Search Documents

By H. R. Spedden

As part of its broad program of educational assistance-including grants, fellowships, and scholarships -Kennecott Copper Corp. offers summer employment opportunities for college students at each of its operations. Originally, summer job programs were intended primarily to help students defray their educational expenses. But as the nation's economy expanded with increased production and a growing demand for well-trained engineers, summer employment became an important means to help qualify future professionals and fill industry's need for them. Both the employer and the student thus derive benefits from such training.

Jan 6, 1967

By Charles H. Morgan

THE case of Henry Cort comprises: (1) the nature of Cort's inventions;, (2) their value to England and to mankind,; (3) the remuneration received therefor by him or his family; and (4) the suitable permanent record and recognition of his services by the representatives of the art lie founded-a debt long over-due, and still unpaid. I. CORT'S INVENTIONS. Under this head, it is unnecessary here to enter into details. The facts have been repeatedly published, and a brief outline of them will be sufficient for my present purpose. . Henry Cort, born in 1740 at Lancaster, England, became a navy broker in. London about 1765, and gained from that business in about ten years. something more than £20,000, which lie devoted to perfecting the manufacture of iron, building a mill at Fontley, near Portsmouth, and prosecuting, between 1777 and 1783, the experiments which culminated in .his two patents, one for puddling iron and the other for shaping it by rolling between grooved rolls.: Careful study of the contemporary evidence, including Cort's specifications, the testimony (in act as well as word) of his business rivals, the public declarations of eminent authorities, and the history of the times, leaves no possible doubt that Cort was the real inventor, of

Mar 1, 1905

By AIME AIME

THE Petroleum Division opened its proceedings on Wednesday morning, with two simultaneous sessions on engineering and economics. The first paper at the engineering session, over which A. W. Ambrose presided, was "Underground Surveys of Oil Wells," by Alexander Anderson of Los Angeles, Calif., was presented by John Suman of the Humble Oil & Refining Co., Houston, Texas. Following this, the paper of E.'H. Griswold of the Mailand Oil Co., Houston, Texas, was presented by C. V. Millikan of the Amerada Petroleum Corp., Tulsa, Oklahoma. Following the presentation of these two interesting papers a general discussion followed on the subject of "Crooked Holes." The discussion was entered into by F. H. Lahee, Sun Oil Co., Dallas, Texas;'Messrs. Bigelow of Tulsa, H. W. Hixon of New York City, Van Court Warren of Los Anyeles, Calif; H. L. Wheeler of St. Louis, Mo.; R. R. Brandenthaler, United States Bureau of Mines, Bartlesville, Okla.; H. H. Riggs, Indiana Territory Illuminating Oil Co., Bartlesville, Okla.; C. V. Millikan and John R. Suman

Jan 1, 1929

By Byron E. Eldred

(Pittsburg Meeting. March, 1010.) GENERALLY speaking, the practical study of combustion has been made mainly from the stand-point of the steam engineer. This. narrow view-point has left open a large field for scientific research on the application of combustion in other arts, where the conditions of heat-utilization are widely different from those presented in the steam-generator. The great economic importance of the boiler and the ease of measuring its performance, together with the comparative uniformity of conditions in the steam-generator, is, probably, quite largely responsible for the practical neglect of the study of the use of fuels in other arts save only on the basis of their thermal value. Yet these other arts show quite plainly that a thermal-value basis alone is Dot sufficient. For example, in burning lime, under ordinary conditions of firing, a cord of wood will do as much work as a ton of coal, though the latter affords more than twice the number of heat-units. Similar results are evidenced in burning brick, in the roasting of certain ores, in reheating billets, and in many other arts where heat is to be applied over extended areas to fragmental masses of more or less refractory materials. In these arts much is to be gained by a careful study of the application of the heating-agent in the form of the long flame, and in the production of the heat in contact with, or in direct proximity to, the object to be heated. Of necessity, in boiler-practice, combustion cannot be maintained in actual contact with, or in close proximity to, the object to be heated. Speaking in a general way, heat is imparted from burning bodies to things to be heated in two ways : directly, by radiation, and indirectly, by transfer of the sensible heat of hot gases by convection or contact; by conduction from the hot uses. Both ways are utilized in boiler-practice-directly, by

