeka, E K, 2013. Performance of model predictive control on the crushing circuit at Sishen Mine, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2013 , pp 417-420 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 12, 2013

By G. Song

"SynopsisAccording to the overlying rock strength and thickness of 10 shallow coal seams in China, the strata are classified into four types: weak and laminated strata (hereinafter referred to as WL), weak and massive strata (WM), strong and laminated strata (SL), and strong and massive strata (SM). The four types of strata, together with longwall panel height (M), panel length (L), and seam depth (H) are factors that influence the loads on hydraulic power supports. Principal component analysis was used to study the seven influencing factors. It turns out that seam depth (H) is multicollinear with WL, WM, SL, and SM. Thus the enumerated seven factors are divided into two models. In Model 1, six factors; panel height, panel length, and layer thickness of the four type strata are involved. In Model 2, three factors; panel height, panel length, and seam depth are included. Using multivariate regression analysis, two equations to calculate loads on supports are obtained for each model. The equations were applied to shallow coal seams. The equation of Model 1 is more accurate than that of Model 2, but Model 2 could be further used in deep coal seams. The equations were coded through VB programming to simplify the calculation.IntroductionTo ensure coal production in the long term, the focus of coal mining has been gradually shifted to the western areas of China in recent years due to rich coal resources in this region. Most of the coal seams in this area are shallow but the support loads are abnormally high. In these circumstances, the chock loads estimating methods used in the past do not work. If the rated working resistance of a support is larger than needed, the shield is unable to fully perform, while a lower working resistance would lead to accidents like shield crushing or even casualties. This problem is frequently found in shallow coal seams such as Shenfu-Dongsheng, Yulin, Tuha, Lingwu etc. (Zhang, 2011). Thus, to ensure safety and efficiency during mining, the estimation of support loads and selection of supports are of great significance."

Jan 1, 2015

Copper mineralization associated with minor molybdenum, silver, and gold occurs in a hydrothermally altered brecda within a granodiorite mass of Upper Permian age. A dyke system of rhyolite, dacite, and andesite forms plug-like bulges near the breccia and probably caused mineralization as a late stage effect.Base metal sulphides occur as disseminations, fracture and cavity fillings in the breccia. A pyritic halo in hydrothermally altered granodiorite surrounds the breccia and grades into unaltered granodiorite. Drilling during 1969 indicated the grade is subeconomic.

Jan 1, 1972

By R. J. Anderson, A. V. Castelli

In 1986, United States' barite production fell 48.9%, consumption - sold or used by grinding plants - was off 47.3%, and imports were down 63.8%. Meanwhile, world mine production decreased 29.6%, according to the US Bureau of Mines. However, value of US-produced barite FOB mine increased 46.51%, according to USBM figures. The declared value CIF US port of all imported unground barite decreased from $41.94/t ($46.23 per st) to $39.02/t ($43.01 per st). Nevada continued to be the leading US producer of barite with 69% of the total. It is followed by Georgia, Missouri, Tennessee, and California. The USBM estimates that 65% of the barite mined was used as a weighting agent in drilling fluids. The remaining 35% was used in the production of barium chemicals and as a filler. Most of the production from Missouri, Georgia, and Tennessee was used in the non-oilfield sector. This sector made up a larger percentage of the US produced barite in 1987 than it did in 1986, increasing the overall value per ton of barite. Barite consumption was at its lowest since 1963. It is estimated that 80% of the barite was consumed in the drilling fluid market. The remaining 20% was used in barium chemicals, glass, and as filler in plastics and paper. The decline of barite used in drilling fluid followed the decline in the average number rotary rigs operating - 964 versus 1968 in 1985. This was the lowest average number of rotary rigs operating since 1971. The non-oilfield market was up 5.3% in 1986. This increase can be attributed to the increased use as a filler in plastics. Imports of crude barite, though down nearly two-thirds, still made up 65% of the barite consumed in the US. China was the leading exporter to the US with 58%, followed by India, 15.4%; Morocco, 11%; Thailand, 5.4%; Mexico, 4.6%; Chile, 3.9%; and Ireland, 1.7%. Less than 1% of the imported ore was used in the nonoilfield sector. Imports of ground barite dropped from 64.4 kt (71,000 st) to 19.8 kt (21,800 st) in 1986. Of this amount, 14.1 kt (15,500 st) were used in drilling fluids in 1986 and the remainder for non-oilfield use. During 1986, more of the grinding plants supplying the drilling fluid market were closed. Dresser Magcobar and IMCO Services, a Halliburton company, formed M-I Drilling Fluids Co. Mine production in the US will probably decrease in 1987 due to the lower cost of imported ore. No significant change is expected in the drilling fluid market. The average number of operating rotary rigs is estimated at 950 in 1987 versus 965 in 1986. The nondrilling fluid markets (chemicals, glass, and filler) will follow the overall US economy. Bauxite and alumina R. J. Anderson, Ohio State University US bauxite production in 1986 dropped to a pre-World War II level, continuing a decline that began a decade ago. 1986 production totaled 450 kt (496,000 st), compared to 674 kt (743,000 st) in 1985. World production of bauxite also decreased in 1986. This reflected the soft market in alumina, aluminum, and related products. Total mine production worldwide came to 79 Mt (87 million st), down from 85 Mt (94 million st) in 1985. For the sixteenth consecutive year, Australian production of bauxite led all other sources. No other country approached the 28 Mt (31 million st) mined in Australia in 1986, despite a 4.4-Mt (4.9-million st) drop in its output from 1985. Other major producers in 1986 were: Guinea 11 Mt (12 million st), Brazil, 6.5 Mt (7 million st), Jamaica, 6.5 Mt (7 million st), and Suriname 2.8 Mt (3 million st). Despite weakness in world demand for bauxite, Venezuela, heretofore an alumina producer, is now pushing development of a new mining venture near the western border of the state of Bolivar. Plans call for barging bauxite down the Orinoco River to the Ciudad Guyana alumina plant, a distance of 650 km (400 miles).

