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By E. Bonsall, J. J. Brummer, A. R. Graham

"A method and device are described for sampling diamond-drill core by cutting a continuous fillet of constant cross section from the cylindrical surface of the core throughout appropriate sample lengths. The apparatus employs a tapered, abrasive-set, cutting wheel, the conical cutting surface of which projects slightly into a rectangular core-guiding trough set parallel to the axis of rotation. The depth of fillet and thus the amount of sample per unit length can be regulated by adjusting the core guides. The freshly cut fillet itself, by engaging in a guide beyond the cutting wheel, acts to prevent rotation of the core during operation of the device.The cuttings which form the sample are normally collected in a tray below the cutting-wheel and appear at about 80 per cent -100 mesh. They require little or no further treatment or comminution before analysis. Speed, economy and convenience of sampling are thus greatly increased as compared with conventional sampling by im-1>act breaking or sawing, followed by crushing, grinding and sub division for assayAssays from fillets (about 1/20 the cross-sectional area of the core) and from 180-degree segments, from the same ninety-three core-samples, representing 431 feet of nickel-copper mineralization, gave the following results:"

Jan 1, 1968

By T. Feldmann, G. P. Demopoulos

The feasibility of chloride leaching processes depends on interfacing them with cost-effective HCl regeneration technologies. This paper summarizes the most important findings of research conducted in the past 3 years concerned with a novel process to regenerate high-strength HCl from concentrated CaCl2 solutions at temperatures below 100°C, via reaction of CaCl2 with H2SO4 resulting in the formation of calcium sulfate phases (gypsum, a-hemihydrate or anhydrite). From constant supersaturation semi-batch experiments in pure solution it was found that the crystal growth rate of hemihydrate, and hence the particle size, was influenced by the rate of reagent (Ca2+, SO4 2-) supply to the reactor. Additionally, growth studies of DH in presence of impurities (K+, Mg2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Fe2+/3+, Al3+, La3+, Y3+, F- and PO4 3-) showed that specifically Sr2+ and PO4 3- are taken up during crystal growth. Furthermore, it was found that decreasing water activity (via different HCl/CaCl2 concentrations) and increasing temperature reduce the metastable life-time of DH and HH by increasing the phase transformation speed. The DH/HH transformation was identified to be dissolution-precipitation based, while HH to AH is a topochemical process. Finally, continuous experiments on bench scale are underway to confirm the feasibility of the process to obtain super-azeotropic strength HCl with up to 9 mol/L (~30wt.%) from 5 mol/L CaCl2 (~40wt.%) solution.

Jan 1, 2014

By R. E. Evans

This paper contains an analysis of the geography and geology of the Black Lake area, Eastern Townships of Quebec, an outline of the work to be performed, an explanation of the design concept and how it was developed, and a discussion of the actual stripping operation, including details of the machinery being used, etc.

Jan 1, 1967

By Xiaoqiong Wang, Daobing Wang, Fanbao Meng, Jianbo Wang, Hongkui Ge

"Shale gas has become an important unconventional oil and gas resources. Its effective development relies on comprehensive and accurate understanding of shale gas reservoirs. Rock mechanical properties is one of the important components of reservoir evaluation. Two adjacent black shale samples, which are cored from the depth of 1145 meters in Chongqing, southwest China, are subjected to acoustic emission(AE) test under uniaxial stress and compared with coarse grained granite. The results of synchronous AE, stress-strain and ultrasonic velocity experiments show that shale has weak anisotropy. Compared with granite sample, two shale samples are similar, but their strength, velocity and brittleness are quite different, indicating that shale has strong microscopic heterogeneity. TOC, XRD, SEM microstructure analysis show that total organic content, mineral composition and natural fractures are the main impacting factors for mechanical heterogeneity. INTRODUCTIONShale gas is a typical low-grade marginal resource, which is characterized by ultra-low matrix permeability and small single well control volume. In order to enable commerical development, complex hydraulic-fracture networks must be created in the shale to allow gas to escape from the micro/nano-pores and natural fractures where it is trapped in the rock (C. Clark et al.,2013; Ge et al., 2013). The development of shale gas requires accurate evaluation methodologies to evaluate shale reservoir properties and predict production. (Jarvie et al., 2007). Rock mechanical properties are an important part of the reservoir evaluation. It is significant for efficient drilling, completion and hydraulic fracturing to understand mechanical behavior of shale gas play (John, 2011; Wei, 2013).Rock mechanical properties mainly include heterogeneity, anisotropy, brittleness and acoustic emission activity (Lockner et al., 1992; Jerome et al., 2009; He et al., 2010; Liang et al., 2012). Shale mechanical properties are evaluated from laboratory tests following a complex workflow that covers tasks from sampling to testing (Md. Aminul Islam et al., 2013). It is common to include various experimental methods such as stress-strain curves, ultrasonic velocity and acoustic emission when evaluating the mechanical properties (Rao et al., 2006). Because of the presence of organic-rich matter, mineral composition orientation and natural fractures, shale tends to have strong anisotropy and heterogeneity (Deng et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2013; Hathon et al., 2013)."

