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By G. Cartaud, F. Osmond

WE have already devoted two previous memoirs to this question. In the first we collated and discussed the existing literature on the subject; in the second, we described the crystalline forms obtained by the reduction, at different temperatures, of ferrous chloride by hydrogen or by zinc-vapor. The conclusion from these researches was that the three allotropic states of iron-a, stable below A2; 19, stable between A2 and A3; and 7, stable above A3-all crystallize in the cubic system. The differences observed were such as are customarily encountered in the crystallographic records of many minerals of which allotropic varieties or isomerides are not known, but did not conform to the ordinary definition of polymorphism. It is, however, improbable that allotropic transformations, which are placed beyond doubt by a series of positive facts, do not involve some changes in the intimate structure. As a matter of fact, the crystals we did obtain were too small to allow of a precise examination, and this might introduce an element of uncertainty in the firm establishment of our conclusions. Professor H. Le Chatelier was even led to think from some of our results that iron could very well be a rhombohedron simulating a cube, and not a true cube, and it will be remembered that the crystalline form of bismuth was for a long time incorrectly regarded as cubic. Allotropy does not, however, necessarily involve such a deduction. Without departing from the cubic system at all, a whole

Nov 1, 1906

By A. STEPHENSON

EXPERIMENTAL work conducted at the Petroleum Engineering Laboratory of the University of California by L. C. Uren, J. Domercq, Jr., and J. Mejia has shown that small diameter wells offer tremendous resistance to the flow of fluids in their immediate vicinity. This resistance is due in part to the constriction of the area through which the fluids must pass as they approach the wall of the well, but is also accentuated by the increased volume which results from gas expansion. The latter in turn is a function of the deduction in pressure, the fundamental cause of fluid movement. If the diameter of the bore is enlarged several diameters, the capacity of the well, or the volume of fluid passing per unit drop in pressure per unit of time, is greatly increased without necessitating such high fluid velocities. The fundamental features which should be taken into consideration in the design of casing joints were stressed by J. B. Graham and E. E. Smith. These involved such points as correct thread design, high efficiency, and small diameter, together with the insurance that leakage will absolutely be prevented. The practical features of such design were ably discussed by engineers from leading steel manufacturers.

Jan 1, 1935

The editorial expenses for the preparation of the manuscript of the second edition, as for the first, were provided by grants of the Engineering Foundation and the Open Hearth Steel Committee of the Iron and Steel Division, AIME ; the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund again sponsored the publication of this volume. The companies and research or educational institutions with which the authors, reviewers, and editors are connected also contributed much to the writing and editing of this book through their generous donations of time and travel and office expenses. And finally, the authors and others have given countless hours of their own time with no recompense but the satisfaction of a job well done. In order to give credit to the companies or educational institutions which made it possible for the members of the Editorial Board to devote considerable time to the revision of this book, the names of these members and their affiliations are recorded here as follows W. O. Philbrook, Carnegie Institute of Technology M. B. Bever, Massachusetts Institute of Technology H. B. Emerick, Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation B. M. Larsen, United States Steel Company A number of individuals suggested desirable changes in the book before rewriting was started. Almost all manuscripts were gone over critically by reviewers, and the resulting criticisms led to the correction of errors and omissions and greatly contributed to the accuracy and completeness of the text. Other people have supplied additional data or illustrations or assisted in other ways. While some of these contributors must remain anonymous because they are not known to the Editors, the cooperation of the following individuals is gratefully acknowledged: R. D. Allen, Republic Steel Corporation, Chicago Isadore Amdur, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mary Baeyertz, Armour Research Foundation S. P. Bahmer, Republic Steel Corporation, Massillon E. C. Bain and Associates, United States Steel Company, Pittsburgh C. W. Briggs, Steel Founders' Society of America H. W. Briske, Wisconsin Steel Works