Jun 1, 1910

By C. H. Keplinger

WARTIME factors have strengthened the production engineering consciousness of the petroleum industry. The basic principles of sound oil-production technology have been accepted as the standard by the industry and the governmental co-ordinating agencies. Every effort is being made to furnish larger quantities of petroleum with a minimum expenditure of materials and under strict conservation practices. The sphere of influence of production engineering extends from fundamental reservoir control of withdrawal rates and reservoir pressures to bolstering production from stripper wells. Serious transportation difficulties in moving oil to the East Coast have stimulated secondary recovery operations in the Appalachian and East Central oil-producing states. Diminishing discovery of new oil reserves by exploration activities increases the importance of promoting efficient oil-producing methods and practices throughout all productive areas in the United Nations.

Jan 1, 1943

By Clyde E. Williams

MORE has been said about the iron and steel situation on the Pacific Coast than has been done .about it; but perhaps as much has been done as conditions have warranted. The production of finished steel in an amount sufficient to take care of the local demand for certain sizes and shapes is an established industry on the .coast. The amount .and the variety of products, so made, changes with the demand or them which is largely dependent upon the growth in population. An increasing demand will not always increase the quantity of steel produced locally because the cost of production may rise so -high as to let in steel from the outside. The reason for this is that all of the steel made in the West comes from steel scrap, the supply of which is .limited. From the standpoint of the metallurgist, it would. be desirable to subititute pig iron for some of ' the steel scrap, but this cannot be done profitably because the pig iron now available is too expensive. In other words, the large future demand for steel and pig iron on the Pacific Coast must be supplied by reduction of ores in the West, unless we are to be content with paying high transportation costs for material produced elsewhere. ."

Jan 1, 1924

By Robert T. DeGavre

The $650 million financing for Into Ltd.'s Soroako nickel project is a story worth telling-not only because the project itself represents a significant achievement but also because there are certain important lessons that can be derived from our experience in financing the project. A critical appraisal of the methods and successes in the financing plan is presented in this article, in light of goals which Inco sought to achieve. A technical assessment of the project is not included, since Inco Ltd. has submitted a series of papers on this subject at the International Laterite Symposium as part of the 108th Annual Meeting of AIME in February 1979. Progress in developing and financing the project is encapsulated in the accompanying project factsheet.