Jan 5, 1987

Various steps, and complete sequences, for the recovery of lead and zinc from a mixed sulphide concentrate, high in silica and pyrite, have been tested.Oxidation steps of roasting in air or in a sulphating atmosphere and use of aqueous acidic, ammoniacal, and near neutral oxidation media were compared. Oxidation roasting or use of acidic media appeared most useful. Procedures for dissolution of zinc from calcines using sulphuric and sulphurous acid to avoid silica gelation problems are compared and a direct leaching procedure with sulphuric 'acid at controlled pH shown to be the most useful.Methods for the removal of germanium, nickel, and magnesium from zinc sulphate solutions prior to zinc electrodeposition were tested. The recoveries of zinc from ammoniacal solutions by electrolysis and distillation are compared.The dissolution of lead compounds from the residue of zinc extraction by amine and ammoniacal ammonium sulphate (AAS) solutions Was tested. Lead, sulphide was precipitated in filtera'ble form from AAS solutions. The reduction of lead sulphate to lead sulphide with sulphur was difficult, but possible. The various steps were used to deveiop five complete processing sequences, of which two were shown to be technically feasible and have potential economic viability.

Jan 1, 1975

All development proposals have to run the gauntlet of the approvals process. Major resource projects are generally subject to particularly intense scrutiny. The key element in the approvals process is that it is about making decisions that take into account the benefits or otherwise to society as a whole - the interests of any one group do not take precedence. Most groups tend to see their relatively narrow interests as representing those of the broader society. Each group develops their arguments for or against a project in isolation, and then presents these to an arbiter in an adversarial situation. From this mire of argument and counter-argument it is often difficult to discern just what the real benefits of a project are, and opportunities for agreement and constructive modification of proposals to meet real concerns are often missed. The contention made in this paper is that the inevitable differences between these various viewpoints should be harnessed to help the proponent to come up with a proposal that is clearly of overall benefit to society and which gains approval. It is better to accept that no one group has a monopoly on wisdom in this area and to engender an environment of creative tension in which the pros and cons can be broadly considered and good planning and design used to produce a proposal that has a high chance of success. There are a variety of ways in which this approach can be implemented. Some of these options will be discussed in terms of their likely applicability to energy projects and their potential for success.