Jan 1, 2015

By G. S. Farnham

Abstract This paper lists the interests of the Physical Metallurgy and Chemical Research laboratories of the Metallgesellschaft, which were visited by the authors, members of a group of Canadian investigators sent to Germany by the Department of Reconstruction in 1945. The Physical Metallurgy Research Laboratory The following information was obtained from Professor E. Schmid, Chief of the laboratories. It is understood that Dr. Schmid is a former Nazi and was to be removed from his post in November (1945). Aluminium Research The laboratories investigated the corrosion resistance of the high-strength aluminium-magnesium-zinc alloys. The same test procedure as used by V.L.W. was followed and Dr. Schmid co-operated closely with Dr. Brenner on this project. Intercrystalline corrosion was combatted by additions of chromium, titanium, or vanadium, and the work in this field parallels that of Dr. Brenner of V.L.W. * Dr. Schmid reports that Bollenrath and Siebert believe that corrosion difficulties with these alloys can be overcome to some extent by heat treatment. He himself was of opinion that the correct answer lay not only in correct alloying but also in correct heat treatment. The heat treatment involved either interrupted quenching or a change in quenching rate from a solution temperature of 500°C. The procedure is either a slower cooling from solution temperature or an interrupted cooling with a holding period at l50°C. Work had been done on piston alloys, the 11-13% Si, 1% Ni, 1% Cu, and 1% Mg being the favoured material. This is called Lo-Ex and is similar to Mahle 124 or KS1275.

Jan 1, 1946

By E. Goodwin

The mechanics of formation of wear-metal suspensions in lubricants is discussed, along with the relationship of the concentration of the metals and other particles to the wear of lubricated machinery parts. The importance of particle and suspension analysis of used lubricants in a preventative maintenance program is stressed, in particular with regard to mobile equipment in a mining operation.

Jan 1, 1978

By CIM Mineral Resource, Mineral Reserve Committee

Industrial minerals are generally considered to include non-metallic minerals, mineral products, or materials that provide raw material inputs for the construction, chemical, and manufacturing industries. They are often relatively low-value and bulky materials that are generally used close to where they are produced; however, some raw materials may be transported hundreds of kilometres to manufacturers and customers (ENDM, 2021). They do not include the metallic minerals, mineral fuels, or gemstones, and are used in industries based on their physical and/or chemical properties (Wikipedia, 2021). In contrast to most metallic minerals, a general distinguishing characteristic of the industrial minerals sector is their general low degree of market elasticity in relation to the market prices and product specifications. The estimation of either a Mineral Resource or a Mineral Reserve (MRMR) for an industrial minerals deposit can be affected to a significant degree by a number of factors that are not typically applicable to metallic mineral deposits. These factors can include such considerations as the particular physical and chemical characteristics of the final product, product quality issues, market size and market access. In some cases, such information may be confidential and proprietary. One of the key challenges of the industrial minerals sector is to define a commonly accepted listing of which types of minerals, materials, or mineral deposits can be considered as industrial minerals (Mining Standards Task Force, 1999). Although definitions for what constitutes an industrial mineral can vary in detail, general descriptions can be found in American Geosciences Institute (2021), Fastmarkets IM (2021), Snowden (2019), SME (2021) and Wikipedia (2021). A brief listing of some of the materials and minerals that are generally considered to be industrial minerals is provided in Table 1. For the purposes of this document, all references to industrial minerals include not only the minerals, materials, and mineral deposits themselves, but also the various commercial products that are derived from these sources.

