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The probability of detachment of quartz particles from air bubbles during bubble oscillations was investigated by means of a vibration method. Theoretical calculations of the detachment force based on the work of Nutt and Schulze for a single spherical particle show a correlation with the experimental results described. However, the forces that were determined experimentally were considerably lower than the theoretically derived values. Some of the factors which were expected to affect the probability of detachment, such as particle size, bubble size, collector concentration and vibrational acceleration, were also investigated

Dec 1, 1991

By D. J. Burdon, Anthony Caplan

"(1) The radiological appearances of pneumokoniosis on the Kolar Gold Field is described in detail. The characteristic abnormality is the. presence of a diffuse, fine annular and punctate mottling. (2) The frequency of symptoms could not be determined with any degree of accuracy, but it is believed that symptoms are absent and there is no incapacity until profuse radiological mottling is present, i.e., after long exposure to dust. (3) There is an increased predisposition to tuberculosis, which, if it occurs, affects the prognosismost unfavourably.(4) Pathological examination shows that the radiological mottling is due to the presence inthe lung of numerous small dust-cdll aggregates (up to T5 mm. in dia.) deposited around the smaller bronchioles and blood-vessels.(5) The dust-cell aggregates are relatively acellular but when tuberculosis is superadded thereis an excessive cellular and fibrotic reaction.(6) The difficulties of defining the radiological and pathological appearances of early pneumokoniosisare discussed.(7) The incidence of pneumokoniosis in 7,653 workmen with 5 or more years’ undergroundservice was 43-75%, but it is suggested that in future the incidence will be appreciably lower.(8) The methods of- dust production and the chemistry of mine dust are described. It isshown that the free silica-content of air-borne mine -dust is relatively low.(9) The aetiology'of the pneumokoniotic lesion is discussed."

Jan 1, 1947

By Hardwick F. W., O'Shea L. T.

The survey covers: coal-mine lighting prior to the invention of the safety-lamp, including candles, the flint-and-steel Spedding mill, and mirrors; the growth in knowledge of firedamp; the Society in Sunderland for Preventing Accidents in Coal Mines; Dr. Clanny's blast lamps and steam lamps; George Stephenson's tube-and-slider lamp, triple-tube lamp, punched-plate lamp and gauze Stephenson lamp; Sir Humphrey Davy's lamps; the controversy over invention priority, and other early forms of safety-lamp; 1816-1835 developments including the lamps of Upton and Roberts, M.Mueseler, John Martin, Dr. Clanny (new 4th lamp), M. Agre, John Newman, Gossart and Roberts, Francis Ellis, John Dillon and Mr. Wood (refrigerating lamp); 1836-1843 developments, notably of Mueseler lamps; 1844-1866, including lamps of the Davy, Clanny, Boty, Eloin and other types; 1867-1879, including the Gray lamp; 1880-1887, including the Marsaut lamp; and 1888-1913. Detailed reference is made to the findings of various relevant Royal Commissions and appendices include a list of the safety-lamps described in an appendix to the 1886 report and a publications list. The paper was prepared for the International congress of mining, metallurgy, applied mechanics and economic geology to have been held in London in July 1915. Discussion (p.718-724) includes a brief comment by Blackett W.C. and a longer contribution by Ashworth J., with the authors' response

Dec 1, 1916

By K. C. Dunham, M. Solomon, T. A. Rafter

Sulphur isotope ratios have been determined for 81 sulphides and S and O isotope ratios for 26 barites from the Alston Block in the northern Pennine ore field. In addition, both isotope ratios have been determined for 29 evaporitic anhydrites of various ages from European and Australian localities. The consistency of the sulphate isotope ratios over a wide area of the northern Pennines, and their similarity to values for Lower Carboniferous evaporites, suggests that the sulphate originated from Lower Carboniferous connate waters. It is suggested that these mingled with warm brines rising through granitic plutons beneath Tynehead and Upper Weardale, the aqueous sulphide ion in these brines having a delta34S value of approximately +10 per mille. The delta34S values for the sulphides range from +15.0 to -5.9 per mille and show an outward zoning with higher values in the central fluorite zones and mainly negative values in the outer barite zones. The wide range of delta34S values for the sulphide S is not characteristic of magmatic S and there is no adequate local source in the Carboniferous sediments. It is suggested that formation waters, probably mainly of connate origin, sank down sufficiently deep to become heated above 200°C before rising through Caledonian granite plutons into the Carboniferous sediments, where they spread laterally to mingle with cooler sulphatic connate water. The rising fluids were hypersaline brines carrying F, Ba, Pb, Zn, Cu and S. Temperatures of deposition calculated from galena-sphalerite isotope fractionation are similar to temperatures previously determined from fluid inclusion studies.