Jan 1, 1992

By Wilson Blake

Increased application and interest in the use of microseismic monitoring to deal with ground control problems, Particularly those resulting in violent failures, has brought about the need for practical guidelines with respect to all phases of microseismic monitoring. This report presents the results of an 18-month effort to review the microseismic method and develop needed practical guidelines. Microseismic activity and properties of microseismic events are treated so that these parameters can be taken into account when developing monitoring equipment. Microseismic equipment is discussed to provide familiarization with the components of monitoring systems. Factors to be considered and procedures for developing a microseismic monitoring system are presented. Both physical and electrical considerations for the installation of a monitoring system are discussed in detail. The operation of a microseismic system including data analysis procedures is presented. Field examples to illustrate use of microseismic data in evaluating ground control problems are presented in a number of case histories.

Jan 1, 1982

When a thin film of volatile matter is deposited under vacuum on a polished coal surface, and the coated surface is examined microscopically in plane-polarized reflected light, colour changes are observed which are characteristic of the various macerals present. The colour changes appear to be mainly due to interference between light reflected at the upper surface of the film and at the film!coal interface. A variety of source materials for the volatile matter required have been tested, including powdered bituminous coal, coal tars, boron oxide, and certain resins. Bituminous coal gave the best results.

Jan 1, 1970

By P. Miranda, K. Le, G. Maes, R. Peters

"The Mount Milligan Mine, owned by Thompson Creek Metals Company Inc. (TCM), started operations in September of 2013. It is located between the communities of Fort St. James and Mackenzie and is the first major metal mine to open in British Columbia in 15 years. Based on reserves as of January 1, 2014, it has an estimated 22 year mine life with 2.1 billion pounds of copper and 6 million ounces of gold in reserves. Like all commissioning operations, there have been issues achieving design throughput and recovery due to flow sheet design, equipment failures, control philosophy, and reagent scheme. Efforts to improve overall mill performance include equipment modifications, reagent screening and testing, and grind size testing. Applying these changes to the mill and working closely with the mine has resulted in continuous improvement each month as Mount Milligan looks to achieve the nominal design capacity of 60,000 dry metric tonnes per day in the later part of 2015. Considerable focus is being placed into ensuring size reduction equipment is utilized effectively. Additional modifications and tests are being undertaken to steadily improve processes and alleviate restrictions in the mill. This paper will discuss the start-up and present ramp-up history of Mount Milligan, the current mill processes, and the steps taken to achieve expected production numbers.OPERATION BACKGROUNDMount Milligan is an open-pit copper and gold operation wholly owned and operated by Thompson Creek Metals. It is located approximately 155km northwest of Prince George, British Columbia, between the communities of Mackenzie and Fort St. James. The copper-gold porphyry deposit contains a Measured and Indicated Mineral Resource of 706.7 Mt at 0.18% Cu and 0.33 g/t Au, containing 2.84 billion lb. copper and 7.50 million oz. gold. Mine life is currently estimated at 22.1 years (“Feasibility Update – Mt. Milligan,” 2009). The mill is designed to process 60,000 dry metric tonnes per day and produce 400 dry metric tonnes of concentrate per day averaging 25.5% Cu and 40 ppm Au. Concentrate is delivered by truck and trailer to Mackenzie followed by rail to Vancouver for overseas shipping to various customers.Mount Milligan is considered a “zero discharge” operation meaning no process or surface water will be discharged to the environment. As well, stockpiling is very limited and is only permitted for a short period of time. This scenario presents several unique challenges. Scheduling of ore/waste production must be carefully planned as waste rock is used to build the tailings storage facility (TSF). Reagent selection is also important as persistent chemicals will have a tendency to build up in reclaim water which feeds the process water tank."

Jan 1, 2015

By Xuehua Zhang, Shengxiong Yang, Huiqiang Yao, Gaowen He

"Seamount cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts (hereafter crusts) are authigenic iron/manganese hydroxide/oxide deposits formed from direct precipitation of minerals from seawater onto a hard substrates surface. Crusts contain significant concentrations of cobalt, manganese, nickel, copper, platinum, rare earth elements and other valuable metallic elements, with potential economic value. Regulations on Prospecting and Exploration for Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts in the "Area" was approved by the Council and Assembly of the International Seabed Authority in July 2012, China and Japan became the first to obtain exploration contracts, which were signed respectively in April and January 2014.The crusts form pavements and are mainly attached tightly to the surface of the substrate, and less commonly crusts coat talus debris located on the surface of sediment and substrate rock. During prospecting, crust sampling methods mainly include dredge, TVgrab and sub-bottom coring system. During exploration, the sub-bottom coring will be the dominant method for crust sampling, and if necessary, ROV sampling will be used. Usually the samples collected by different methods provide a larger quantity than samples needed for chemical analysis, but sampling quantity is a question that should be considered for mineral resource evaluation that how to ensure that the sampling is representation for the sampling station. Using the samples collected by China from Pacific seamounts, according to the designed analysis flow and Qeqott formula (Q=Kd2), the minimum reliable assay sample quantity ("MRASQ") of crusts for Mn, Co, and Ni are obtained. In the case of the sample homogeneous fines at ~100 mesh size (~0.15 mm), MRASQ for Mn, Co, Ni is respectively 4.5 g, 9 g and 9 g. This result provides the basic data for crusts resources evaluation."

