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By D Kent, D Eisner

A lot of talk has been generated about the so called ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) and its potential to transform the way we interact with our homes and devices. But the true potential and value of IoT is not going to be realised by the general consumer but by businesses.This paper outlines the application of IoT in mining and how it is a natural extension to the base networks becoming commonplace in both surface and underground mines. The potential for ubiquitous monitoring throughout a mining operation at low capital and support costs will transform the ability to monitor, analyse, report and manage all of the key processes involved in a mining operation.Importantly, the paper will discuss the practical applications that the IoT offers mining and explain how this really is transformative technology, not just the latest buzz words from the information technology (IT) world. If leveraged correctly the impact on mining, its cost base and efficiencies, is enormous.CITATION:Kent, D and Eisner, D, 2015. What the internet of things means to mining, in Proceedings Third International Future Mining Conference, pp 65–70 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 4, 2015

By D J. Brake

There are many sources of gas in underground mines including development and production blasting, strata gases, spontaneous combustion, diesel equipment, chemicals used for a wide range of functions, welding activities and fires.It is only in relatively recent times that electronic gas monitors (or detectors) have become both safe and affordable for routine use.In modern mines, gas monitors should be in daily use by the ventilation department as well as blasting re-entry (or clearance) crews, and are often used by drilling crews, shift supervisors, hygienists and mine rescue or fire fighting crews.When first released, electronic gas monitors needed to be sent off-site periodically for calibration at a suitable accredited laboratory. Between calibrations, their accuracy was unknown. More recently, ‘bump testing’ and field calibration has become possible on the mine site, improving both reliability and safety as well as reducing the total number of gas monitors that need to be in use.There has been almost an overwhelming increase in the number and sophistication of gas monitor features in recent years. This paper reports on a case study into the key criteria that ventilation practitioners should be aware of with respect to the specification and selection of the most recent gas monitoring systems, and recommends good practice for site-based operation and calibration.CITATION:Brake, D J, 2015. Specification and selection of hand-held gas monitors (detectors) for underground mines, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference, pp 143–154 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Aug 31, 2015

By E K. Chiw, S-M Jung, S M. Masuka, ika

The world reserves of high-grade iron ore have depleted necessitating the need to utilise any existing natural iron ore deposits to meet the demands of the world’s expanding economy using hydrogen in the reduction process to curb CO2 emission. These low-grade ores include iron ores with high phosphorus content. The thermodynamic conditions in the blast furnace allow for the reduction of phosphorus that readily dissolves into the molten iron. Phosphorus in the gaseous state readily dissolves into the molten iron and therefore must be removed due to its negative influence on the mechanical properties of steel. The removal of phosphorus from molten iron is difficult causing the phosphorus to concentrate in metallic iron. The aim of this study is to provide basic knowledge on the phosphorus distribution after reduction using the CO-H2 and possibly provide the optimum conditions for phosphorus partitioning into slag, increasing the probability of its removal by magnetic separation. Total porosity, pore size distribution and surface area of the pellets used were measured using a mercury pressure porosimeter. The reduction was carried out using thermogravimetric analyses (TGA). The reduction rate increased with increasing H2 and was highest when 100 per cent H2 was used. Metal elements distribution in the reduced pellet was clarified using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and showed that phosphorus was distributed in the same areas as Ca. More phosphorus was concentrated in slag when 50 per cent CO–50 per cent H2 was used, increasing the probability of dephosphorization using magnetic separation. The concentration of phosphorus into slag was related to the rate of reduction. Further investigations into the reduction kinetics of this ore by CO-H2 is suggested to validate these findings. Nevertheless, a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of the reduction of phosphorus containing phases found in iron ore with carbon, CO and H2 was provided to assist in selecting the optimal reduction experimental conditions.