Nov 19, 2023

By O. K. Mahabadi, A. Lisjak, B. S. A. Tatone, N. Vlachopoulos

"Numerical simulations are widely adopted in the design of several types of rock structures, including tunnels, caverns, rock cuts, and open pit and underground mines. In recent years, analyses based on the hybrid finite-discrete element method (FDEM) have been shown to provide a realistic representation of rock mass deformation and fracturing processes. To date, the FDEM approach has successfully yielded qualitative and quantitative results for several practical rock engineering applications, yet it has lacked the ability to consider the implementation of rock-reinforcement measures. Since rock reinforcement is often used in civil and mining applications to improve the strength and deformational behaviour of a rock mass, the ability to incorporate such features into FDEM analyses is essential to extend its applicability to a broader range of problems. The work presented in this paper represents an important first step towards developing a simulation tool that can be used for practical rock engineering applications, including the design of underground excavations and rock slopes.INTRODUCTIONRock support and reinforcement measures are often employed in civil and mining rock engineering projects in order to maintain or improve the strength and deformational behaviour of rock masses. The preferred type of reinforcement or support elements along with the preferred layout and timing of installation depend on the in-situ ground conditions, the nature of the rock mass and excavation method. Over the last two decades, numerical modelling has been increasingly used to design and attempt to optimize rock reinforcement and support systems. As such, most rock engineering-specific modelling software now offers various approaches for modelling different rock reinforcement and support elements."

Jan 1, 2015

By T. D. Chatwin

While new jobs and taxes are major incentives for support of mining, stakeholders must also be assured that current jobs, resources and environment will be protected. Mining companies can help achieve stakeholder support by frankly addressing Acid Rock Drainage CARD) issues. To prevent ARD, miners must begin early in the mine life-cycle to develop an ARD management plan and integrate it into the mining operation. As this proactive preventative program is initiated, mining companies also need to engage and collaborate with stakeholders to insure that their expectations and needs are met. Stakeholder engagement is enhanced as mining companies emphasizes the value of clean and available water for current and future generations.

Jan 1, 2011

By Roger J. Goodman, Don Riva

"IntroductionCrows Nest Resources Limited (CNRL), a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shell Canada Resources Limited, is nearing completion of its first coal project, located in southeastern British Columbia. CNRL shipped over 700,000 tonnes of thermal coal to foreign markets in 1982. With the completion of the metallurgical coal plant in December, 1982, shipments of both thermal and metallurgical coal will increase substantially in 1983 and will approach the anticipated operating capacity of 3.0 million tonnes in 1985. The Line Creek Mine lies some 25 kilometres north of Sparwood in southeast British Columbia (Fig. 1). The open-pit mine is located on top of Line Creek Ridge, with coal being hauled 16 km to the thermal and metallurgical coal preparation plants, situated adjacent to the already existing Canadian Pacific Railway. Most of the coal is moved by 108 car unit trains by CP Rail to coal ports in Vancouver, where it is loaded onto vessels destined for overseas markets. Some smaller scale car load shipments are moved by rail to contiguous markets in the Pacific Northwest. History The southeastern British Columbia area, known as the East Kootenays, is steeped in a rich coal mining heritage, dating back to the latter part of the nineteenth century. Predecessors of Crows Nest Resources Limited were instrumental in developing the rich coal reserves in the area. In 1887, William Fernie, a pioneer-cum-prospector recognized the potential of coal deposits in the East Kootenays. Spurred by the relentless push west of the Canadian Pacific Railway through the Crows Nest Pass area, Fernie recognized that it was just a matter of time before the steam locomotives provided him with his required market. That time arrived in 1897 when Fernie helped to form the Crows Nest Pass Coal Company and coal mining commenced at Coal Creek, near his namesake town of Fernie. During its almost 70-year history, this company produced over 48 million tonnes of steam coal and 8 million tonnes of coking coal. In 1965, the Crows Nest Pass Coal Company was re-named Crows Nest Industries, to better reflect its expanded interests into forest products, and it is the latter company which Shell Canada Resources Limited acquired in 1978. The extensive coal resources of Shell, in both Alberta and British Columbia, were rationalized into one group with the birth of Crows Nest Resources Limited to manage and develop the coal holdings."

