Search Documents

By Shuji Owada

Scrap electrical and electronic appliances, so called "E-waste", are not a present target to be collected and recycled under Japanese regulations. This material, however, contains considerable amounts of base, precious, and rare metals and it is necessary to recover these elements for maintaining stable supply and establishing "the society of environmentally-sound material-cycle". This paper describes recent trends of rare metals recycling in Japan and technological approaches to achieve the above objective. Also a research work to concentrate rare metals from the printed wiring boards by combining brand new comminution and physical separation methods is discussed.

Jan 1, 2011

By C. W. Drury

It is practically fifteen years since stellite was first introduced into industry, and since then the progress made in its manufacture has been so rapid and the number of successful applications so varied that it was considered a review of the more important phases would be of general interest. Stellite is a cobalt-chromium-tungsten alloy, containing approximately 2. 75 per cent carbon. The high percentage of carbon is necessary for the requisite hardness and resistance to wear at ordinary temperatures, whereas the tungsten is essential to impart hardness at a red heat. Chromium imparts hardness and strength, and cobalt renders the alloys more resistant to oxidation. The metals cobalt and chromium are completely soluble in all proportions, both in the liquid and solid state, the equilibrium diagram showing a minimum in the solubility curve at approximately 50 per cent cobalt and l,340°C. Cobalt and tungsten are completely soluble up to 40 per cent tungsten, which is beyond the limit of the; tungsten content of stellite alloys. In the presence of carbon, carbides are formed, which are essential in stellite possessing good cutting or wearing properties.

Jan 1, 1930

By H. Sato, Y. Sato, T. Ooishi, K. Sakamoto

"Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.(SMM)'s Niihama Nickel Refinery(NNR) produces high quality Nickel cathode, Cobaltcathode and other by-products using hydrometallurgical refining process called “MCLE”(Matte Chlorine Leach and Electro-Winning). In 2005,NNR started to use nickel and cobalt mixed sulfide (MS) produced by one of the SMM’s subsidiaries Coral Bay Nickel Corporation(CBNC)’s HPAL plant in Philippines, although its main and the only raw material until then was nickel matte. With start-up of the second HPAL plant at Taganito in 2013, NNR expanded its production capacity of nickel cathode from 41,000 to 65,000 tpa and finally achieved its target in 2015 by producing 65,980 tpa. SMM developed the technologies to improve poor reactivity of MS and installed new facilities to cope with increased Cobalt and Sulfur production at that time. This paper describes the technical approach to increase MS treatment with high efficiency.INTRODUCTIONThe Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.(SMM)Niihama Nickel Refinery(NNR) produces Nickel cathode, Cobalt cathode and other by-products using Matte Chlorine Leach and Electro-Winning (MCLE) process technology. SMM uses nickel matte and nickel & cobalt mixed sulfide (MS) as raw materials for the MCLE process. Table 1 shows typical composition of these raw materials. Nickel matte had been only raw material until 2005, and with start-up of Coral Bay Nickel Corporation (CBNC) operation in the Republic of the Philippines, MS became major part of it. In 2009, when CBNC doubled its production capacity, NNR also expanded its plant capacity of electrolytic nickel from 36ktpa to 41ktpa, keeping an eye on the possibility of 65ktpa with oncoming SMM’s second HPAL in Philippines. Poor reactivity of MS was the prime concern at that time because our intention was to increase production with MS. Nickel extraction rate deteriorated with increasing usage ratio of MS in raw materials. To keep high nickel extraction rate under high ratio of MS, NNR developed a new leaching technology. Another concern arising from treatment of MS was Cobalt and Sulfur contents that are much more than those of nickel matte as shown in Table 1.NNR introduced new technology of solvent extraction process as to Co/Ni separation process in order to keep cost competitiveness instead of the conventional cobalt oxidation–neutralizing method. As to sulfur products, new sulfur productive facility was installed to improve the exposure to sulfur dust and the hot working conditions for workers. As a result of process development and installation of new facilities against the problem with MSusage,65 ktpa production was achieved in 2015."