Jan 3, 1979

By R. Stickler, A. Vinckier

An optical and electron microscope study was made on a commercial 302 stainless steel heat treated for massive carbide precipitation. Convincirg evidence was obtained that the grain boundary precipitate does not grow away from the grain boundary into the matrix, but grows as a network of large thin dendrites in between the grains. IN austenitic stainless steels the carbon in supersaturated solution precipitates when the steel is heated in the temperature range 450" to 1000°C. During such heat treatments the chromium-rich carbide occurs primarily at the grain boundaries and has adverse effects on the corrosion resistance and low-temperature ductility of the material. It has been shown that the morphology of the precipitated particles differs widely depending on the time and temperature of the heat treatment, the nature of the boundary, the misfit between the grains, and so forth.1"5 It was assumed by Mahla et al.,' Streicher,' and Mc Nutt' that the carbide particles which nucleate in the grain boundary grow in various geometric or dendritic forms away from the boundary into the matrix. However, Kinzel,' Hatwell et a, and Plateau et aL4 found that the particles nucleate in the grain boundary and grow as a network of thin dendrites in the grain boundary interface. We have made a comprehensive studyg of the precipitation occurring in a commercial 302 austenitic stainless steel heat treated for times ranging from 0.15 to 1500 hr at various temperatures from 480" to 1065"~. This study was made to elucidate the influence of heat treatments on both the mechanical and the corrosion properties of this steel. Part of this investigation which is pertinent to the morphology of the grain boundary carbides referred to above is separately reported here. We found that the particles which nucleated in the boundaries grew in the interface of these boundaries, thus supporting the viewpoints of Kinzel,' Hatwell et al.,3 and Plateau et al.4 Furthermore, when carbide particles nucleated in the matrix very close to the boundaries, they possessed a morphology distinctively different from the particles growing in the grain boundaries. MATERIAL A study of metallographic samples and of fracture surfaces of a 302 stainless steel is reported in this paper. The composition and heat treatments are listed in Table I. Polished and etched samples were examined und813r the optical microscope, and carbon extraction replicas of etched micrographic samples and various fracture surfaces3'8'9 were examined under the electron microscope. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A representative optical micrograph of the 302 steel, condition A, is shown in Fig. l(a). Particles can be seen on the grain boundaries but no traces can be found of particles which grow from the grain boundaries into the matrix. A carbon extraction replica of this sample shows numerous large thin dendrites, Fig. l(b). The lateral dimension of such carbide particles vary up to 100 p, and their thickness estimated from the amoun! of electron penetration i:; between 500 and 1000A. Such large dendrites are extracted from almost all grain boundaries and, if they had grown into the grains, they would definitely be revealed by etching traces in the matrix, Fig. l(a). The reason why these large dendrites on the extraction replica appear to be grown into the grain is due to the mechanism of the extraction replica process. Thus, these dendrites are supported by the carbon replica film only at the edges originally along the grain boundary trace A-A, Fig. l(b), in the polished metal section and have subsequently fallen over onto the carbon replica film during handling. Although such dendrites generally fall only to one particular side of the grain boundary trace, one finds occasionally that parts of a dendrite have fallen to both sides, as shown in Fig. l(b). Further evidence for the growth of carbide in the grain boundary can be obtained from the appearance of fracture surfaces. A small impact specimen of the 302 steel, condition A, was broken at liquid nitrogen temperature. The fracture path follows the