Jan 1, 1951

The editorial expenses for the preparation of the manuscript of the second edition, as for the first, were provided by grants of the Engineering Foundation and the Open Hearth Steel Committee of the Iron and Steel Division, AIME ; the Seeley W. Mudd Memorial Fund again sponsored the publication of this volume. The companies and research or educational institutions with which the authors, reviewers, and editors are connected also contributed much to the writing and editing of this book through their generous donations of time and travel and office expenses. And finally, the authors and others have given countless hours of their own time with no recompense but the satisfaction of a job well done. In order to give credit to the companies or educational institutions which made it possible for the members of the Editorial Board to devote considerable time to the revision of this book, the names of these members and their affiliations are recorded here as follows : W. O. Philbrook, Carnegie Institute of Technology M. B. Bever, Massachusetts Institute of Technology H. B. Emerick, Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation B. M. Larsen, United States Steel Company A number of individuals suggested desirable changes in the book before rewriting was started. Almost all manuscripts were gone over critically by reviewers, and the resulting criticisms led to the correction of errors and omissions and greatly contributed to the accuracy and completeness of the text. Other people have supplied additional data or illustrations or assisted in other ways. While some of these contributors must remain anonymous because they are not known to the Editors, the cooperation of the following individuals is gratefully acknowledged : R. D. Allen, Republic Steel Corporation, Chicago Isadore Amdur, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mary Baeyertz, Armour Research Foundation S. P. Bahmer, Republic Steel Corporation, Massillon E. C. Bain and Associates, United States Steel Company, Pittsburgh C. W. Briggs, Steel Founders' Society of America H. W. Briske, Wisconsin Steel Works

Jan 1, 1964

By William J. Priestley

Much time has been devoted, by metallurgists, to the study of steel after solidification and remarkable strides have been made in the heat treatment of steel, but less knowledge is available of the thermophysical activity of the constituents of steel prior to solidification in the mold. It is known that certain elements added to steel produce marked changes in physical properties, also that other elements added to steel produce similar changes, but we have only meager knowledge as 'to. how these elements combine in steel under different conditions of solidification. It is not sufficient to know, from chemical analysis, that a certain element is present in steel. We should know how this element is in combination with the other elements and whether the combination is such as will give the greatest physical properties. Certain elements go into solid solution with the iron, while others segregate to the grain boundaries and combine with the impurities collected there. Until it is known where an alloy produces the most beneficial effect and a means is determined for controlling its physical location by altering solidification conditions, or otherwise, we will not obtain the maximum value from our alloys. When molten steel freezes, it forms a heterogeneous mass of various crystalline constituents; and as the transformation of steel from a liquid state to the solid crystallized state is a critical step, involving as great a transfer of heat as any other operation in the making of finished steel, a variation in the rate of this heat transfer will have much to do with the arrangement of the various constituents in the solid state. The object of this paper is to show some of the effects on steel caused by variations in the rate of cooling in the ingot mold, particularly as to ingotism, segregation, dendrites, and intergranular material.

Jan 1, 1924

By G. Cartaud, F. Osmond

We have already devoted two previous memoirs to this question. In the firstL we collated and discussed the existing literature on the subject; in the second: we described the crystalline forms obtained by the reduction, at different temperatures, of ferrous chloride by hydrogen or by zinc-vapor. The conclusion from these researches was that the three allo-tropic states of iron—a, stable below A2; , stable between A2 and A3; and , stable above A3—all crystallize in the cubic system. The differences observed were such as are customarily encountered in the crystallographic records of many minerals of which allotropic varieties or isomerides are not known, and did not conform to the ordinary definition of polymorphism. It is, however, improbable that allotropic transformations, which are placed beyond doubt by a series of positive facts, do not involve some changes in the intimate structure. As a matter of fact, the crystals we did obtain were too small to allow of a precise examination, and this might introduce an element of uncertainty in the firm establishment of our conclusions. Professor H. Le Chatelier mas even led to think from some of our results that r-iron could very well be a rhom-bohedron simulating a cube, and not a true cube, and it will be remembered that the crystalline form of bismuth was for a long time incorrectly regarded as cubic. Allotropy does not, however, necessarily involve such a deduction. Without departing from the cubic system at all, a whole

Jan 1, 1907

By J. P. Carson

THE Croton water-shed furnishes the source and storage of watersupply to both the old and the new aqueduct. The Croton river rises in the southern part of Dutchess county, about 68 miles from the lower end of New York city. Its three main branches, called the East, Middle and West branches, flow southward across Putnam county, joining, near its southern boundary, to form the Croton, which continues thence in a general southwest direction across Westchester county to the Hudson river at Croton Point, about 35 miles north of the city. The water-shed above the proposed site of the Quaker Bridge dam extends about 33 miles north and south, with an average width of 11 miles, making in all about 362 square miles, from which, by complete storage, an average daily supply of 250,000,000 gallons may be collected—sufficient for the needs of the city, probably, for the next fifteen years. The water-shed above the Croton dam is 23 square miles smaller, and furnishes the present daily supply of 100,000,000 gallons. By referring to the map it will be seen that the shortest approximately straight line between the proposed site of Quaker Bridge