Dec 1, 1971

By Fearnsides W. G.

The map shows the sites of collieries and important boreholes in the district, with approximate underground contours of the pre-Permian surface of the Coal-Measures and of the Barnsley Bed

Dec 1, 1916

Paper presented at the Mining Institute of Scotland's annual general meeting held in Glasgow, 8th April 1916. Although there is nothing novel or difficult about the sinking described, circular shafts are not numerous in Scotland so the details connected with such a sinking may be of interest. The shaft was sunk at Dykehead Colliery, Larkhall, which has been worked for over 50 years from the upper seams. It became necessary to sink another shaft to serve as a replacement downcast, by which the output might be maintained and some of the lower seams won. As the sandy clays regularly caused bulging into the rectangular shaft and sinking of the surrounding ground it was decided to make the new shaft circular and to enclose its mouth in a foundation-block of concrete resting on the solid clay. Details are given of the sinking, brick seating and lining, kettle strike, water-rings and doorhead lintels as well as the permanent fittings, winding gear and the cages themselves

Dec 1, 1916

By G. E. Pearse

Reports, discussions, a written contribution and two written replies are presented from 11 sessions on: Safety and compressed air; Ground movements; Geotechnical; Channel Tunnel (2 sessions); Machines; Case histories; Transport tunnels; Case studies; Site investigation; and Undersea tunnels

Jun 13, 1905

By M. G. Fleming

The professional mineral engineer is an individual of personal integrity who has undergone rigorous intellectual instruction in the scientific disciplines fundamental to his vocation; he has learnt to apply these disciplines to the discovery, mining and treatment of mineral resources and, through practical training and experience, has acquired competence and judgment to fulfil his undertakings. In the course of this development he has recognised and accepted a threefold responsibility to society, to his employer and to his profession

Dec 1, 1971

By A. L. W. Lips, B. P. J. Stevens, T. J. R. Bareley, E. Rothery, S. H. White

B.P.J. Stevens contributes a further response to the authors' earlier lengthy reply regarding their paper published in Trans.IMM B, vol.104, 1995, p.B1-B17, contending that despite the positive contribution clarifying their interpretations they perpetrate some misquotations, attempt to rewrite history and fail to understand the New South Wales Geological Survey's stratigraphic interpretation of the Broken Hill area. The paper's authors, in their further response, robustly defend their views, insisting that Stevens tends to misquote or take out of context what they have written and reiterating their findings that Zn is tectonically stacked above Pb at the north end of the orebody, that the written development of the stratigraphic interpretation is as they have stated, that shearing has attenuated or removed fold limbs in the Broken Hill block and that the 1:100 000 stratigraphic map reveals that magnetic anomalies are oblique to and truncated by the Geological Survey's interpreted stratigraphic boundaries

Jun 19, 1905

By N. A. Warner, R. K. Manna

Physical modelling of liquid-phase oxygen mass transfer in a water model of part of a proposed new polymetallic smelter has been achieved. A study of solute mass transfer caused by multiple, subsonic air jets contacting superoxygenated water flowing in a channel model of the smelter converting hearth has been carried out. For a wide range of channel flow rates the rate of mass transfer was found to be independent of water velocity. The water model has been used to compare mass transfer for both open-packed and close-packed multiple-lance arrays with circular nozzles of diameters 2.26, 4.95, 10.95 and 24.40 mm. It was found that with fewer of the larger-diameter nozzles a reduction of up to 58% in liquid-phase mass transfer occurred, especially for the close-packed lance configurations. This restriction of liquid-phase mass transfer would result in reduced metal losses in the analogous smelting situation. The larger nozzles, however, exhibited more jet-jet and jet-channel wall interference effects than their smaller counterparts, resulting in an effective reduction in the momentum fluxes of the impinging jets

Jul 1, 1991

By Haldane J. S.

