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By H. E. Heide

"Before the war, the United States was the world’s leading consumer of tin, the industrial applications of which had become widespread. Domestic production was negligible, and requirements were met almost entirely by imports, principally from British Malaya, United Kingdom and China. Average annual imports for the years 1925-1929 amounted to 78,009 long tons.With the advent of war in Europe and signing of the Japanese-German pact, it was realized that foreign sources of supplies were threatened, and steps were taken by Congress to forestall critical shortages of tin and other minerals. These steps in regard to tin included stock-piling, improving reclamation and conservation, increasing South American production, constructing a smelter in the United States for treatment of tin, ores, and intensifying the search for domestic tin deposits. Annual imports were raised to 140,873 long tons by 1941. On 1945, annual imports had shrunk to 37,675 long tons and consumption had been reduced to 52,100 tons of primary and secondary tin but not tin content of scrap alloy.The Strategic Minerals Act, passed by the Congress in 1939, authorized the investigation of domestic tin deposits.As Alaska had supplied virtually all of the domestic output of tin, an investigation of Alaska deposits was undertaken in 1940 and 1941 by J. B. Mertie, Jr., and Robert R. Coats of the Geological Survey.The Lost River lode tin mine on the Seward Peninsula was examined by H. E. Heide of the Bureau of Mines in 1942. Possibilities for developing a significant amount of tin appeared favorable, and exploration of the ore bodies was started in August 1942."

Jul 1, 1946

By Van Sint JanM., M. Prudencio

ABSTRACT We report the results of a model-testing program to evaluate the strength characteristics of non-persistent joints. We describe the conditions under which new tensile cracks generate and propagate to connect existing joints so that the rock mass becomes fractured into several blocks, leading to a low strength. The strength of some models was equal to that along a single joint through the full sample length. In models with two joint sets, failure took place along a composite plane, partly sliding along a discontinuous joint and shearing through the intervening intact block of rock, or else by rotation and sliding of the blocks. This last failure mode could also lead to very low model strength. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dieser Bericht beschreibt die Ergebnisse von Versuchen mit Modellfelsmassen um den Einfluâ von unterbrochenen Rissen in ihrer Widerstandsfähigkeit zu untersuchen. Es werden die Umstände beschrieben unter denen neue Zugrisse entstehen, sich verbreiten, sich mit bestehenden Rissen verbinden und die Felsmasse in mehrere Felsblöcke zerlegen und zu einer kleinen Widerstandsfestigkeit führen. Der Widerstand einiger Versuchskörper entsprach der Festigkeit eines Risses der die ganze Länge des Versuchskörpers überquert.Versuchkörper mit zwei Rißfamilien versagten unter einer zusammegesetzten Ebene, zum Teil mit Verschiebungen nach unterbrochenen Rißebenen die sich durch Schnittversagen intakter Felsblöcke verbinden, und zum Teil durch Drehungen und Verschiebungen einzelner Felsblöcke. Die letzte Versagunsart kann zu einer stark verminderten Widerstansfähigkeit führen. RÉSUMÉ Nous présentons les résultats de quelques essais fait sur des modèles évaluant les caractéristiques de résistance des fractures discontinues. Nous décrivons les conditions sous lesquelles des nouvelles fissures de traction peuvent s’engendrer et se propager pour faire la connection avec des fractures existantes, de façon que le rocher se fracture en plusieurs blocs, menant à une résistance réduite. La résistance de quelques modèles fut égale a celle d’une fracture traversant toute la longueur du modèle. Pour les modèles ayant deux ensembles de fractures, la rupture a eu lieu sur une surface mixte, causée d’une part, par le glissement sur une fracture discontinue et d’autre part, par la rupture à travers le pont de matériel intact; ou bien par rotation et glissement des blocs. Cette dernière façon de rupture peut aussi aboutir à une très faible résistance des modèles.