Jan 1, 1962

By J. J. Gilman

Examination showed that characteristic cleavage step patterns are observed on the cleavage surfaces of undeformed, slipped, bent, twinned, compressed, and indented zinc crystals; and the effect of temperature is discussed. Dimples were seen to produce cleavage steps in a treelike pattern in otherwise undeformed crystals. The steps seem to originate when cracks intersect screw dislocations. IT has been known for a long time that the path of fracture in polycrystals may be discontinuous (see Jaffe, Reed, and Mannl for review). Recently, Kies, Sullivan, and Irwin2 have proposed, and given evidence, that crack propagation is discontinuous within individual crystals as well. Other evidence has been given by Low.' When discontinuous cracks within a crystal join together to make a macrocrack, the lamellae between each set of two cracks are torn somewhere, forming small cliffs. These cliffs appear as lines when the cleavage surface is observed microscopically.4,5 The lines have been called vein, tree, and riverlike markings by various authors, and they have sometimes been mistaken for fissures. The descriptive term cleavage steps is used in this paper. Cleavage steps vary in height over a wide range of values, from molecular dimensionsG to lor. and larger. Kies, Sullivan, and Irwin,2 as well as George,' have shown that the gross cleavage step patterns for plastics, polycrystalline metals, and for mono-crystals are sometimes similar. Thus, they depend mostly on the mechanical variables that prevail during cleavage and are relatively insensitive to the structure of the material. For example, parabolic markings2,7,8 sometimes result when cracks open up ahead of, and not coplanar with, the main crack front. If the advance crack has the same velocity as the main crack, their intersection line is a parabola, otherwise it is a hyperbola or an ellipse. The patterns are strongly affected by differences in crack velocities. This results in chevron patterns which point to the place of origin of the main crack. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate the existence of a mechanism of cleavage step formation which is a continuous rather than a discontinuous process. Also, certain characteristic step patterns are described, and the strong effect of temperature is shown. The specimens were zinc monocrystals (grown from 99.999+ pct pure metal). These were cleaved at room temperature and at — 196°C. Results and Discussion Cleavage step patterns are highly variable from point to point on a given specimen, as well as from one specimen to another. Although the patterns shown in the photographs are typical, they have been selected for graphic illustration. Figs. la and lb compare undeformed crystals that were cleaved at —196 °C and room temperature, respectively. Cleavage at room temperature (Fig. lb) resulted in a higher density of high steps (dark black lines) and enhanced the visibility of the fine background markings. Deformation by simple slip caused no marked change in the step patterns until the glide strain reached about 1.0. But, as Fig. lc shows, the density of high cleavage steps was greatly increased by large glide strains. Corrugations lying perpendicular to the slip direction may also be seen in Fig. lc. These are caused by deformation bands. The cleavage resistance of the crystal of Fig. lc was very high compared to undeformed crystals (estimated by the force on a needle required for cleavage). Striking and varied cleavage step patterns were observed on bent crystals. Two characteristic patterns that were observed on crystals bent at 25°C, and cleaved by reverse bending at —196°C, are shown in Figs. 2a and 2b. The first, Fig. 2a, consists of V-shaped lines similar to the parabolas of other materials2,7 Fig. 2b shows a pattern that is the equivalent of Fig. la, consisting of faint background lines with a few higher step markings. Cleavage of bent crystals at room temperature resulted in Figs. 2c and 2d. Now, the cleavage step lines show a strong tendency to follow one of two perpendicular paths. In Fig. 2c (bent once), many of the cleavage step components that lie parallel to the bend axis are assembled into irregular lines. In Fig. 2d (bent twice), the cleavage steps again tend to consist of two perpendicular components, but neither of the components is assembled into lines. Also, the step density is higher.

Jan 1, 1956

Edward K. Landis, Philadelphia, Pa.: In studying Mr. Thackray's paper it seemed that a critical comparison of the results from different methods therein reported would he of interest. For this purpose Table I. was constructed by grouping all determinations made by the same method, and the probable errors were calculated. In this table all chemists titrating with permanganate (A1, E, F, G and 0 of Mr. Thackray's paper) are classed under "Emmerton;" those titrating with nitric acid (C, J, S and Y) under " Handy; " those re Probable error of result: a, ±0.0008996; b, ±0.000694; c, ±0.00107; d, ±0.00115; e, ±0.000674; f, ±0.000473; g, ±0.003675; h, ±20.0007959; i,0.000.5098; k, ±0.0008303. Probable error of single determination: a, ±0.001989; b, ±0.001547; c, ±0.00214; d, ±0.0023;e, ±0.00116;f, ±0.000818;g, ±0.0019;h, ±0.00224; i, 40.00143; k, ±0.00234. The formula for calculating the probable error is 0.6745, where N (N— 1)' S is the sum of the squares of the differences from the mean and N is the number of determinations.