Sep 18, 2023

By K Barns, H Law, T Whebell, P Scobie, T Perkins, J Siliezar, M Larson

With processing a variety of orebodies at Glencore’s Ernest Henry Mining (EHM) has come a changing mineralogy and more complex requirements for treatment in the concentrator. From mid-2013 and into 2014 the grind size required to achieve sufficient mineral liberation for production of a quality concentrate has reduced significantly. What was once a final P80 of 35–45 microns was forced to 20 microns. This has necessitated some creative changes to the flow sheet that previously had a 937?kW Vertimill regrinding a rougher concentrate to 40 microns. EHM is able to utilise an existing M10 000 3 MW IsaMill previously used for magnetite processing, to provide a quick convenient solution without large scale capital expenditures. Operating the Vertimill and IsaMill in parallel in closed circuit was successful at reducing the P80 of the regrind circuit to below 20 microns which increased the final concentrate grade by four per cent. This circuit and intermediate circuits used are discussed. Performance of the Vertimill and IsaMill is compared for efficiency optimisation to improve the overall circuit performance.CITATION:Siliezar, J, Whebell, T, Perkins, T, Law, H, Scobie, P, Larson, M and Barns, K, 2014. From magnetite to chalcopyrite – a story of versatility and efficiency at Glencore’s Ernest Henry mining?operation, in Proceedings 12th AusIMM Mill Operators’ Conference 2014 , pp 85–92 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 1, 2014

By L Keeney

Cu-Au porphyry deposits are large tonnage low-grade resources dependent on processing large volumes of material. The ability to understand and predict comminution performance is critical, as it is frequently the rate-limiting step during processing. Parameters required from geometallurgical mapping and modelling of comminution performance are: A×b processing domains based on impact breakage variability, and BMWi processing domains showing grind response variability which lead to Mine throughput domains for a specific comminution circuit configuration. Due to the cost and/or large sample requirements of traditional comminution tests, insufficient data density and distribution of comminution indices commonly exist, making it difficult to model and map deposit scale variability. One method routinely applied to three dimensional domaining is to have an a priori zoning based on geological features (lithology, alteration, mineralogy, textures), and then apply to all material within a given domain the metallurgical values measured on a single sample or average of samples from that domain. The problem with this approach is that commonly the geological domains do not reflect comminution response, therefore compromising the quality of the average domain estimate. To resolve this problem an alternate integrated geometallurgical mapping and modelling method is applied to model and map comminution performance at Cadia East. This paper uses a data set of ~32 000 assay measurements and geological logging information, integrated with ~150 comminution measurements to analyse and develop proxy support models for comminution indices (ie A×b, BMWi, and throughput) based on inherent geological variability. Discrete downhole comminution processing domains are created, mapping orebody response while maintaining inherent variability.

Sep 5, 2011

By A B. Richards

A brick veneer house located on a open-pit coal mine lease has been subject to ground vibration levels of up to 222 mm/s, and air vibration levels of up to 145 dBL. The dynamic response of the structure was measured with accelerometers, geophones, and strain gauges as part of a project investigating the response of brick veneer houses to blasting. This paper outlines the project, and provides information on brickwork strength, foundation investigations, and observations on damage due to blasting. Correlations have been made between crack behaviour and factors such as blast vibration levels and rainfall.

Jan 1, 2001

By L Ventura, M Almond

The Pueblo Viejo project in the Dominican Republic installed an innovative sample system on its reverse circulation (RC) drilling rig during commissioning and subsequent commencement of operations. As knowledge of the orebody increased with mining and plant production, cost pressures became apparent that raised questions concerning the continued use of RC drilling versus blasthole sampling for ore control.To justify the continued use of RC drilling for grade control, an in-depth study was undertaken to determine the quality of the sample and prove its value-add to the operation.To investigate the differences in sample quality, a complete bench trial was initiated across both ore pits to compare RC drill results with blasthole assays on a side-by-side basis. The results indicated that based on ore block comparison between RC and blasthole sampling, RC identified an additional 20 per cent of high-grade (+ 4.5 g/t Au) ounces.Previous work indicated that Au, Ag and Cu were all elevated in the drill fines at Pueblo Viejo (Goers and Almond, 2012). This previous test work did not consider the quantity of fines in an RC sample therefore new test work was undertaken to include particle size distribution analyses. This study would determine if the inclusion of fines in the sample was occurring and compare the quantity of fines in the sample against other sample systems and blasthole samples.Comparisons between RC samples and blasthole samples indicate that for the RC samples a range of 30–35 per cent of the sample passed 300 mesh as compared to blastholes where the range of the sample passing 300 mesh was 15–30 per cent.This paper includes a case study on the importance of accurate samples and how they have impacted throughput through the pressure oxidation process plant at Pueblo Viejo. The accurate samples provided by RC allow for improved stockpile and blending strategies, showing the importance of accurate samples to manage risk and create value, against the perception that savings can be made at the risk of poor sampling performance.CITATION:Almond, M and Ventura, L, 2017. Adding value with reverse circulation drilling at Pueblo Viejo, in Proceedings Tenth International Mining Geology Conference 2017, pp 277–284 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 20, 2017