Jan 1, 1985

By P. S. Arthur

The copper I SAS MELT? process is a submerged lance bath smelting technology. In the 20 years since the process was first demonstrated on a semicommercial scale at Mount Isa in north-west Queensland, Australia, copper ISASMELT? plants have been constructed to treat concentrates or secondary raw materials around the world. The process is operating in smelters in Australia, the USA, Belgium, India, Germany, China and Zambia. ISASMELT? plants have been installed to improve the environmental performance of operating smelters and reduce costs for smelting companies. A new copper furnace is being commissioned at Southern Peru Copper Corporation in early 2007, while more furnaces are under design for installation in Kazakhstan and Peru. Copper ISASMEL T? plants are supplied as complete technology packages including engineering design services for the furnace and key ancillaries, supply of core equipment, provision of intensive training programs in operating plant environments and commissioning assistance services. The proven technology transfer process ensures successful implementation of submerged lance bath smelting into large scale plants. This paper summarises developments at recently constructed copper ISASMELT? plants.

Jan 1, 2007

By T. Xue, A. Singhal, D. Wrana, I. Mihaylov

"At Vale's Thompson Nickel Refinery, the copper and arsenic in the nickel electrolyte are removed by precipitation using H2S, generating a sulphide precipitate containing about 40% Cu, 8% Ni, 2 to 4% As and 30% S. This residue has been typically stored in impoundment ponds within the plant site. Various options for reprocessing it have been investigated over the years. One of the options involved oxidative pressure acid leach, whereby over 95% Cu, Ni and As were extracted. More recently, an atmospheric alkaline sulphide leaching process for selective removal of 70 to 90% As was developed and mini-plant tested. After alkaline sulphide leaching, the dissolved arsenic is precipitated as stable basic ferric arsenate (BFA) with the addition of ferric sulfate, while the low-arsenic Cu/Ni sulfide is suitable for processing in Vale's operations elsewhere in Canada.INTRODUCTIONVale’s Thompson Nickel Refinery was commissioned in 1961 and currently it has the capacity to produce about 56,700 tonnes per year of electrolytic nickel as cathode slab and rounds products. A sulphate and chloride mixed electrolyte is used in the Thompson refining process and it typically contains 75 to 85 g/L Ni, 50 to 60 g/L Cl, 90 to 120 g/L SO4 2-, 25 to 30 g/L Na and 8 to 9 g/L boric acid. The main impurities in the Thompson anolyte are copper, cobalt, arsenic, iron and lead.The simplified Thompson electrolyte purification flowsheet is shown in Figure 1 (Oliver & Wrana, 2009, Goble & Chapman, 1986); it consists of precipitation of copper, arsenic and lead with H2S, followed by nickel replenishment with ground matte and acid and removal of cobalt and iron with Cl2 and NiCO3."

Jan 1, 2012

By K. Huang

"Solvent extraction (SX) is one of the most effective techniques for the multi-metal separation. However, repetitive pre-treatment of feed-in solutions and/or multi-steps two phase equilibrating in conventional SX processes were always unavoidable due to the poor separation selectivity between those metals with similar physicochemical properties. In this paper, our recent efforts, aimed to develop a “Three Liquid Phase Extraction” (TLPE) strategy for one-step separation and selective enrichment of different metals respectively into three coexisted liquid phases, are reviewed. Various feasible “Three Liquid Phase Systems” (TLPS) are evaluated. The TLPE technique provides a potential possibility for multiphase extraction to separate multi-metals.INTRODUCTIONLiquid-liquid Solvent Extraction (SX) is one of the most effective techniques for metal separation and purification. Traditionally, extraction and separation of multiple valuable metals from the leaching solutions of complex ores, industrial wastes and byproducts have to face such difficulties that multiple target metals with similar physicochemical properties co-exist in the solutions, and therefore their mutual separation selectivities are very poor. In conventional organic-water two phase SX processes, repetitive pre-treatment of feed-in solutions including the adjustment of the solution acidity, removal of impurities and/or multi-step liquid-liquid two phase equilibration were always unavoidable (Wang and Chen, 2001). Only one of the target metals is obtained in each extraction step, therefore the whole separation processes for multi-metal separation are typically very long and costly.Liquid-liquid-liquid three phase extraction is a developing technique for separation of complex systems containing multiple target components (Tan, 2003; Shen, 2006; Yu, 2009). The technique is in fact a three-liquid-phase selectively partitioning of different target components through the control of phase-forming behaviors of extraction system to create a unique separation medium with three co-existed liquid phases. The separation selectivity of “Three-Liquid-Phase System” (TLPS) may derive from its three-layered liquid phases from up to down with different hydrophobic or hydrophilic environment, and therefore each phase has its own specific selectivity for dissolving of an individual component. In a well designed “Three-Liquid-Phase System” (TLPS), multiphase extraction and selective separation of different components respectively into three different liquid phases can be achieved by only one-step of extraction. Owing to its distinct advantages, “Three-Liquid-Phase Extraction” (TLPE) technique has found many potential applications in purification of various organic chemicals (Shen, 2007) and biological activities (Chen, 2002; Tan, 2006; Jiang, 2008), treatment of environmental wastewaters (Shen, 2006; Yu, 2009; Yu, 2010; He, 2012), extraction of valuable components in natural products (Liu, 2010) and separation of multi-metals in complex leaching solutions (Jin, 2009)."