Jan 1, 1891

By E. C. Harder, E. W. Greig

Bauxite is known mainly as the ore from which aluminum is smelted but it has large use also in the manufacture of artificial abrasives and in the production of a number of useful chemicals as well as of aluminous cement "ciment fondu." An important and growing use is in the manufacture of refractory products. Composition Dana and earlier mineralogists gave the mineral formula of bauxite as A1203.21120 and the composition as A1202, 73.9 pct; H2O, 26.1 pct. A specific mineral of this composition has, however, never been identified by either microscopic, chemical or X ray examination, and therefore it is concluded that bauxite is a rock consisting of one or more aluminum minerals together with impurities. The term is now used synonymously with aluminum ore and it embraces gibbsite (hydrargillite or alpha trihydrate), A1203. 3H20 (A1203, 65.4 pct; H2O, 34.6 pct); boehmite (alpha monohydrate), A1203•H20 (A1202, 85 pct; H2O, 15 pct) ; diaspore (beta monohydrate), A1203•H20 (A1203, 85 pct; H2O, 15 pct), and mixtures in various proportions of any two of them. Bauxite of the Mediterranean region in Europe is predominantly boehmite, as in France and Istria, subordinately a mixture of gibbsite and boehmite, as in Dalmatia, or of boehmite (or gibbsite) and diaspore, as in Greece. The bauxite of North and South America, tropical Africa, Asia, and Australasia consists largely of gibbsite, but boehmite in appreciable amount occurs in many places. Corundum (A1202) is not included un¬der bauxite, although gradations from bauxite to emery or corundum exist. All bauxite, irrespective of the aluminum minerals composing it, contains certain impurities in variable amount, including silica in the form of clay minerals (kaolinite, halloy site, and others) or quartz, iron oxide (as hematite or goethite), titania (as leucoxene or rutile), iron sulfide (as pyrite or marcasite), iron carbonate (siderite), and calcium carbonate (as calcite); the last three mentioned in minor amount and of local occurrence only. Bauxite belongs to a group of partly consolidated materials called laterites, formed by surface weathering. This group includes also impure siliceous, ferruginous, and phosphatic bauxite and siliceous and aluminous iron ores and manganese ores and nickel and chrome laterites. Phosphorus and manganese minerals locally form important impurities in bauxite deposits. Properties Gibbsite is white or light shades of gray, cream or pink. Its hardness is 2.5 to 3.5; specific gravity, 2.3 to 2.4; crystal system, monoclinic, crystals tabular parallel to 001, often fibrous, concretionary, stalactitic; luster, vitreous to pearly; generally translucent; cleavage, parallel to 001; disassociation temperature, approximately 300°C. Boehmite, a relatively new and important mineral described by J. Boehm15 in 1925, confirmed and named by J. de Lapparen64 in 1930, has some properties not yet definitely determined. It occurs in grayish, brownish, and reddish shades. Its hardness is between that of gibbsite and diaspore; specific gravity, 3.01 to

Jan 1, 1960

By J. B. Morrow

BITUMINOUS COAL production for 1937 up to Nov. 27, was 400,000,000 ions, an increase of 3.43 per cent over the comparative period in 1936. The in- crease in consumption, however, was not so great as the increase in production. Stocks of coal, mostly in the hands of consumers, on Nov. 1 were 57,000,000 tons, compared to 44,400,000 tons at the same periods in 1936. The prospects were that both production and consumption for December, 1937, would be lower than for the corresponding month of 1936. , Anthracite production for the period ending Nov. 20 was 43,900,000 tons, com- pared to 48,500,000 tons for the corresponding period in 1936, or a decrease of 9.5 per cent. Production of mechanically loaded coal in. 1936 was approximately 57,000,000 tons, an increase of 17.5 per cent over