By T J. V Duffy, L H. D Siahaan, P G. Albert

G-ResourcesÆ Martabe Mine in North Sumatra, Indonesia, is a US$700 M world-class and world-scale operation in a country which, with a few notable smaller scale exceptions, has had no significant hard rock mining development in more than ten years.The mine was commissioned in the middle part of 2012 and poured first gold on 24 July. At full production Martabe will produce 250 000 oz/a of gold and 2 - 3 Moz/a of silver at cash costs in the lowest quartile. The mine location is on the west coast of North Sumatra, which experiences annual rainfall of 4 m with no notable dry season, adjacent to seismically active fault zones, and relatively close to a rural community of 31 000 people with no significant industrial experience.The management team has successfully forged strong links with the various government departments and levels in Jakarta, North Sumatra Province and the local Regencies; developed long-term relationships with the various community groups within the local district of Batangtoru to build a sustainable social licence; has dealt with the physical and environmental challenges presented by the project location, and has successfully raised more than US$900 M over a period of three years for the original acquisition then the development of the project.Whilst in its infancy of operation, the mine is set up to deliver a long-term sustainable future for the company, the shareholders, and the people of Batangtoru and all stakeholders generally. The quality of the project execution and commitment by the company will ensure that maximum value can be delivered from Martabe, not just for the current mine life but from the significant exploration potential that exists on the large tenement area that the company has access to for 30 plus years.This paper will deal with the physical challenges associated with the design, the Indonesian government regulatory requirements for mine development, the social aspects of building a world-class project in a developing area, the in-country commitment necessary for any project development anywhere in the world and the successful funding arrangements for the mine development.CITATION:Albert, P G, Siahaan, L H D and Duffy, T J V, 2012. Building AsiaÆs latest hard rock mine, in Proceedings International Mine Management 2012, pp 189-204 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 20, 2012

By N Pranoto, E Lawell, T Dean, M Grant

The Goonyella Riverside Mine is located 30 km north of Moranbah in Central Queensland, Australia. Recent mining activities have exposed the north–south striking Kenya and Zimbabwe thrust Faults. These faults vertically offset coal seams by up to 25 m and locally thicken coal packages through imbrication of coal seams. The presence of back-thrusts add to the geotechnical complexity of maintaining highwall stability. The Kenya and Zimbabwe Faults have provided multiple challenges to the mining operation, with an unplanned additional 240 kt of coal tonnes being mined from imbrication of coals seams or from the refinement to local scale geological models. These additional coal tonnes have been either identified during the mining of the coal seam or just prior to overburden removal above the coal seam. These faults can also negatively impacted highwall stability with highwall failures, lowering the overall slope angle for pit designs and increasing stand-off distances for hazardous highwall conditions. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles are used to scan exposed highwalls and enable geological mapping via high-quality 3D images. Measure while drill data from drill and blast rigs can provide local-scale intersections of the faults and coal seams. Mine Geologists utilise these and other data sets to create localised geological models refined position of the fault planes and coal seams. These models are utilised by relevant mine site teams to ensure the safe and efficient mining of coal around these faults.