Jan 1, 2012

By R. V. Fox, L. K. Sinclair, D. L. Baek

"In this study, rare earth elements were recovered from bastnasite concentrate and waste fluorescent lamp phosphors using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction with a nitric acid/tributyl phosphate adduct. Several pretreatment methods were used to alter the crystal structure of the source materials, and thus improve rare earth element recovery. Pretreatment methods included 1) dry roasting of the source material at 730oC, 2) decomposition with 50% sodium hydroxide solution at 150oC for 4 hours, and 3) decomposition with 12 M sulfuric acid at 300oC for 4 hours. Treated and untreated samples underwent supercritical extraction at 24 MPa and 65oC for 1 hour. Untreated bastnasite and phosphor samples showed <10% rare earth element recovery, but sodium hydroxide digestion resulted in >60% recovery for most rare earth elements. Dry roasting of the bastnasite concentrate was also effective, resulting in >60% recovery for cerium.INTRODUCTIONRare earth elements (REEs) consist of the 15 lanthanides, scandium, and yttrium. Scandium and yttrium are included because they are in the same group as lanthanum, appear in many of the same ore deposits as the rest of the lanthanides, and exhibit many similar chemical properties. REEs are used in a wide array of applications including electronics, magnets, catalysts, glass, and solid-state lighting (Xie, Zhang, Dreisinger, & Doyle, 2014). Because of China’s continued dominance of worldwide REE production, the United States Department of Energy has sought to diversify domestic supplies of REEs (United States Department of Energy, 2011). A key part of this strategy is the development of improved extraction methods for both ores and recycled sources.Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a promising technology for extraction and separation of rare earth elements. Contact with an acid adduct dissolved in supercritical carbon dioxide allows for the rapid extraction of REEs from solid matrices. Supercritical CO2 has several potentially useful properties as a solvent, including high diffusivity and the ability to tune solvation properties by adjusting pressure. Such tunability may have applications in separating the REEs once they have been extracted from the solid phase. Tributyl phosphate/nitric acid adducts (TBP:HNO3) are a particularly promising class of adducts for SFE extraction of rare earth elements. Using TBP:HNO3 adducts in supercritical CO2, several researchers have successfully extracted REEs from their oxides (Wuhua, Pijia, & Yongjun, 2010; Zhu, Duan, Xu, & Zhu, 2009). However, there is a complication in applying this technique to many types of ores and recycled sources: REEs are often locked in refractory minerals which are resistant to acid attack, resulting in limited recovery in supercritical extraction."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. L. Nunes, J. R. E. Garcia, G. Silva, U. Prasad, C. Rabe