(Paper presented at the Institution of Mining Engineers' general meeting held in London on 8th June 1916.) It was shown in the last Supplement to the Registrar-General's Reports, in connection with the census of 1901, that the general death-rate among colliers was considerably lower than in the great majority of occupations but that there is an exception to this in the case of colliers above the age of 55. Examination of the statistics finds that the excessive death-rate among old colliers is to a large extent only apparent, and that the real excess of bronchitis from which they have suffered has greatly diminished. It is concluded: (1) that good ventilation is of considerable importance to the health and continued working efficiency of miners, as well as to their safety from accidents; and (2) that there is no real statistical evidence of harm resulting from the inhalation of coal-dust or shale-dust in the quantities ordinarily breathed by miners, and a strong presumption that the dust they breathe protects them against serious dangers from bacilli that are removed from the lungs by the dust-clearing cell mechanisms

Dec 1, 1916

By R. J. Pine

Procedures are described for the application of risk analysis or probabilistic methods to mining geomechanics. The methods are widely applicable to existing mine design models. Detailed examples are given of plane slope failure and of pillar design based on displacement-discontinuity stress modelling and empirical strength assessment. The modelling techniques assessed are the Latin hypercube sampling method, incorporated in a spreadsheet environment, and the general point estimate method (GPEM), programmed in TurboBasic. An example GPEM program listing is included. Both methods are very convenient to use. Probabilistic acceptance criteria for slope stability after Priest and Brown are examined and alternatives are proposed where output distributions of factor of safety are approximately normal or lognormal and output distributions of safety margin are normal. The reliability index is included as a useful measure of variability with proposed acceptance criteria.

Jan 12, 1992

By D. V. Venugopal, W. W. Gardiner

Spessartine-quartz rocks are manganiferous sedimentary rocks rich in spessartine and quartz which occur in north-central New Brunswick. They represent a recrystallised manganiferous siltstone/chert that is contained in or associated with red manganiferous siltstone (RMS) units. The spessartine-quartz rocks and RMS form part of an Ordovician volcanic and sedimentary succession within the Appalachian-Caledonian orogen which hosts numerous massive sulphides and polymetallic vein deposits. The New Brunswick spessartine-quartz rocks are spatially and temporally associated with stratiform base-metal, precious metal and hydrothermal tin-tungsten deposits. This suggests that spessartine-bearing lithologies and zones can be useful in predictive metallogeny and for the understanding of the stratigraphy and palaeographic setting of the early Palaeozoic rocks of the Appalachian-Caledonian orogen.

Jan 12, 1992

By Simons W.

The object of the paper is to describe the standards of quality that should be specified in ordering material ordinarily required for colliery use, and also the qualities most suitable for particular purposes. Tables are presented of British Standard tests for wrought iron grades A, B and C, Admiralty tests for iron in chain, the quality of material for wheels and axles, and the composition and mechanical properties of wrought iron, Armco (ingot) iron and drawbar-gear steel. (Paper presented at the North Staffordshire Institute of Mining and Mechanical Engineers' general meeting held in Stoke-on-Trent, March 27th 1916, Mr. John Gregory, President, in the chair)

Dec 1, 1916

By S K. Das

An intensive investigation into modern roof support technology, including hy draulic and control systems, has been carried out against the perspective of global development and support behaviour on longwall faces across the Indian sub-continent. The wide ranging study examined various types and designs of modern supports used in seams of varying thickness and inclination where caving and stowing were practised. Consideration has been given to structural analysis, support resistance, the various forces acting over and on the powered supports and to support compatibility. The examination of the phy sical parameters has been allied to field experience and, together, have led to the formulation of standard designs for both the powered support structure and structural systems. A realistic mathematical model has been formulated for calculating the capacity of roof support requirements resulting from the actual behaviour of the immediate roof stratum. As a result of the work, it should be possible to readily select the most appropriate type of support sy stem for the conditions and longwall mining method that is to be employed.