Mar 22, 2022

In the search for significant new economic base-metal resources within Australia during the early 1970s BHP's Exploration Department had observed that the majority of lead and zinc con- centrate production in Europe and the USA came from carbonate- hosted Mississippi-Valley-type (MVT) zinc-lead deposits, but Aus- tralia had no history of production from this class of deposit despite several very favourable geological environments, par- ticularly in the large Palaeozoic sedimentary basins. An exploration-research team was established in 1975 and the Lennard Shelf region, near Fitzroy Crossing, was selected as a most promising geological environment. Previous exploration for this class of deposit by other companies in Australia had largely used conventional exploration philosophies (geological mapping, geophysics and geochemistry to identify specific drill targets) but BHP sought specialist advice from a North American expert and adopted a grid-drilling philosophy, which involved wide spaced relatively deep diamond drill holes on a regular grid pattern, and statistical evaluation of the results. This technique resulted in the discovery of the Blendevale Deposit in 1978 in an area which had previously been explored by other companies using conventional methodologies. The deposit was delineated and a pre-feasibility study carried out in 1985 indicated that the resource of 20 Mt @ 8.3% Zn, 2.5% Pb was a marginal proposition.

Jan 1, 1988

By O N. Savassi

A rigorous methodology for prediction of flotation plant performance is presented, which is based on a standardised batch flotation test called the MFT. The work is part of the FLEET program, developed by MinnovEX with the support of seven large mining firms. The methodology is divided into three key steps: direct measurement of the kinetics of true flotation in the pulp, independent of hydraulic entrainment and other froth effects in the batch cell; benchmarking of the industrial plant over a broad range of ore types and operation conditions; and model calibration to describe froth effects in the plant, with a minimal number of parameters. To date, the methodology has been applied with success at several industrial plants, encompassing copper, gold, nickel, iron, lead, zinc and coal operations. This paper includes a description of the laboratory testwork procedure and scale-up to full industrial circuits. Examples of industrial application are also presented.

Jan 1, 2005

By Gregg PEH, Stewart RB

Reclamation field trials commenced in 1985, two years before the granting of the Mining Licence. The level of pasture production on varying soil depths (0 cm, 5 cm, 15 cm and 25 cm) overlying both tailings and oxidised waste overburden was assessed. After seven years, the rate of increase of N, C, P and S, losses of S and P and pH changes were investigated on the plots where grass seed was sown into bare tailings. It was determined that on these plots it would take approximately 24 years to reach the original carbon and nitrogen levels at the mine site.

Jan 1, 1995

By P G. Doig

Recent drops in commodity prices and economic uncertainty have seen many businesses re-evaluate their operational expenditure to ensure mine profitability. The high capital and operational cost of truck and digger fleets has resulted in loading and hauling of material being a significant proportion of a mine’s expenses (Nel, Kizil and Knights, 2011), thus it is often one of the first areas to be considered for cost reduction. If an operation requires additional trucks to maintain or improve productivity, a robust justification is crucial due to the expenditure involved.Mining schedules form the basis of productivity and cost estimations for mining operations and therefore must have a significant level of confidence with regards to achievable quantities and rates. Traditionally, a mining schedule is produced without detailed consideration of the trucking capacity or requirements. Although some mine planning software incorporates haulage predictions into schedules, most cannot model the dynamic nature of dumping and haulage. Previous studies have shown that it is necessary to have detailed haulage analysis instead of the traditional mining block centroid to dump block centroid methods for more realistic mining schedules and cost estimation (Doig and Kizil, 2013).Recent developments in software have allowed the dynamic integration of haulage analysis with mining schedules. Engineers can now create mining schedules in conjunction with dumping schedules, allowing mining schedules to reflect the restrictions created by the number of available trucks, combined with dynamic consideration of available in-pit and out-of-pit dumping locations.A study has been completed producing a mining schedule in conjunction with a dumping schedule and haulage analysis. Multiple schedules were run with various haulage strategies (including minimising rehabilitation liability) and truck availability to identify the impacts on coal production, and hence revenue. A financial analysis was then completed where a net present value (NPV) was calculated for each scenario. The study showed that trucking shortfalls can significantly impact mining schedules and cost estimations, both in terms of cost as well as revenue lost when trucks cannot maintain forecast production rates, thus dumping schedules and haulage analysis should be completed simultaneously. If dumping and haulage is not considered when planning the mining schedule, a mining business is ignorant to the impacts trucking has on the mine production, closure risk and profitability.CITATION:Doig, P G, 2014. Value impacts of truck limited scheduling, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014 , pp 513–524 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 16, 2014

By Visnovsky

The computing needs of a mine planning office vary greatly depending on the staff available and the nature of the work undertaken. Some offices work acceptably with few aids apart from hand held calculators while others use mainframe computers with associated data bases and sophisticated mine planning software. Not every mine planning office requires the big system approach but all can benefit from the intelligent use of small computers. There is virtually no limit to the design problems which can be solved using modern desktop computers. The simple language required encourages engineers to work interactively to facilitate both large and small computations. However a limit does exist in the speed and ease with which solutions can be obtained. The important ingredients for the successful application of such machines are a little computing knowledge, a flexible machine, and an engineer who really understands the mining problems confronting him. If these are available it is possible for the engineer to tailor the program to the task at hand and efficiently achieve the required result.