Jan 1, 2003

By K. Musgrave

"The ISO 9000 Quality Management System Standards have become internationally accepted as the way to manage quality assurance. The author has developed a Maintenance Management System Standard using ISO 9001as a model and is working with a major basemetal mining company to implement this. This paper describes the structure of the standard and the steps required for its implementation.Using a management standard ensures that a system is maintained, reviewed by internal audit, and when instances of failing to follow the procedures (nonconformances) occur, that corrective action is taken. It also ensures that regular reviews are made and that the sys-tem is continuously improved.The Standard is designed so that if an organization decides to register to an ISO 9000standard, the Maintenance Management System will be in a format that is compatible and can be incorporated with little effort into the Quality System.IntroductionIn reviewing maintenance operations at many mining companies, and often seeing those same organizations some years later, two recurring issues have been noticed..The first issue is how dependent effective maintenance is upon individual supervisors and crews. In one situation, a mine that had an excellent maintenance system in the 1980s. Now, with new supervisors and crews, it is starting to develop a system that will bring it back to where it once was. No written procedures remain from the earlier excellent system.The second issue is that most operations feel that maintenance is the sole responsibility of the maintenance supervisors and crews. Nothing could be further from the truth. Maintenance, like safety, is everyone’s responsibility. If the operator does not report problems and perform daily checks, and if the production supervisor runs equipment until it fails, then nothing the maintenance crew does will prevent emergency breakdowns and lost production. More importantly, equipment will be operated in unsafe conditions, putting employees at risk and, with today’s regulations, leaving supervisors open to prosecution.The Maintenance Management System outlined in this paper is designed to establish the present best practices as standard procedures, to provide a continual review so that these practices are improved in the future, and to identify instances where the system fails so that corrective action is taken. The mine referred to above is using this approach to make sure that, this time, the system it implements will survive."

Jan 1, 1997

The 1965 Lignite Symposium, the Louth in a series and the third sponsored by the University of North Dakota and the Bureau of Mines, was held at Bismarck, N. Dak., on April 29-30, 1963. These symposia provide a forum for those interested in the technology and utilization of solid fuels, especially lignitic coals. As part of the meeting, a 200-mile field trip was taken including; inspection of (1) the 200-megawatt, pulverized lignit-fired Leland Olds plant of Basin Electric Power Cooperative, under construction near Stanton, N. Dak.; (2) the site of the Glunharold mine of the Truax-Traer Coal Co., Division of Consolidation Coal Co., where a wheel excavator was being assembled; (3) the operating Beulah mine of Knife River Coal Mining Co., subsidiary of Montana-Dakota Utilities Co., near Beulah, N. Dak.; and (4) the 400-megawatt, hydroelectric Garrison Dam powerplant, near Garrison, N. Dak.

Jan 1, 1966

By John V. Beall

BROMO Seltzer blue has gone to war. The blue of the Bromo Seltzer bottle is a product of cobalt, the Nation's No. 1 strategic metal. When the National Production Authority, on Nov. 21, 1950, ordered a 70 pct cutback in domestic use of cobalt, a stab of pain was felt in the hearts of the glass, porcelain enamel, steel, paint, pottery, and electrical and electronic equipment industries. The reason: A full-scale wartime economy with astronomical requirements for jet engines, high velocity projectiles, armor plate, electronic equipment, and the many products needed to win a war. There is little potential comfort for cobalt users in nonessential manufacturing, and the military will be pinched for optimum supplies of the metal. However, if proper measures are taken immediately and current plans are completed, in two years there will be far more cobalt available than ever before. When normal times return, cobalt supplies should be sufficient to meet peacetime military requirements, and greatly expanded domestic requirements that will result from new technological development for wartime but adaptable to peacetime products. The pres-

Jan 1, 1951

By P. Kovalchik

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) classifies hearing loss as a separate illness category. Hearing loss accounted for 11% of all illnesses in 2005 (U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2006a). According to occupational data for coal mining provided by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) from 2000 to 2005, operators that exceeded 100% noise dosage were from only seven types of machines: auger miners, bulldozers, continuous mining machines, front end loaders, roof bolters, shuttle cars (electric) and trucks (Title 30 CFR Part 62, 2000-2005). Roof bolting machine operators rank second among all underground machine operators that exceed 100% noise dose. There are approximately 600 underground coal mines with 3,930 roof bolting machine operators (U.S. Department of Labor, Mine Safety and Health Administration, 2005; U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics,

Jan 1, 2008

The value of U.S. mineral raw material output reached a record $63.1 billion in 1975. This high exceeded the 1974 value of $55.2 billion by 14 percent. Among the three major mineral categories -fuels, metals, and nonmetals -only fuels showed an increase in value. Both the metal and nonmetal categories showed declines in value. The significance of this nearly $63 billion mineral output can be noted in the fact that it is the basis for the subsequent production of over $270 billion a year in energy and processed materials. Of the 78 individual mineral commodities included in these 1975 totals, only 17 registered gains in output, while 45 registered value increases, reflecting higher prices.