Jan 1, 1897

By P. R. Sperry, A. P. Beck

It has been shown1 that in poly-crystalline strips of high purity aluminum with a fairly random orientation distribution, grain growth progresses gradually until the average grain diameter reaches a value approximately equal to the strip thickness. Recent work at this laboratory led to the realization that grain growth might be impeded to a considerable extent in the presence of a sharply defined texture, where orientation differences between neighboring grains are small. In order to investigate this effect the following experiment was carried out with the same lot of high purity aluminum previously used for grain growth studies in randomly oriented material.' Very large grain size was developed by grain growth at 650°C in specimens of 0.200 in. thickness. These specimens were then rolled to a thickness of 0.050 in. or 1.25 mm—a reduction of 75 pct. In the rolled strip each large grain corresponded to an elongated area easily identified by etching. After annealing for 1 to 25 min at 600°C and re-etching, these elongated areas were again recognizable. Within each area, corresponding to a single large grain before annealing, there formed by recrystallization a multitude of new grains with a fairly well developed preferred orientation. The orientation and the size of the new grains formed in areas corresponding to different large grains, varied widely depending on the orientation of the parent grains with respect to the rolling direction and the plane of rolling. Many areas were found where the average grain size was considerably smaller than the specimen thickness. Such an area occurred in a specimen cut in half before annealing. One half, containing a portion of the area in question, was annealed 1 min at 600°C, the other half, with the remaining portion of this area, for 25 min at the same tempera-Aluminum killed low carbon steel, § which is now used extensively for severe deep drawing or other difficult forming operations, is unusual in that its grain structure, after cold reduction and box annealing in accordance with conventional continuous sheet or strip mill practice, often is elongated, although at times it is equiaxed. Since this unusual structure has been found superior for many, but not all, severe forming operations, recrystallization of the steel, both at constant temperature and on continuous heating, was investigated and compared with that of rimmed steel in the hope that something might be learned about the mechanism of, and the factors controlling, the formation of such elongated grains. In this structure, the grains are elongated both in the lengthwise direction of the strip and transverse to this direction, even though nearly all of the extension in both hot and cold rolling is in the lengthwise direction. The grains are thus roughly pancake-shaped, being longer and wider than they are thick, as observed also by Burns and McCabe,1 and as illustrated by the typical structures shown in Fig 1. Fig la, representing a conventional longitudinal section, shows the length and thickness of the grains, whereas Fig Ib shows their length and width as seen by examining a section parallel to the sheet surface. Both illustrate the very irregular grain boundaries usually associated with the elongated grain shape. A finer equiaxed grain structure in this same grade is shown in Fig Ic. Either the elongated or the equiaxed structure may be present in the annealed product, and in rare instances the two types may coexist in a single specimen, as shown in Fig 1 d. Isothermal Recrystalliza-tion of Rimmed and Alamimum Killed Steel An aluminum killed steel known to have an elongated grain structure after conventional processing (Steel B, Table l), was selected for the initial recrystallization studies; for comparison, a rimmed steel, A in Table 1, was used. Samples of each in the form of hot rolled strip 0.075 and 0.095 in. thick, respectively, were cold rolled on a small laboratory mill in steps of about 0.010 in. per pass to obtain total reductions of 40 and 60 pct. Small pieces of the cold reduced strip were heated in lead at selected constant temperatures for one of several periods of time, then cooled in air. Rate of heating in the lead was, of course, very fast. Hardness of the cooled specimen was measured and a longitudinal section examined metallographically. Isothermal recrystallization curves for these two steels at 1050°F, based on hardness of the air cooled specimens, are shown in Fig 2 in which the amount of recrystallization corresponding to each plotted point is indicated. The marked difference in the behavior of these two types of steel is evident. After a corresponding amount of cold reduction, the rimmed steel recrys-tallizes in a much shorter time than the killed steel and the shape of its recrystallization curve, (plotted on a logarithmic time scale), is very different. The curve for rimmed steel indicates that recrystallization is analogous to isothermal transformation of aus-i.enite in that it proceeds at a progressively faster rate up to some 50 pct recrystallization, then at an increasingly slower rate. For the aluminum killed steel, however, the start of

Jan 1, 1950

By Sherwin F. Kelly

MANY baffling problems of crustal geology-of warping and folding, elevation, subsidence, and great dislocations of the earth's surface-may now be on the verge of yielding to the science of geophysics. Electric, magnetic, gravitational, geothermal, and seismic methods are being turned to the gathering of geological evidence buried by deep layers of rock, or lying beneath the waters of the oceans. In this hope, B. L. Miller expresses the opinion that these geophysical studies will sup- ply useful data bearing-on some of the more theoretical problems of North American geology. Among these for example, is the explanation of how Appalachia disappeared. This ancient land mass is supposed to have foundered beneath the Atlantic Ocean after the close of the Paleozoic era and the question arises, was it warped or faulted downward? The geophysical data, though meagre, indicate that the surface of the dense, basal rocks, the probable remnant of ancient Appalachia now underlying the Continental Shelf, slopes downwards to a depth of some two miles below sea level at a distance of 140 mi. from shore: thus suggesting that the subsidence was the result of warping downward rather than abrupt faulting.