Jan 4, 1997

By J. Ivon Graham, T. D. Jones

This paper presents methods in use in British coal-mines for the suppression of dust. While the effect of present-day treatment will not be apparent for several years, in pits in South Wales, concentrations as high as 50 gm./1,000 cu. ft. were some years ago fairly common in various operations at or near the coal-face, with an average concentration of 20 gm./1,000 cu. ft. Now the average concentration in what were previously dusty pits is probably not greater than 3 gm./1,000 cu. ft.Nevertheless, every effort must be made to improve conditions still further. In South Wales it is claimed that 99% of the coal-faces requiring treatment have been dealt with either by wet cutting, infusion, or hand-spraying. The extent of the treatment by these methods can be gauged by the fact that the total length of coal-faces now being treated by water infusion in Cardiff and Swansea areas is about 33,000 yds., by wet cutting 25,000 yds., and by hand-spraying nearly 14,000 yds. The influence of methods of mining upon dust production is only mentioned very briefly in this review, and there is no doubt that much more is to be learned concerning this aspect. It can be stated, however, that good mining practice is essential to prevent unnecessary dust production, and the problem of dust in mines will be solved only by the closest co-operation between mine managers, workmen, and scientists.

Jan 1, 1947

By Winmill T. F.

The previous papers have been concerned only with the atmospheric oxidation of coals from the Barnsley Seam, for which it has been shown that an adequate explanation of the origin and nature of gob-fires can be based on the reaction between the coal itself and the oxygen of the air without the intervention of any other substance. It becomes of importance, therefore, to ascertain how far a similar explanation will hold good for spontaneous heating in other seams, and with this object in view samples including anthracite and lignite have been taken from a considerable number of pits in different parts of the UK (south Wales, Northumberland and Durham, north Staffordshire, Portrush and Ayrshire), some liable to fire, others not. There is abundant evidence to support the commonly-accepted view that spontaneous heating is due to the heat evolved during the absorption of oxygen from the air by coal or pyrites. The quantity of heat produced by the reaction has been measured and it has been shown that the observed rate of heating of a sample of coal agrees with the rate calculated from the heat of reaction and the rate of absorption of oxygen

Dec 1, 1916

By III, Peter J. Rogers, J. Gordon Ogden

A study is described which attempts to identify the chemical factors of common concern to environmental and exploration geochemistry as indicated by recent work in both disciplines in Nova Scotia. Cores taken in lake sediments define geochemical baselines for the modern and pre-industrialisation periods. The investigation of lake and stream drainage indicates the presence of numerous chemical and organic factors that can be attributed to man's activities, such as construction and energy consumption. Geochemical surveys of lake and stream sediments are used to locate potentially toxic, high risk areas in Nova Scotia. Rapid change occurs in most surface drainage systems with the possibility of numerous chemical reactions taking place. It is found that spatial and temporal variations in the chemistry of modern and recent sediments are of interest to exploration and environmental surveys.

Jan 4, 1992

By R. J. Howarth, P. L. Llowenstein

The errors resulting from field sampling, sample preparation and analysis are investigated for drainage sediments derived from homogeneous sandstone, shale, limestone, basic igneous and granite lithologies as a background to a primary reconnaissance survey of England and Wales. Emission spectrographic analyses of approximately 350 samples for Al, Ca, Fe, K, Si, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Ga, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sc, Sn, Sr and V and atomic absorption analyses for Cu, Ni, Mn, Co, Zn and Pb have been treated statistically. For routine broad-scale surveys analysis of the unground -80-mesh sediment fraction proves satisfactory. Sampling error between localities in a stream is shown to be less than spectrographic analytical error for many of the elements considered here, except where mineralisation (contamination) occurs, but exceeds the atomic absorption analytical errors in most cases. Unless it it critical to reduce the amount of between-site variability (having regard to analytical errors) in the regional survey, there appears to be no advantage in the use of a more sophisticated sampling technique. The utility of moving-average maps in reducing the width of the confidence belt around the regional 'geochemical surface', and thus compensating to some extent for the sampling errors, is also demonstrated.

Dec 1, 1971

By D. Newman

Mineral production in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland during the last ten years has been confined to the sporadic production of industrial minerals—for example marble, anorthosite, limestone, talc and silica. From 1962 onwards there has been an upsurge in mineral exploration in the Highlands, increasing in tempo from 1966 onwards due to the efforts of the Institute of Geological Sciences, the Highlands and Islands Development Board, and private and public companies. Geological, chemical and economic aspects of some of the more interesting mineral prospects are discussed: these include anorthosite, feldspar, magnetite, quartzite and brucite marble. Reference is made to a geochemical survey undertaken in the Rosehall district of Sutherland, the results obtained being summarised. Problems that affect the future of mineral exploration in the Highlands are stated.

Dec 1, 1971