Jan 1, 1938

By George Burgess

I. INTRODUCTION THE suggestion has often been made that it would be highly desirable, at least for certain grades of steel, to be able to control more certainly, by pyrometric measurement or otherwise, the temperatures of the operation of the open-hearth and other furnaces used in the manufacture of steel and iron. That the properties of the ingot and finally of the finished steel product are intimately related to the final temperatures attained by-the metal inn the furnace and to the temperature of casting, has been recognized by metallurgists for a long time, and this question has been very thoroughly treated, especially by Prof. Henry M. Howe, and by A. W. and H. Brearley.1 It is the object of this paper to demonstrate that in so war as casting temperatures of furnaces, steel ingots, and similar operations involving the temperatures of streams of iron and steel are concerned, well-known pyrometric methods s may be easily applied-if certain recently determined corrections are made and precautions taken-with a relatively high degree of accuracy. Greater but not insurmountable difficulties will be encountered in. the case of open-hearth furnace temperatures, while for" those of the converter type a ready solution does not seem practicable. It appears that certain essential data have always been lacking in reporting observations such as those of Le Chatelier in 1892. Thus the correction to be applied for the characteristic radiation-or emissivity¬has hitherto not been adequately taken into account nor the limitations of the several possible pyrometric methods clearly recognized.

Jan 2, 1917

CONTENTS PAGE FULTON, CHARLES H., and READ, J. BURNS-A New Roasting Furnace for Zinc Flotation Concentrate. Discussed by Charles H. Fulton, Arthur S. Dwight, B. M. O'Harra, Kurt Stock 1 STOCK, KURT.-Redistillation of Zinc. Discussed by G. E. Dalbey, Kurt Stock.. 3 BEASLEY, F. E.-High Zinc in Lead Blast-furnace Slags. Discussed by R. C. Canby, R. L. Lloyd, C. R. Haywood, G. E. Dalbey, A. S. Dwight, E. P. Mathewson, A. L. Walker, B. M. O'Harra, and C. P. Linville 4 STEELE, E. W.-Application of Pulverized Coal to Copper Refinery Furnaces. Discussed by F. R. Pyne, E. P. Mathewson 11 LINVILLE, C. P.-Recovery of Arsenic and Other Valuable Constituents from Speiss. Discussed by C. R. Hayward, C. P. Linville, G. E. Dalbey, A. S. Dwight, Edward F. Kern, Karl Eilers, E. P. Mathewson 12 A New Roasting Furnace for Zinc Flotation Concentrate Discussion of the paper of CHARLES H. FULTON and J. BURNS READ, presented at the New York Meeting, February, 1925, and issued, as Paper No. 1362-D, with MINING AND METALLURGY,. October, 1924. G. E. DALBEY, East Berlin, Conn. What would be the, effect on the formation of sulfates of an increased water vapor content in the roasting gases? CHARLES H. FULTON.-I cannot answer that from our experience. The question of the formation of sulfate in the roasting of zinc is mainly one of temperature and the concentration of S02 and S03 in the gases. We found we could roast almost completely to sulfate if the concentration was kept at the proper point. We, however, did not care to do this because we wished to make a 5 to 6 per cent. S02 gas for sulfuric-acid work. The sulfating of the zinc oxide in the proper concentration of gases goes on very rapidly. There are certain places in the furnace system such as the Cottrell and in a part of the dust chamber in which the roasted

Jan 6, 1925

By J. Fred Johnson

MORE ORE is mined in the Bingham District than in any other mining district in Utah. In addition to the open-pit operations of the Utah Copper Co., there have been, many large underground mines. Until recent years the principal production was from the Jordan and Commercial limestones, but in the last eight years valuable ore deposits have been developed in the so-called alphabetical or "A," "B," "C," and "D" limestones, mainly by the U. S. Smelting, Refining & Mining Co. The value of these developments has led the company just mentioned to acquire large holdings in the district and within the last year to install at the Niagara shaft a hoist capable of going to a vertical depth of 4000 ft., or 1800 ft. deeper than the present lowest level. Ore from Bingham has been the chief factor in enabling the

Jan 1, 1934

By F. W. Bradley

MY first Nevada City mining reminiscence is one of seeing Capt. Thomas Mein, over 52 years ago, in the old Wyoming mill on Deer Creek about a mile below the town of Nevada City. Captain Mein was then superintendent of the Wyoming mine, where the old fashioned Cornish pump was used, as well as hurdy-gurdy water wheels for power. This mill was one of the typical, up-to-date mills of that time and consisted of stamps, fed by Chinese hand feeders, who also cobbed the ore down to a small enough size to be fed into the mortars. Stamps at that time were of light weight and crushed about one ton to one and a half tons to the stamp, the pulp going over plates, then into sluices with self-raising gates. When a sluice became full the pulp was shut off and directed into the parallel sluice, also with a self-raising gate. The concentrate thus collected in the sluice was shoveled out and carried to Cornish buddles and there cleaned up, preparatory to being sent to a local custom chlorination works.