Jan 1, 1976

The London Metal Exchange began its first official session of aluminum trading on Monday, October 2, LME prices based on 3-month forward contracts opened Monday at 52.4 cents per pound, fell midway through the week to 52.3 cents and ended Friday at a high of 52.7 cents. For the week, LME metal averaged 52.5 cents. Although Reynolds Metals Co. and Aluminum Co. of American continued in September to value unalloyed 99.5 percent aluminum ingot at 53 cents per pound, other producers were at higher positions of 55-57 cents. Alcan Aluminum Corp. of Alcan Aluminum, Ltd., a Canadian producer, increased prices for its U.S.-marketed ingot by 2 cents to 55 cents per pound, effective September 21. New York merchants increased ingot quotes by approximately 0.5 cents to 52.8-53.5 cents per pound.

Jan 1, 1978

By EDWARD B. DURHAH

(San Francisco Meeting, UCtober, 1911.) THE refinery at the San Francisco Mint takes the bullion purchased by the receiving department, and carrying more than 200 parts of precious metals in 1000, or, in mint parlance; over 200 fine, and separates and refines the various metals contained therein, using electrolytic processes exclusively. Bullion containing silver is treated in cells charged with a nitric electrolyte. These cells produce fine silver and leave a residue rich in gold. The residue from the silver-cells, together with crude gold-bullion, is treated in cells having a chloride electrolyte. These produce fine gold and leave a residue containing silver chloride. The latter is reduced to the metallic state with zinc and is then treated in the silver-cells. The various waste solutions and the wash-waters, after being freed from the bulk of their precious metals, still contain copper and other metals. These are removed by scrap-iron, and are then treated in the copper-cells, having a sulphate electrolyte. These cells produce pure copper, and collect a residue containing lead, some gold and silver, and all the metals of the platinum group that were in the bullion. This residue is relatively small, and is melted into bars and stored until sufficient accumulates to warrant treating it for platinum, etc. The refinery occupies three large and three small rooms. The large ones are, a melting-room, 30 by 34 ft.; a cell-room, 39 by 46 ft.; and a wash-room, 30 by 33 ft. The small rooms are used as foreman's office, laboratory, and generator-room, respectively. The methods here described are those in use in December, 1909, when notes for the present paper were taken.

Oct 1, 1911

Workers at Anaconda Aluminum Company's primary aluminum smelter at Sebree, Ky., were back on the job December 1, after agreeing to a new 3-year contract. The old contract had expired November 15. On December 20, the Aluminum Company of America reportedly shut down a 42,000-ton-per-year potline at its Wenatchee, Wash., primary aluminum smelter and half of a 23,000-ton-per-year potline at its Vancouver, Wash., smelter as a result of a power cutback by the Bonneville Power Administration. A1 so in December, Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Corp. reduced overall power at its Mead and Tacoma, Mash,, smelters and shut down one of eight 27,500-ton-per-year potlines at Mead. Reported shutdowns for the firms since September have amounted to 76,000 tons for Alcoa and 50,000 tons for Kaiser. Alcan Aluminum Ltd. announced plans to double the generating capacity at its Kemano hydroelectric power plant in British Columbia to 1,916 megawatts. The additional power would be equal to that required of a primary aluminum smelter with an annual capacity of 567,000 tons.

Jan 1, 1980

By Andrea Brickey, JUDITH BUABA, RICHARD AMOAKO

The global mining industry has recorded significant declines in accident and injury rates attributed to the advancement in technology, increased enforcement, and safety consciousness. A goal of the mining industry is to achieve zero injury and occupational illness on all mine sites, prompting increased research into ways to further reduce mine accidents. A machine learning technique known as multiclass logistic regression is applied on a 10-year injury dataset from the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) to determine a miner’s susceptibility to a class of injury and to help identify significant risk factors associated with different classes of injury. The data is aggregated based on injury classification to provide statistically relevant results. The analysis identifies specific risk factors that influence a mine worker’s susceptibility to a given class of injury, i.e., non-fatal with no days lost or restricted activity, non-fatal with days lost and/or days of restricted work activity, and fatal and total permanent or partial permanent disability. These factors include miner’s age, mine type (coal vs. non-coal), experience on the current job (years), shift start time, employment type (operator vs. contractor), mining district, and type of accident. The results of the analysis indicate that a miner’s experience on the job, i.e., the number of years worked in a current job, is a significant risk to injury occurrence, even for those with decades of total mining experience. We further show the differences and similarities between the surface and underground mine incidents.