Sep 1, 2014

By A. Tsekov, Stefan Neufeind, T. Angelov, G. Savov

"A complementary ion exchange/solvent extraction process for the recovery of copper from low-grade ores developed by Iontech Engineering Ltd. is described. It has successfully been implemented on a full-scale plant level at the Buchim Copper Mine in Macedonia, yielding a maximum copper cathode production of 2400 tonnes per year. Technical and economic aspects of three years of operational experience are comprehensively compared with the Asarel Medet copper plant in Bulgaria, which is utilizing conventional solvent extraction in the enrichment/purification step. INTRODUCTION The concentration and separation of copper from primary leachates is one of the key operations in the hydrometallurgical processing of oxide ores (Langner, 2011). Conventionally, this basic operation is conducted by submitting the pregnant leach solution (PLS), with a 1–5 g/L Cu content, from the initial sulfuric acid leach to a solvent-extraction (SX) process in which copper reports to the organic phase (see Figure 1). After phase separation, the metal is stripped from the extractant/diluent mixture employing sulfuric acid to furnish a concentrated metal solution, usually containing 40–50 g Cu/L. The final products of the overall process are copper cathodes, which are obtained from a terminal electrowinning step.Although considered as “technology of choice”, SX to date is still suffering from several drawbacks, such as the risk of poor phase disengagement and the high capital costs of solvent-extraction plants. Especially, the processing of leachates with lower copper tenors (< 1 g/L) is often economically less attractive. As a result, tremendous efforts have been dedicated to the evaluation of alternative technologies to address these challenges."

Jan 1, 2015

By J. A. Meech, G. R. Baiden

"A dynamic simulation of a mine-mill complex has been conducted using networked microcomputers (IBM PC/AT and IBM PC/XT). These models allow simultaneous operation of an open pit using shovels and trucks, a primary crusher, and a secondary crushing plant. Each process transmits information via the network, linking all operations together. The effects of blasting, ore quality, equipment utilization and configuration on productivity can be studied either interactively or from a report listing at the end of each shift. Programs are menu driven leading the user through the decisions required in day to day operations. The mine-mill simulator is currently being used as a teaching tool at Queen's University to provide senior mining and mineral processing engineering students with an experience and appreciation for the operating problems across the mine-mill interface. The need for coordination and close communication between the mine and mill can be aptly demonstrated using these models. The simulator could be used to contribute to the training of operating personnel in a real mining operation. INTRODUCTIONThis paper describes a computer simulator that is capable of showing the interactions and operating strategies between a mine and a secondary crushing plant. The simulator uses two models developed at Queen's University; one for open pit mining and the second for secondary crushing. PITSIM is a dynamic shovel/truck haulage model origin2lly developed by P.D.D. Chick (1) and K.G. Fytas (2) to solve shovel/truck scheduling problems. CRUSHSOFT is a dynamic secondary crushing plant model developed by R.J. Tucker (3) and C.A. Harris (4) to study alternative operating and control strategies in a crushing plant."