Jan 1, 1929

By B. M. Larsen

Jan 1, 1948

By B. M. Larsen

Jan 1, 1948

By E. B. Mayo

David LeCount Evans (Consulting Petroleum and Mining Geologist, Wichita, Kans.)-—Not only E. B. Mayo but also W. C. Lacy, who apparently urged the preparation of this analysis, is to be commended. Regional thinking of this type is needed to assure future success in the never-ending search for new mineralized and petroliferous districts. As is usually the case, here is a regional study that will be read by the mining geologist alone. It is ironic that several of the trends established in this study have suggested themselves in northern mid-continent, detailed, and regional studies. These, where established, have offered new keys to petroleum exploration and have provided a possible basis for unraveling a number of broad generalities. The oil geologists, active in Colorado, Kansas, and Oklahoma, would find much food for thought in Mr. Mayo's projections. To be more specific: 1) The parallelism between E. B. Mayo's Texas Lineament and the Amarillo Uplift, the Wichita Complex and the Arbuckle Complex of the Texas Panhandle and Southern Oklahoma is viewed with interest and appears especially significant when compared with the similar northwest trend of the Central Kansas Uplift, a major trend of production. 2) Considering the various northeast zones of Fig. 2, and with particular reference to Mayo's C-C, the Jemez Zone is on direct line with one of several northeast-southwest controls which the present writer has been using with some success in Kansas subsurface correlations. Considering zones of shearing, with no apparent vertical displacement, but suggesting strike-slip movement, because of the staggered effect on other features which cross such trends, Mayo's philosophy presents regional possibilities for lines of weakness, considered to this time of only local significance. 3) And, finally, in an area as distant from the Southwest as central Kansas, the north-south trends of the Fiarport-Ruggles anticline, the Voshel-Hol-low Nikkel-Burrton structures, the Dayton to Stut-gart trend, the north, slightly east trend of the Ne-maha structural complex, and others all seem to approach the north-south alignments, a through f, of Mayo's Fig. 3. Mayo's employment of structural intersections to pinpoint crustal weakness, to localize igneous activity and its accompanying mineralization is not, perhaps, a new concept, but it is a 1958 model, produced by tools improved from the ever-increasing accumulation of geological observations. The use of intersecting trends in petroleum geology is not a new idea, since much production in earlier days was encountered via the straight line projections of established trends to centers of intersection. A tragedy in this age of specialization is that iron curtains have been raised between groups, all seeking raw materials, all acolytes at the altar of structural geology, but all smugly content in and protected by the ivory towers of petroleum geology, engineering geology, mining geology, and geophysics. Mayo presents basic ideas which can stimulate mid-continent structural thinking and, in the case of cen- tral Kansas. he provides a key to replace the broad and overworked simple monoclinal, sinkhole-dotted, Karst topography credo, which is not finding its share of new oil in a state where the declining discovery ratio is disconcerting. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists would do well to add E. B. Mayo to its list of Distinguished Lecturers. Evans B. Mayo (author's reply)—In reply to David LeCount Evans' comments, it is pleasing to learn that some of the elements discussed in my paper may interest petroleum geologists as well as mining geologists. This should not be surprising, however, because the lineaments make up the framework of the continent, and the oil-bearing sediments must reflect to varying degrees adjustments of basement blocks along their boundaries. A further possibility that petroleum geologists must have considered is that the slow escape of heat from buried lineaments and their intersections has aided the separation of oil from the sediments and started the migration into traps. Regarding the specific points listed by Evans, the following are suggested: 1) The branch of Texas Lineament marked 1' (Fig. 3) is thought to extend eastward through the Capitan Mts., New Mexico, through the long Tertiary dikes east of Roswell, and beyond via the Matador and Electra ranges of the Red River Uplift, Texas. Its further continuation might be the eastern flank of the Ouachita Fold Belt. The Amarillo-Wichita-Arbuckle zone of uplifts appears to continue east-southeastward the Spanish Peaks belt (3-5, Fig. 3). The northwest-trending Central Kansas Uplift would not belong to the above set, except insofar as the Central Kansas Uplift is traversed by west-northwest folds, possible continuations of the Uinta belt (5-5, Fig. 3). 2) The possible continuations into Kansas of the Jemez zone are new to me and are most welcome suggestions. 3) Most of the nearly north-south Kansan structures mentioned by Evans are unfamiliar to me, but the Nemaha Uplift itself appears to be part of a very pronounced structure traceable from the Cerralvo Fault Zone, south of the Rio Grande, through the Bend Arch, Texas, and the Nemaha Uplift, into the Pre-Cambrian of Minnesota (?). This nearly meridional zone is crossed and broken by the Rio Grande Embayment and by the Red River-Wichita Syntaxis. Petroleum geologists realize the economic importance of these features. Perhaps it is inevitable that some papers of general interest be buried in the journals of specialized groups. Moreover, papers dealing with regional, or lineament, tectonics and its applications to exploration for economic mineral deposits are as yet few in the American literature. The opportunity to advance this field is open to all those who are not ultra-conservative and who have a lively curiosity, plenty of patience, and not too many business restrictions. In conclusion, much appreciation is extended to D. L. Evans for his comments.