Nov 3, 2020

This paper describes the methods of constructing timber barricades against pillars of ore in the South Mine, property of Broken Hill South Limited, Broken Hill, N.S.W., and discusses the behaviour of the various types of barricade alongside trucked sand filling and hydraulic stowed sand filling.Since the introduction of hydraulic stowing, cut and fill and overhand square letting methods have been used in mining the pillars. Such methods could not be used where the pillars had failed badly. The filling used is partially deslimed concentrating millresidue containing among other gangue minerals, calcite and a small amount of pyrrhotite and pyrite.The author is indebted to the mine superintendent of Broken Hill South Limited for permission to publish this paper.OLD METHODS OF CONSTRUCTING BARRICADES.Square Set Stopes.Before filling each stope the outer row of legs was lined inside with 10 in. x 2 in. boards spaced 2 in. apart. It was usual to tie the row of legs and caps together with timber dogs. As the space between the barricade and ground varied from nil to several feet, it was general practice to fill behind the lining boards. No provision was made to retain this sand during subsequent pillar stoping, consequently a run of sand right up the barricade could cause adilution of ore and serIOUS dIstortion of the barricade.

Jan 1, 1946

By BUREAU OF MINES

This report is submitted in accordance with provisions of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act of April 5, 1944 (30 U. S. C. 321-325, as amended), which require that: "The Secretary of the Interior shall render to Congress on or before the first day of January of each year a report on all operations under this Act." Owing to the broad scope of the content and the diversity of interests represented, the Annual Report for 1954 has been divided into two separate publications. Each is being published by the Bureau of Mines as a Report of Investigations, and the respective titles follow: R. I. 5118, Part I - R. I. 5119, Part II - 011 From Coal. 011 From 011 Shale. The introduction, identical in both reports, summarizes research progress in 1954 under the entire Synthetic Liquid Fuels program. A free copy of either publication may be obtained by writing to the Bureau of Mines, Publications Distribution Sec- tion, 4800 Forbes Street, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. The R. I. number and title of the publication desired should be indicated.

Mar 1, 1955

By L. Simpson

South African is a repository of significant deposits of a variety of minerals. The Citigroup confirms this assertion with an estimate of in-situ valuation of US$2.5 Trillion. The mining sector plays an important role in the South African economy. In addition to the mineral resource base South Africa has other comparative advantages. Firstly, South Africa retains major mining companies that participate globally, including Anglo American, Goldfields and De Beers. Their global involvement offers much to the local mining sector and the broader economy. Secondly, government established research councils. The Council for Geoscience (CGS) was established to manage the Geological Survey of South Africa, including the reduction of geo-scientific investment risk. The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) promotes industrial development, including mining technology development. Mintek undertakes mineral research from mineral examination of ores, to extraction and refining technologies and manufacture of end products. Thirdly, South African universities teach and conduct research along the mineral value chain. They have increased their minerals graduates? capacity, thus advancing knowledge and skills. Knowledge and technical progress are behind productivity growth and emergence of competitive advantage. The research and development (R&D) capabilities of industry, science councils and universities, working in unison, will enhance the competitiveness of the South African mining industry. The National System of Innovation (NSI) requires multi-disciplinary, collaborative research. Key R&D elements, including skills and expertise, funding and facilities, must be available to implement a long-term national strategy or programme. Improved international collaboration and partnerships between government, academia and industry driven human resource development (HRD), ultimately develop the critical mass for inter-generational skills requirements. This trend requires an expansion of research collaboration programmes. Decisions involving investments and collaborative actions pertaining to R&D in the sector necessitate an analysis of the South African mineral value chain R&D capability. This paper analyses the evolution of R&D capability from exploration to refining, tertiary education, science councils and industry. The political economy of the evolution of this capability is analyzed in relation to the central role that the South African government plays in creating an appropriate supporting environment and related initiatives to enhance R&D and innovation. Keywords: research and development (R&D), science councils, universities, industry, innovation policy, South Africa