"Drilling through the Guayabal shales, a gray calcareous shale, and the C1 to C100 formations, a well-cemented calcareous-sandstone in Corralillo field, Mexico, is a challenge due to severe wellbore instability problems. Additionally, there has been a history of ineffective reservoir stimulations by hydraulic fracturing. To predict and mitigate these subsurface issues, it is essential to characterize the mechanical properties and rocks strength for a better prediction of borehole stresses and collapse pressure during drilling. Various correlations can be used to estimate and/or determine the unconfined compressive strength but most of them are based on transit time and porosity.In this study, grain size distribution was combined with acoustic travel time, porosity and static Young’s modulus to develop a rock strength prediction model for the turbiditic sandstones of the Chicontepec basin. The main reason this combination of parameters was employed was because of the wide variations in rock strength estimated using traditional porosity-based correlations such as the McNally’s (1987), GMI-Jizba-E’s and Bradford’s (Bradford et al., 1987).To develop a new correlation, a geomechanical and microstructural campaign was initiated. Mineralogy by X-ray diffraction, pore and grain sizes by petrography, clay distribution by SEM and porosity by mercury intrusion porosimetry were measured. Static and dynamic Young’s moduli and Poisson’s ratios were acquired by triaxial and ultrasonic measurements on undisturbed sandstone samples from the Chicontepec basin. More than ten offset wells with wireline data, including transit time, porosity, density, resistivity and gamma ray, were used for reservoir and geomechanical characterizations.Our analyses lead us to propose a new correlation for predicting the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of sandstones of the Chicontepec Basin as a function of transit time and grain diameter, both of which can be derived independently from destructive laboratory tests. Our results also highlight the importance and value adding of a combined approach incorporating grain size analysis in the rock strength prediction. The UCS predicted using the transit-time and grain-size-based model presents a median value (P50) of 76 MPa, P10 of 55 MPa and P90 of 89 MPa."

Jan 1, 2015

By E. L. Martheleur

Introduction In October, 1945, the Coal Division of the Institute appointed a Committee on The Use of Electricity in Coal Mines, with the following terms of reference: ?To study under which conditions in each deposit the use of electricity can be brought closer to the coal face and which types of electrical machinery can be recommended?. It was not until the beginning of this year (1946) that the Committee had a chance to convene and .discuss the conclusions which are embodied in this report. Mr. McLeod, as Chief Electrician of the Dominion Coal Company, is intimately concerned with that Company&apos;s installations, and Mr. McIsaac, as Electrical Inspector of Coal Mines for Nova Scotia, is well acquainted with installations in all coal mines in the Province. The knowledge of both has been very valuable in helping to draft this report.

Jan 1, 1946

By B. A. Monkman

"IntroductionONE OF :THE most effective methods by which the construction industry is combatting mounting building costs is by making increased use of lightweight materials, thus reducing the dead load to be carried •by structures. This applies to non-metallic materials as well as to metallic ones, and particular attention has been given to developing lightweight aggregates for use in concrete.The use of lightweight aggregates is not new and, in fact, dates back to the Roman Empire, when pumice was used in the walls and domes of the Roman buildings. More recently, and up to a decade or so ago, the demand for these aggregates was met from deposits of volcanic cinders, pumice, scoria, etc., and from the by-products of blast furnaces and coal burning boilers. However, these sources of supply are no longer sufficient to meet the demand, for transportation costs pretty well restrict the use of the natural lightweight aggregates to the western cordillera regions where the deposits of these materials occur, and the use of expanded slag aggregates to the areas neighbouring the plants where slags are produced. As for cinders, the supply has been greatly reduced by the conversion of industry to fuel oil, natural gas, and powdered coal, and the large stockpiles which existed previously have been pretty well exhausted.Industry's approach to the problem of a decreasing supply, in the face of an increasing demand, has been characteristically direct. The solution has been to construct plants whose sole .purpose is to produce economically an acceptable light-weight aggregate from materials close at hand."

Jan 1, 1955

By Douglas H. Brown

Cadmium and other &apos;minor&apos; metals in Canada tend to remain inconspicuous given the prominence of the country&apos;s massive production of other minerals. This same reality is reflected in the accuracy and deficiency of quantitative data concerning the sources of supply and demand for these metals. It is the intent of this paper to identify the nature of some of these difficulties and to reconstruct a more accurate description of Canada&apos;s production and consumption of cadmium, based on the results of recent surveys undertaken by the Mineral Policy Sector of Energy, Mines and Resources Canada and Noranda Sales Corporation Ltd.