Jan 1, 1938

By Paul Weir

BLEACHING clays have been used extensively in the oil-refining industries for a number of years. Their use in water purification is relatively recent and less extensive. They are frequently classified as (1) those naturally active and (2) those active after artificial activation with acid. Fuller's earths fall within the general group of bleaching clays and gradually the commercial term "fuller's earth" has been applied to natural clays originating, for the most part, in the south-eastern section of the United States. Bentonitic clays are usually classed as activable and are prevalent in the southwestern section of the United States.1 Bleaching clays vary considerably in chemical and physical properties throughout the country, or even in different parts of one deposit (Table 1). TABLE 1.-Physical and Chemical Composition of Different Types of Clays Composition, Per Cent Constituents and Properties Bentonite Fuller's Mud Clay (Wyoming) Earth (P Peak)' (Alluvial) Silica (SiO2) 60.0 69.6 61.67 Alumina (Al203) 19.0 14.3 20.34 Ferric oxide (Fe203) 2.8 3.90 7.70 Titanium oxide (Ti02) 0.13 0.70 1.01 Lime (CaO) 0.5 0.80 0.00 Magnesia (MgO) 2.0 1.00 0.24 Soda (Na2O) 2.4 0.40 0.31 Ignition loss 4.7 6.77 8.51 Moisture content 8.0 10.0 20.0 Isoelectric point, pH 9.2 9.2 6.5 Average swelling volume 15.0 0.0 0.0 Weight per cubic foot, lb 55.0 40.0 65.0 Material passing 200-mesh sieve, per cent 90.0 85.0 50.0

Jan 1, 1939

By AIME AIME

AT the Morenci branch of the Phelps Dodge Corporation, of which Frank Ayer is manager, several new types of machines that have been developed by Charles Mitchell, shop foreman in the drill steel shop, invite comment for their time and labor-saving qualities. Foremost of these is an adjustable gage-block and gaging device for attachment to drill-sharpening machines, developed and patent applied for by Mr. Mitchell. It replaces the blocks on the standard Ingersoll-Leyner drill steel sharpener No. 5. Features of the device are gage blocks with a flat surface which can readily be removed when worn and planed in any flat planer; blocks that can be adjusted with a templet to give a far more accurate gage than was formerly possible; and a center stop that is adjustable and can be accurately set to center any standard size drill steel.

Jan 1, 1930

By Edward W. Parker

IF one is to place any credence at all in the reports published in the daily press, the subject of conservation has been a very lively topic of conversation during the past 60 days, and it does not appear that the temperature of the summer months has been in any way moderated by the discussion. It is a subject in which we are all vitally interested and to which, so far as our mineral resources are concerned, both the Institute and the Geological Survey have liberally contributed. The report of the National Conservation Commission, appointed by President Roosevelt, contains a series of papers on the conservation of mineral resources, all of which were prepared by members of the Geological Survey and were compiled largely from information previously collected by that Federal bureau in the performance of its regular duties. It is not the purpose of this paper to reiterate in extenso any of the material already published. The contributions of the Survey officials to the Commission's report have been published in a separate document as Bulletin No. 394. This docunient is for free distribution and may be obtained upon application to the Director of the Survey. In the preparation of this paper I desire merely to make a few suggestions regarding the possible necessity of some restraint upon or control of one branch of the mining industry with which I have been somewhat closely associated for the past 20 years-that of coal. Most of the members of the Institute are cognizant of the suits brought by the government against the anthracite-operators in Pennsylvania, or the combination of interests commonly known as the ? hard-coal trust." No defense of any illegal combination in restraint of trade is intended, but there are some facts which should not be lost sight of, and unfortu-\