Sep 1, 2012

By Joseph D. Davis, GEORGE S. POPE

This bulletin is the fourth of a series a showing the results of the purchase of coal by the Government under specifications. The work of inspecting and analyzing coal delivered on Government contracts was transferred to the Bureau of Mines by an act of Congress effective July 1, 1910. It had been carried on for several years before that date by the technologic branch of the United States Geological Survey. The purchase of coal on the dealer's statement as to quality or on the reputation of the mine or district producing the coal is gradually being discontinued. At present most coal-purchasing contracts make definite provision regarding the desired heating value of a coal and the composition as shown by analysis. The heating value is usually expressed in British thermal units" and the composition specified is that shown by proximate" analysis. The price to be paid for delivered coal is made to depend on whether the analyses and heating-value tests of samples representing the delivery show the quality to be above or below the quality set forth in the contract. Large coal consumers are beginning to appreciate more and more the importance of the cost of power as a factor in the cost of producing a finished article. The endeavor to increase the efficiency and the economical operation of a power plant calls for an intimate knowledge of the quality of the coal being used. The purchase of coal under specifications insures the purchaser getting what he pays for and the coal being of the quality guaranteed. In addition, the analyses and tests of the delivered coal furnish data whereby the power-plant results can be comprehensively studied and a continuous check maintained on the conditions of operation.

Jan 1, 1912

This paper aims to increase our understanding about existing capacity-building approaches and their implications for obtaining a social license to operate in the mining industry. The notion of ?capacity building? is gaining increasing currency in the mining sector in developing countries due to a rapid rise in the globalisation of mining operations. Capacity-building is conceived here as a process that lasts after the mine-cycle, intended to provide local mining communities with tangible skills and knowledge to gain meaningful employment in mining or other industries relevant for the local economy. Building community capacity to understand and effectively respond to these transformations is vital for obtaining a social license to operate, as it promotes sustainable and locally relevant development. Accountability mechanisms such as global norms and international standards increasingly highlight the need to build capacity among stakeholders, particularly among local communities adjacent to mining operations. International frameworks and mining companies have embraced the notion of capacity-building as a driver to assist corporate social and operational performance. However, this narrow understanding of capacity-building through the prism of corporate social responsibility and ?best practice? is preventing the industry from meaningfully impacting communities and maintaining a social license to operate. This latter notion is being widely embedded across multiple industry sectors, as a social and economic reward from mining companies to compensate communities for natural resource extraction and gain social acceptance. Although both concepts are widely recognised in the minerals industry, insufficient attention has been paid to the implications of applying a top-down (mining-orientated) or a bottom-up (community-orientated) capacity-building approach for obtaining a social license to operate, or indeed how these two concepts are linked and applied in practice. At times, communities lack the necessary capacities in the form of education and skills to deal with mining-led livelihood transformations. This is preventing both mining companies and communities from forging sustainable livelihoods and responding to mining-led livelihood transformations, a situation that is creating discontent among communities and reducing the possibility of obtaining and renewing a social license to operate for the industry. Based on a review of current scholarly debates, accountability mechanisms in the mining industry and fieldwork findings in Colombia, this paper will contribute to an understanding of the implications of existing capacity-building approaches that support a social license to operate.

Aug 1, 2013

By BUREAU OF MINES

This report is submitted in accordance with provisions of the Synthetic Liquid Fuels Act of April 5, 1944 (30 U. S. C. 321-325, as amended), which require that: "The Secretary of the Interior shall render to Congress on or before the first day of January of each year a report on all operations under this Act." Owing to the broad scope of the content and the diversity of interests represented, the Annual Report for 1954 has been divided into two separate publications. Each is being published by the Bureau of Mines as a Report of Investigations, and the respective titles follow: R. I. 5118, Part I - R. I. 5119, Part II - 011 From Coal. 011 From 011 Shale. The introduction, identical in both reports, summarizes research progress in 1954 under the entire Synthetic Liquid Fuels program. A free copy of either publication may be obtained by writing to the Bureau of Mines, Publications Distribution Sec- tion, 4800 Forbes Street, Pittsburgh 13, Pa. The R. I. number and title of the publication desired should be indicated.