Jan 1, 1987

By J. Bruce Clemmer, M. F. Williams, B. H. Clemmons, Carl Rampacek, R. H. Stacy

"INTRODUCTION This report is the first of several dealing with the application of flotation methods for beneficiating the calcareous and siliceous red iron ores and ferruginous sandstones of the Birmingham district. The flotation study was part of a general investigation of the concentratability of various iron ores of Alabama and other Southeastern States undertaken by the Southern Experiment Station of the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, in cooperation with the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala.Batch testing and pilot-plant flotation testing of the calcareous red ores of the Birmingham district have been in progress for several years, and although some phases of the study are not yet completed, enough data are available to indicate that many of the ores will yield marketable-grade concentrates with good recovery.The first flotation tests on the calcareous red ores employing conventional methods either the iron oxides or the siliceous gangue materials failed to give the desired results. The inferior separations obtained or prohibitive reagent requirements made the methods unattractive. Other more effective flotation methods were sought. A laboratory study of various reagents was undertaken. It resulted in the development of two attractive methods embracing anionic flotation of the activated siliceous gangue from the retarded iron oxides. The methods were similar in that fatty acid or soap-collecting agents were employed in strongly alkaline pulps to float the naturally activated quartz from the iron-ore pulps. The methods differed, however, in the addition agent employed to retard the hematite or hematite and calcite. By proper choice and quantity of the addition agent, the calcite could be floated with the quartz or retarded with the hematite as desired. Ability to recover or reject the calcite gives added flexibility to the separation. Although the methods have their limitations and cannot be considered ""cure-alls,"" they have given encouraging results on a number of calcareous red ores that heretofore proved difficult to concentrate by conventional flotation procedures."

Mar 1, 1945

By J. A. Delgadillo

Computer simulation and mineral modeling was applied to the optimization of a grinding circuit in a plant processing 256 t/h magnetite. These tools were used to develop a grinding and classification configuration to decrease the grade of silica in the magnetite concentrate, which is produced by the plant. Empirical grinding and classification models were finely tuned using plant experimental data. The JKSimMetTM 5.0 software was used to simulate the grinding and classification units. By applying changes in the original circuit, a throughput increment of 100% was achieved with an important reduction in the energy consumption. The silica content in the magnetite concentrate can be decreased by regrinding the coarse fraction of fine screens into a separate ultrafine grinding unit instead of returning this flow to the ball grinding mills.

Jan 1, 2008

By Guy Chevalier, Jean-Guy Chartrand, Louis Barrette, Daniel Michaud, Michel Fortin

"COREM has developed, specifically for the mineral industry, a mobile laboratory using the Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) technique. It has been used to perform onstream analysis (OSA) of the chemical composition of slurries in both gold-ore and iron-ore processing plants. Industrial tests have been carried out respectively at La Mine Doyon (Cambior), a gold-ore processing plant near Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec, and at QCM's iron-ore pelletizing plant in Port-Cartier, Quebec. The aim was to demonstrate that the LIBS technique is capable of providing information that meets the needs for process control. C, Si, Ca, Mg, Mn and Al were the elements targeted on iron ore while Cu, Fe, Ag and Au were targeted for gold ore. The results obtained meet or exceed the requirements for process control and consequently clearly show that the LIBS technique is suitable for industrial applications.The feasibility of OSA, through in-plant validations using COREM’s LIBS mobile laboratory, has been demonstrated in four essential aspects: slurry sampling, LIBS chemical measurement, robustness for continuous operation, and functionality for industrial operators.INTRODUCTIONThere is a general need for optimization in the mineral industry. Process control is a favoured means to achieve this goal (McKee 1991). Real-time knowledge of process status is the key to effective control (Da Silva 1994). Only a few techniques, such as XRF, NMR and digital imaging, are currently amenable to chemically monitor industrial processes (Braden 2002). LIBS is an emerging technique with appealing characteristics for on-line and real-time measurement of bulk material (Lorenzen 1992, Palanco 2000). While our ultimate goal is to provide our industrial partners with performing monitoring tools, a shorter-viewed objective is to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a LIBS system for OSA. The LIBS technique has shown interesting capabilities for measuring solids, liquids, dusts and gases. Our work has focused on mineral slurries (Barrette 1999 and 2001, Turmel 1999). Special equipment is needed to perform in-plant validations. A mobile laboratory based on the LIBS technology has been assembled for this task."

Jan 1, 2004

By M. A. Trevits, T. A. Gray, L. M. Crayne, P. Glogowski

Mine seals can he remotely constructed in underground coal mines through vertical boreholes when direct access to a fire is impossible or considered to he too dangerous. This method has great merit because the boreholes can be drilled to specific mine areas, and the seals can be positioned close to a fire zone. The technology however can be largely ineffective if the constructed seals do not provide of effective barriers to airflow or if they cannot he used to impound water and other inert materials. Unfortunately, no viable alternatives exists to sealing the entire mine to the ground surface. Full-scale remote mine seal construction research is being conducted at the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Lake Lynn Laboratory (LLL). Under this effort. Howard Concrete Pumping Company and GAI Consultants Inc. have joined forces to evaluate a potentially significant improvement to the current state of the art. This paper covers the development o f novel technology or rewrote mine seal construction, the evaluation of rite materials used, the construction practice and the Fellow-up testing.