Jan 1, 1983

By F F. Pitard

The optimisation of a metallurgical plant requires two kinds of sampling systems. The first provides samples to follow process changes, so in due time actions to maintain key parameters within pre-established specifications can be applied. The second provides composite samples at the end of a working shift to demonstrate that valuable constituents sent to the plant went to either a final concentrate or to the tailings in a logical, expected proportion. Contrary to what many experts may claim, these two kinds of sampling requirements are incompatible and cannot be fulfilled using the same sampling systems; this is because the required samples have completely different objectives. A process control sample is an instantaneous sample with increments taken at short intervals, and the objective is to know where the process is at any given time. Excellent accuracy is not a must, however good precision is recommended since a possible process correction may need to be made. Online analysers fed with in-stream stationary cutters or other kinds of in-stream or by-stream probes can do well for such a mission. A composite sample for metallurgical accounting with increments collected over a long period of time, for which excellent accuracy and good precision are both required, must be generated by sophisticated and extremely well-maintained cross-stream sampling stations. The use of process control sampling systems to achieve good metallurgical accounting has been promoted by several manufacturers of sampling equipment around the world; it is a grave mistake that is misleading top management and a practice that should be scrutinised and preferably eliminated. Furthermore, bias tests used to prove otherwise are often based on insufficient data to draw valid conclusions; a guideline is provided.CITATION:Pitard, F F, 2014. Sampling systems for process control and metallurgical accounting, in Proceedings Sampling 2014 , pp 25–32 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 29, 2014

By Q Qu

Reliable prediction of longwall gas emission sources and rate plays a critical role in mine ventilation and methane drainage capacity planning. Over the years, Australian longwall mines have been using the historic Winter method and the Flugge method in modelling specific gas emissions (SGE). The predicted results often experience high discrepancies from the operational reality. To improve gas emission prediction, post-mining gas contents were measured in several mines in Qld and NSW by safely drilling core holes into the longwall goaf. The results revealed many new insights into gas emission characteristics from different coal seams and the drawbacks of the European methods in their use in high-production gassy Australian longwall mines. Based on measurement data, a new, time-dependent gas emission prediction model has been developed. Considering several factors such as caving, desorption and production rate, the new model can predict more accurate and meaningful gas emissions to meet today’s needs in mine gas emission management. A case study is provided to demonstrate the application of the new SGE model.

Oct 12, 2022

By Connell JE

The Worthing Mine near Hallett Cove. 20 km southwest of the cite of Adelaide, belongs to Aus- tralia's first mining era, which took place in South Australia between 1841 and 1851 (Figure 1). Oper- ations began in 1849 only six years after the com- mencement of metal mining in Australia at Glen Osmond. Although not as historically significant as Glen Osmond (1841), or the much larger copper mines of Kapunda (1844) or Burra (1845) its importance lies with its Cornish enginehouse and chimney. The Worthing enginehouse, built in 1851-1852 is the oldest remaining in Australia and certainly the most significant relic of Australia's first mining era. Six other stone enginehouses were built during that period: at Kapunda in 1848 and 1850: at Burra in 1849, 1850 and 1851; and at Tungkillo in 1849. All of these houses have long since dis- appeared although the foundations of one (Kapunda, 1850) still remain. The significance of the Worthing site is enhanced by its magnificant environmental setting in the bare, steep valley of Field River. Currently (1986) the Worthing Mine is the only site within the City of Marion which is on the Register of State Heritage Items. The site is also included in the Classified List of the National Trust of South Australia and on the Register of the National Estate.