Nov 1, 1909

By A. B. Stickney

UPWARDS of 200,000 engineers in this country are sufficiently interested in engineering as a profession to have joined a society, but not over 10% of them belong to any one society. There is a widely-felt need of an over-all organization of all the societies to act as spokesman for all engineers on matters of common concern. On a local basis, over 100,000 engineers in 35 metropolitan areas have organized themselves into local councils, and are doing an effective job of intersocietal co-operation within their sphere of activity. In the last few years much has been said and written about a similar organization on a national scale. Everybody wants iteverybody is talking about it-it's in the air-it's coming-it's inevitable. Although it is no longer necessary to talk about why or whether there should be such an organization, there is no such unanimity about what it should be like. This paper outlines a proposed organization by answering four questions-who, how, what, and who will pay for it.

Jan 1, 1946

By Tenney, J. B.

DEVELOPMENT of complex ores in the south- western part of the Rocky Mountain region has been retarded by the prohibitive distance to the nearest suitable zinc treatment plants. In the north- western and central Rocky Mountains the building, cluring tlie past decade, of electrolytic zinc plants at Anaconda, Great Falls, Trail, and Burke has tremendously stimulated the mining and exploiting of such .ores, greatly increasing the production of lead, zinc, copper, gold, and silver. Selective flotation permits the making of high-grade led, copper, and zinc concentrates. If the zinc concentrates could be made free from lead, copper, gold, and silver, they could be shipped economically to Mid- Western retort plants designed for such concentrates. Unfortunately a considerable proportion of the precious metal content accompanies the zinc blende in the ores of this region. Although some of it is saved in 'retort residues, the treatment cost is thereby increased so materially and the proportion saved so small, that .concentrates of ordinary grade cannot stand treatment charges and freight.

Sep 1, 1928

By George Newton

When Mr. Bailey asked us to present a paper describing our new BOF shop, he requested that we avoid a presentation heavily laden with detail and statistics. Not only have we attempted to do this, but also we have prepared a number of colour slides which, hopefully, will provide you with a graphic conception of the facility. The installation of the BOF facility at the Steel Co. of Canada's Hilton Works was delayed many years because of the remarkable production growth of the oxygen open hearth furnaces in No. 3 shop. However, in mid-1960 it became strongly evident that not only would increased ingot capacity be required, but also that N0.2 shop - with vintage non-oxygen open hearth furnaces - would have to clean its stacks in the near future, or be closed down. A decision to embark on the BOF facility was made in 1967 after an extended period of in-depth planning and assessment of industry trends.

Jan 1, 1972

By Ta M. Li

How do you convert a copper-zinc resource into a viable economic mining operation? This problem, unlike most, was complicated by the additional presence of a sub-arctic climate, highest labor costs in the world, low-grade copper-zinc values, depressed market prices, and a complex mineralization.

Jan 12, 1977

GENTLEMEN : Herewith are submitted reports for the calendar year 1933 of your Treasurer and the Chairmen of the following standing committees: Finance, Admissions, Membership, Papers and Publications, Library, and MINING AND METALLURGY. TO these reports you are referred for additional details of the year's activity. Finances.-Income for 1933 from all sources totaled $121,690 com- pared with $138,331 in 1932. Incidentally, this exceeded the income as estimated in the budget by $7,190; the largest item being a "surplus" of $3,316 over the budget expectancy as to member dues. As compared with 1932 the most important items of shrinkage in income were $9,000 from dues and initiation fees; $5,500 from the magazine, MINING AND METALLURGY; and $2,500 from sales of publications other than the magazine.

Jan 1, 1934