Mar 1, 1955

By Robert C. Hickman, Xavier B. Starnes

"The general location of the Kentucky, Fluorspar District and the Moore Hill fault area are shown in figure 1. An engineer3/ the Bureau of Mines visited the district in July 1942 and reported on the Moore Hill fault system. Subsequently the Bureau explored the Summers, Pepperbox, McCune, Eagle-Watson, Henry Watson, Davenport, Felix Tyner, and Eagle-Wring prop¬erties by core drilling. These properties and the principal faults are shown on figures 2 and 3.Collaboration of the Federal Geological Survey4/ was of great benefit, particularly in mapping the properties, determining the stratigraphy, and furnishing information on that and other geologic factors.Fluorite was noted as early as 1818 near Shawneetown in southern Illinois.5/ In 1835 an attempt was made to work deposit in Crittenden County, Kentucky, but interest centered chiefly upon the galena found with the fluorite. The first shipments of fluorspar from Kentucky wore made in 1373 from the Yandell mine of Crittendon County.6/ It is not known when the first work on the Moore Hill fault was done, but it seems probable that the Cullen-Eagle and Nancy Hanks were being ,worked in 1900. Gravel spar was found on the surface at the Two Brothers mine in 1904,7/ and the main shaft was started in 1914; work also began at .the Davenport in 1914, and in 1917 the Eagle-Watson was in production. A shaft was gunk on the Pepperbox in 1918, and in 1922 fluorspar was found and work was started on the Summers property. In 1924 work began at the McCune, Felix Tyner, Eagle-Wring, and probably the Hicks properties.No Good approximate record of production from each property on the Moore Hill fault system is obtainable, but an estimate based upon all data available is as follows:"

Sep 1, 1946

By K. T. Audt

The Yayoi period, from about 300 B.C. to A.O. 300, represents a time of important changes in Japanese history. During this period the advanced rice culture of the Asian continent was introduced to Japan, along with the techniques of animal husbandry, spinning, bronze casting and metal working(1) . As was the case in the Jomon period (11000 B.C. to 300 B.C.), the Yayoi period is traditionally defined by a particular type of pottery, characterized by the use of the potter's wheel and an extreme simplicity of decoration and form(2) . Pieces of this pottery were found in 1884 in a district of Tokyo, known as Yayoi-Cho, not far from Tokyo University. Within a decade the name Yayoi had come to be used for the period which also saw the first casting of metals in Japan121. During the Yayoi period, the foundation of the ancient Japanese state was laid as the individual small communities were unified and as labour specialization and social levels developed. In fact, the Yayoi may be the true ancestral culture of Japan(3) . However, the origin of the Yayoi is not definitely known. One theory indicates that the Yayoi people may have been driven from the Asian mainland (via Korea) by the dynastic wars that accompanied the unification of China under the Ch'in and Han and that these settlers rapidly displaced the Jomon. Bronze objects and the cultivation of rice may have arrived about the same time - in the third century B.C. Iron was in Japan within another century, but since it rusts badly and disintegrates, only a few small pieces are known from such an early date(4) . After about 50 B.C., the Yayoi cultures of western Japan were in fairly close and regular contact with the continent via Korea(5)

Jan 1, 1999

By Stéphane Robert

This document presents estimates of future "total cash cost per ounce" and "minesite cost per tonne" that are not recognized measures under United States generally accepted accounting principles ("US GAAP"). This data may not be comparable to data presented by other gold producers. These future estimates are based upon the total cash costs per ounce and minesite costs per tonne that the Company expects to incur to mine gold at the applicable projects and do not include production costs attributable to accretion expense and other asset retirement costs, which will vary over time as each project is developed and mined. It is therefore not practicable to reconcile these forward-looking non-GAAP financial measures to the most comparable GAAP measure. A reconciliation of the Company's total cash cost per ounce and minesite cost per tonne to the most comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with US GAAP for the Company's historical results of operations is set forth in the notes to the financial statements included in the Company's Annual Information Form and Annual Report on Form 20-F, for the year ended December 31, 2009, as well as the Company's other filings with the Canadian Securities Administrators and the SEC.

May 1, 2011