Jan 1, 1987

By E Deucker, A White

Gold Fields Australia (Gold Fields) has identified that improving productivity through more detailed shift planning and operational control of mining activities is a key driver to the success of their business. The Hamlet mine was chosen as a pilot site to trial a system that would allow production engineers and shift bosses to align the execution of short-term activities with the longer-term goals of the organisation.Gold Fields partnered with Deswik to introduce an on-site, collaborative, web-based system to allow mine planners to quickly build-up a detailed, activity-based, shift schedule for the coming week from the 13-week plan. Multiple stakeholders could then review and alter the plan, and then track and manage the execution of the activities.The system is designed to be integrated with production data capture systems to allow tracking of progress towards completion for each activity, as well as to plan and monitor the equipment operating in the mine. Integration of systems allowed engineers to use the large quantities of production data being captured to make informed decisions in the operations environment.The system replaced a complex set of spreadsheets that required expert users in Gold Fields to maintain. By capturing the data in a central database, the planning process is transparent and historic data from the execution of activities is available for analysis to improve productivity in the future.The system has ensured that the highest priority and critical path activities for the business are completed at the right time, improving the efficiency of operations.CITATION:Deucker, E and White, A, 2017. Productivity improvement through collaborative shift planning and tracking, in Proceedings 13th AusIMM Underground Operators’ Conference 2017, pp 225–234 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 16, 2017

By G A. Blengini, S V. èolar

The minerals industry is faced with choices beginning in the exploration phase and extending over the life cycle of the mine. Firms examine the technical feasibility of alternative actions and typically rank them based on economic performance. Increasingly firms also consider alternativesÆ contribution to sustainable development. There are many visions of what a sustainable future should look like and much debate about what should be sustained. Sustainability is a process, a series of incremental actions, and each alternative course of action has the potential to further progress toward one or more sustainability goal. However, because it is not possible to sustain everything everywhere simultaneously, trade-offs and choices inevitably have to be made.Sustainable decision making before investment (ex ante decisions) should incorporate a broad suite of quantitative and qualitative information. One approach is to utilise an integrated sustainability assessment (ISA) framework that supplements traditional technical and financial tools with other tools such as objectives hierarchies (OH) and life cycle assessments (LCA). OH is a problem framing method that captures stakeholder and decision maker interests, objectives and values. LCA addresses material and energy flows, and environmental impacts. The outputs of these tools can be combined with additional qualitative measures and analysed using multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). MCDA models facilitate comparison of different alternatives on the basis of a set of criteria and indicators. Some can incorporate information on risk attitudes and preferences ( multi-attitribute value theory models) and others uncertainty about outcomes (multi-attribute utility models). Studies have been published describing and comparing tools for minerals sector decision analysis. Our paper extends this literature, discussing how a combined OH-LCA-MCDA can support ex ante sustainability assessment by incorporating preferences, risk attitudes, and monetised or non-monetised social and economic variables, in a manner that captures their inherent complexity. We also discuss how such a combined model would support trade-off analysis.

Jan 1, 2009

By R Symes

The Fosterville Goldmine in Victoria Australia employs the BIOX« Process to liberate gold from its sulfidic flotation concentrate through bacterial oxidation. Gold occurrence is primarily as submicron particles in pyrite and arsenopyrite and has been described as being in æsolid solutionÆ and therefore not amenable to direct cyanidation. Once liberated by the oxidation process, the gold is then available for cyanide leaching. During the oxidation process it has been found that a portion of the liberated gold becomes suspended in the liquid phase in what appears to be a colloidal state. This liquid becomes a waste stream during washing of the oxidised solids and the suspended gold is therefore lost. A method was previously developed using an addition of quebracho tannin to significantly reduce this loss by formation of an iron-tannin precipitate which captures the gold which then reports to the cyanide leach circuit with the oxidised concentrate solids onto which it is adsorbed.This paper discusses the development and plant trial of a second processing step to further enhance gold recovery by use of flotation tailings essentially as a source of extra surface area to capture residual tannin-iron precipitate and its associated gold not recovered in the first step.CITATION:Symes, R, 2012. Recovery of colloidal gold from oxidised concentrate wash liquor - Further improvement, in Proceedings 11th AusIMM Mill OperatorsÆ Conference, pp 383-388 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Oct 29, 2012