Jan 1, 1978

By W. A. Green

To those who may not be familiar with the history and organization of the Flin Flon mining property from the rime of its examination and option by the Harry Payne Whitney interests until the present start of operations by the Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company, Limited, this paper may give a better understanding of the property. More technical discussions are being presented to you by the men most closely connected with the various operations of the property. Location The Flin Flon mine is situated along the boundary line between the Provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan at approximately. 54° 45? north latitude, but largely in Manitoba. Prior to the advent of the railway, the property was quite isolated. The summer route was over a course of some 175 miles, consisting of a 125-mile boat trip from The Pas, first up the Saskatchewan river, then across Cumberland and Sturgeon lakes to Sturgeon? Landing. From Sturgeon Landing, a .16-mile portage was necessary to Camp 2 on lake Athapapaskow. From Camp 2 the route consisted of a canoe trip of 32 miles across lake Athapapaskow, up the northwest arm of Schist lake, then up Ross creek to the Company&apos;s docks, and finally a 2-mile walk to the property. The winter route was just under 100 miles in length, the difference being due to the fact that a more direct route could be followed over the frozen lakes. It went up the Saskatchewan river for a short distance above The Pas and then, leaving the river, the road followed Reeder, Rocky, and Sturgeon lakes to Sturgeon Landing, and from there over the same route as the summer one, only across the frozen lakes.

Jan 1, 1930

By L. K. Mireku

"Abstract - The Halfmile Lake South Deep zone, Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, was discovered by Noranda Inc. (Exploration) as a result of a 3-D seismic survey in 1998 and the subsequent drilling of ten diamond-drill cores. The deposit consists of massive, breccia, and stockwork Pb-Zn-Cu sulfide minerals, and is hosted by a volcano-sedimentary sequence belonging to the overturned Ordovician Tetagouche Group. Epiclastic rocks and interbedded fine-grained felsic pyroclastic rocks dominate the stratigraphic footwall. Locally, crystal-rich felsic tuffs and subordinate epiclastic rocks comprise the immediate stratigraphic hanging wall. The entire stratigraphic sequence was intruded by quartz-feldspar porphyritic intrusions, and cut by intermediate and basic dikes. The volcanic and sedimentary rocks can be discriminated geochemically using trace element ratios such as Zr/TiO2 and Nb/TiO2, despite intensive alteration and cleavage development. These ratios indicate that four protolith volcanic compositions exist: rhyolite, dacite, andesite, and basalt. The aphyric and feldspar- and quartz-phyric volcanic rocks are dacitic and rhyolitic in composition; epiclastic rocks have trace element ratios consistent with dacitic compositions. Pearce element ratio diagrams, general element ratio diagrams, and petrographic observations demonstrate that the rhyolitic volcanic rocks exhibit evidence of albite, potassium feldspar, and quartz fractionation, dacitic volcanic rocks exhibit little evidence of any fractionation, and epiclastic sedimentary rocks exhibit evidence of quartz sorting only. Hydrothermal alteration is best represented by the presence of phengitic muscovite and daphnitic chlorite. Minor calcite occurs in the stratigraphic hanging wall, deep in the stratigraphic footwall, and in post-mineralization dikes, and thus is not interpreted to be part of the causative hydrothermal event. Element additions and losses during alteration have been used to determine net alteration reactions, and these have been used to identify alteration parameters that are independent of other forms of alteration and fractionation/sorting, and which can be used to guide exploration. These parameters include: a bulk hydrolysis measure, (2Ca+Na+K-2CO2)/Al; a muscovite alteration measure, K/Al; an albite destruction measure, Na/Al; a chlorite alteration measure, (Fe+Mg-S/2)/Al; a chlorite composition measure, (Fe-S/2)/Mg; a sulfidization measure, S/Ti; and a carbonatization measure, CO2/Ti. With the exception of the carbonatization measure, these alteration parameters define a distinct lateral and vertical zone of intense hydrothermal alteration in the stratigraphic footwall of the deposit, and demonstrate that the epiclastic rocks are predominantly chlorite altered, and the volcanic rocks are predominantly muscovite altered. Within the alteration halo, element additions of Fe and H, and element losses of Na are characteristic. Potassium was added to muscovite-altered rocks, but subsequently removed from chlorite-altered rocks. The results from this study demonstrate that metamorphism and deformation have not significantly obscured hydrothermal alteration signatures."

Jan 1, 2006