Jan 1, 1960

(Separates of all the Pamphlets published within the last three years (starting with No. 1469) are available, with few exceptions, at Institute headquarters. Separates of all the Technical Publications are also available. All the papers are on file in public, university and technical libraries, and when so indicated in the list, may be found either in the TRANSACTIONS or in the special volumes issued by the Institute.] METAL MINING TRANS. PAMPHLET VOLUME NUMBER TITLE AUTHOR MEETING AND PAGE'S 1033 Relation of Air Pressure to Drilling H. W. Seamon New York 66, 743, 756 Speeds of Hammer Drills Feb., 1921 1034 Time Factor in Depletion of Mines J. W. Roberts New York 66,711 Feb., 1921 1035 Calculation of Ore Tonnage and Grade J. E. Harding New York 66, 117, 122 from Drill-hole Samples Feb., 1921 1038 Discussion of Papers Presented in 1920 1041 Run-off and Mine Drainage H. N. Eavenson New York 66, 624,630 Feb., 1921 1043 The Health of the Underground Worker A. J. Lanza New York Feb., 1021 1045 Dust-ventilation Studies in Metal D. Harrington New York 66, 272, 289Mines Feb., 1921 1046 Discussion of Papers Presented at New York Meeting, 1021 1072 Breakage and Heat Treatment of Rock- B. F. Tillson New York 66,1758 drill Steel Feb., 1921 1073 Discussion of Papers Presented at New York Meeting, 1921 1076-M Analysis of Some Drill-steel Testa F. B. Foley New York 66, 789 Feb., 1921 1077-M Application of Magnetic. Analysis to C. W. Burrows New York 66, 796 Rock Drills Feb. 1921 1078-M Heat Treatment of Rock-drill Steel G.H. Gilman New York 66, 779_ Feb., 1921 1080 What is the Ideal Drill Steel? F. H. Kingdon New York 66,807 Feb., 1921 1051 Rock Drill Steels, etc. - W. T. Ober New York 66,814 Feb., 1921 1082-C Underground Mine Development, Its J. B. Dilworth Wilkes-Barre 66,715, 7.21 Definition and Valuation Sept., 1921 1084 Drill Steel from Hollow Ingots P. A. E. Armstrong New York, 66, 809 Feb., 1921 1088 Authors' Replies to Recent Discussion 1092 Heat Treatment of Rock Drill Steel A. E. Perkins New York 66,811 Feb., 1921 1096-M Octagonal Ventilation Shaft. of Davis- J. L. Bruce Wilkes-Barre 66, 252, 268 Daly Copper Co. Sept., 1921 1100-C Determination of Electrical Equip- G. Bright Wilkes-Barre 66, 580, 605 ment for a Mine Hoist Sept. 1921