By Karen C. Armfield, Gisele R. Passalacqua, Joanna Smith

When selecting a solution for improving resiliency at facilities, such as airports, utility and transit sites, there are many options to protect structures and equipment against potential flooding. Each case involves an evaluation of the several key factors such as: design flood parameters, the geography and geological conditions below the site, the facility, and the layout of buildings and equipment to be protected. Upon reviewing these conditions and conducting a cost analysis of various options, the most suitable approach to protecting a facility can be determined. This paper will compare the conditions at various New York City sites, and give detail to the solutions utilized at these sites to improve resiliency and protect each facility. Flood wall types varied as did the strategies for raising critical equipment, to meet the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) 7 guidelines. Due to granular soil conditions, some sites may experience soil seepage below the flood wall resulting in the need for underground cut off systems. The authors will also present detail regarding the solutions used to control seepage. Various cut off systems will be discussed such as grouting and sheeting, explaining the factors that may impact the choice of systems. Another consideration in flood resiliency is the potential for a buoyancy condition on basement slabs when localized flood barriers are employed on first floor doors and windows. The authors will discuss the potential impacts of this condition on facilities and methods to mitigate this issue. 1. INTRODUCTION New York City is an urban coastal Metropolis with varied geology and low land areas. This includes but is not limited to sandy soils at Coney Island and the John F. Kennedy Airport. Soft marshes are found near Flushing Queens and LaGuardia Airport. Heavy rains and coastal storms caused disruption to daily life and heavily affected the economy of this vibrant City. For instance, in lower Manhattan business was interrupted in the Financial District. Power outage was widespread; commuter trains and subways were stopped and put out of service. Additionally, numerous residential homes were damaged in Coastal Neighborhoods such as the Far Rockaways and Staten Island. 1.1. Superstorm Sandy Flood Statistics On October 29, 2012 Superstorm Sandy impacted numerous facilities in the New York City Metro area. The resulting damage cost New York City more than $42 billion in repair costs. $33 billion was allocated to repair housing and infrastructure, and $9 billion was allocated to protect transit systems1. One of the major issues that impacted the city in terms of its preparedness was the high flood surge. The surge surpassed the former base flood elevation and reached as high as 13.88 feet (above mean lower low water - MLLW) in Battery Park at 9:24pm that evening. Tottenville, Staten Island experienced more damage where the water was recorded at +16 (North America Vertical Datum of 1988 - NAVD88), which is equivalent to 18.7 feet above MLLW (see Fig. 1). Not only was the surge at record levels, the waves in New York Harbor were also at record level where some buoy stations recorded waves of up to 32.5 feet. The City released “A Stronger, More Resilient New York” in June 2013, a plan laid out to rebuild communities impacted by Sandy and improve the resiliency of the infrastructure and buildings in New York City. Figures below help to illustrate the extent of the inundation relative to the projects being discussed.

Jan 1, 2018

Mount Read is &apos;situated in the county of Montagu, on &apos;the west coast of Tasmania, about 20 miles inland from. Remine in an easterly direction, 15 miles northerly from Mount. Lyell, and 30 miles south-east from Mount Bischoff, and is one of the mountains forming the west coast range; it rises to a height of 3890 ft. above sea level.About eleven years ago the first mineral section was taken up on Mount Read by a Hobart company, known as the Mount Reid Silver Mining Company, consisting of 25,000 shares its holding consisted of one section of 80 acres, held under mineral lease. Prospecting was carried on for some months under great disadvantages, as all supplies had to be carried up the mount from Dundas, a distance of nine miles, on men&apos;s backs, until a pack track for horses was made.The track rises 2500 ft. in the first five miles, and then falls 200 ft. from that point to the mines, which are at an altitude of 3000 ft. above sea level, and at a point about two miles westward from the summit of the mountain, approximately midway between Mounts Read and Dundas.

Jan 1, 1901