Jan 1, 1927

By Thomas T., Read

THROUGHOUT the Colonial era, Philadelphia was easily , the leading city of North America, and it still held that position at the end of the period, with a population of about 25,000, though closely pressed by Boston, which had slightly over 20,000, and New York, which had nearly as many. It was the center of a region in which mineral industry was important. Thomas Rutter's bloomery, built in the Schuylkill valley in 1716, was quickly followed by many others, and during the Colonial period at least 20 blast furnaces, 45 forges, and iron- works of other types were built in eastern Pennsylvania, which easily led all the other colonies in iron manufacture. During the Revolutionary period others were erected as far west as Fort Loudon, in the Cumberland c alley.^ After 1800 the rapid development of the anthracite mining industry profoundly affected Philadelphia's, development, since transportation of the coal was then necessarily by water, and the streams of the anthracite . regions mostly flowed into either the Schuylkill or the Delaware Rivers. With an abundant near-by supply of coal and iron, with the seat of government, which had been there since 1774, and with a National Bank established there in 1791, one would have seemed safe in prophesying, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, that Philadelphia would permanently remain the leading city of the United States. Education in Philadelphia was at first wholly in the hands of the Quakers, who had established a "Public School" there in 1689, but in November 1739 George Whitefield, who had created a sensation in England by his preaching, though only 24 years old, passed through Philadelphia on his way to Georgia to found an orphan school there. He preached a series of sermons in Christ Church that were so disturbing to the established church that on Nov. 25 the Rev..Richard Peters (who was also Provincial

Jan 1, 1941

By James B. Cathcart

The potash mine of the International Minerals and Chemical Corp. is about 18 miles east of Carlsbad, New Mexico, in sec 1 and 12, T 22 S, R 29 E, N.M.P.M. Potash is produced from two zones in the Salado formation of late Permian age. The lower zone, consisting of a mixture of sylvite (KCI) and halite (NaCl), lies at a depth of about 900 ft, and the upper zone, in which the principal potassium mineral is langbeinite (K2SO4 2MgSO4), lies at a depth of about 800 ft. Because of the plastic nature of the material, fractures in the Salado formation are extremely rare and have been noted only on the 800 ft level of the International mine. The open fracture described below is almost unique. Only one other open fracture has been noted, and it was on a working face in the same general area as the one described, but was destroyed before the writer had a chance to examine it. According to J. E. Tong, foreman on the 800 level, this fracture was similar to, but smaller than, the one herein described. The saline strata are nearly flat-lying and comprise interbedded layers of halite, anhydrite (CaSO4), and poly-halite (2CaSO4.MgS04.K2SO4-2H2O), with halite predominating. The halite layers contain local concentrations of sylvite, carnallite (KC1.MgCl2.6H2O), and langbeinite. The principal marker in the potash mines area is a bed of anhydrite about 8 ft thick, and 70 ft below the 800 level. This bed contains varying amounts of polyhalite, and locally a few blebs of sylvite. Two principal marker beds are present over most of the 800 level. The lower is the "Middle Salt Marker," a bed of bright-orange halite, which ranges in thickness from a knife-edge to about 0.6 ft, and is usually bounded above and below by thin seams of green or reddish-brown clay. In langbeinite-rich areas, this marker usually contains abundant blebs of langbeinite. The upper of the two principal markers is a green clay seam, containing abundant halite, which ranges in thickness from 0.1 to about 0.5 ft. It is 2 to slightly more than 5 ft above the Middle Salt Marker. No langbeinite of minable grade is found above this clay, and it

Jan 1, 1950

Albin, B. R. Billings, Mont. 28 Amster, Nathan L 25 Broad St., New York, N. Y. '28 Bache, Jules S. 42 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 28 Barrett, C. P. 5338 Harper Ave., Chicago, 111. '28 Baum, Frank G., Cons. Hydro-Electric Engr Cassel, Shasta Co., Cal. '28 Bayless, William S. Russ Bldg., San Francisco, Cal. '28 Bean, Louis H.60 E. 42nd St., New York, N. Y. '28 Beatty, Roes J. 1105 First National Bank Bldg., Chicago, Ill. '28 Benwell, Oswald F. Hold Mags. '28 Beymer, Albert S., V.P., Keystone National Bank Pittsburgh, Pa. '28 Blumenthal, Hugo 44 Pine St., New York, N. Y. '28 Boettcher, Charles Ideal Cement Bldg., Denver, Colo. '28 Bowlus, Thomas H. Iola, Kan. '28 Brown, Colvin B. Chamber of Commerce, Washington, D. C. '28 Bart, Maxwell Struthers Southern Pines, N. C. '28

Jan 1, 1932