Jan 1, 2017

By A. L. Valdivieso

"The correlation obtained by plotting pH of maximum adsorption of dextrin versus the isoelectric point of involved metal hydroxides can be used to predict the depressing effect of dextrin on flotation in ""pure"" sulfide mineral systems. Sulfides are strongly depressed by dextrin whenever their surfaces are coated by the corresponding metal hydroxide. The efficiency of dextrin as a depressant is affected by the adsorption of the sulfhydryl collector. Hydrolyzable cations modify this relationship in flotation of sulfide ores. This type of deviation of the real-life systems from the predictions based on the behavior of the pure systems shows the possible ways that could be followed to further improve the obtained correlations. Advances in Mineral Processing Science and Technology Proceedings of the 48th Annual Conference of Metallurgists ofCIM Sudbury, Ontario, Canada Edited by"

Jan 1, 2009

By G. Hu, P. Chang

"As hydraulic fracturing is forbidden in some countries due to its accompanying environmental pollutions, microwave fracturing was proposed as a substitute technology to enhance coal seam permeability. Its mechanism includes: on the one hand, thermal stress caused by non-uniform microwave heating leads to fracture development in coal body, which increases coal seam permeability for gas; on the other hand, moisture within the coal body that hinders gas desorption and diffusion is removed during this process. To study the effect of moisture content on fracture development under microwave irradiation, high resolution photographs were taken before and after microwave treatment. These photographs were then binarized and skeletonized. Based on the processed photographs, the total area were calculated using ImageJ. The results showed that coal samples with 0% and 25% water saturation have more variation in fracture development as compared to that of samples with 50%, 75% and 100% water saturation. This study can be very useful in gas drainage and gas control in coal mines. INTRODUCTION Coalbed methane (CBM) is a clean energy source as well as a natural hazard to underground mining (Kurnia, Sasmito, & Mujumdar, 2014; Ranathunga, Perera, & Ranjith, 2014). One of the main goals of mine ventilation is diluting methane and removing underground contaminants (Xu, Huang, Nie, Chalmers, & Yang, 2017). Coalbed methane (CBM) has to be extracted prior and during underground mining to avoid methane outburst and explosion accidents. However, with the increase of mining depth, the coal permeability decreases significantly, which makes it hard to extract the methane (Huang, Xu, Hu, Kizil, & Chen, 2018). To enhance the coal seam permeability, many CBM recovery methods have been applied on-site, such as hydraulic fracturing and enhanced coalbed methane (ECBM). However, hydraulic fracturing is restricted due to environmental concerns and ECBM is only suitable for the coal seam with relative large permeability (Bustin, Bustin, Chikatamarla, Downey, & Mansoori, 2016; Huang, Xu, Chen, & Chen, 2018; Huang, Xu, Hu, et al., 2018)."

Jan 1, 2019

By O. Babak, J. G. Manchuk

ABSTRACT A significant factor in evaluating bitumen recovery from an oil sands mine is the particle size distribution (PSD). Increased understanding of mined ore quality and improvement in predictions of recovery can be achieved through PSD modeling. This paper addresses PSD modeling using geostatistics. PSDs may be described using many discrete particle sizes, making this a challenge. The approach parameterizes PSDs with a few statistics. A lookup table is used to reconstruct the PSDs based on models of the statistics. The workflow is applied to Total E&P Canada’s Joslyn Lease and yields good results that reproduce input statistics without introducing artifacts.

Jan 1, 2013

By A. Saki, P. Gebski, W. Ying

Industrial smelting furnaces are subjected to significant structural changes and deterioration caused by the conditions under which they operate. The current methods for the structural assessment of furnaces include visual inspections, analysis of thermal data, acousto ultrasonic-echo (AU-E) of the refractory lining and surveying of the key structural elements. Acoustic Emission (AE) non-destructive testing (NDT) technique has proven its capabilities for continuous monitoring of industrial installations and structures. Recently, Hatch Ltd. has been successful in applying acoustic emission for monitoring furnace tapblocks, and expanding the scope of the acoustic emission monitoring to the structural integrity of the entire furnace. The capability of detecting emissions related to the fracture development in the furnace shell, movement of the refractory, electrode arcing, combined with efficient source location algorithms makes an acoustic emission system a comprehensive tool for the real-time furnace integrity monitoring. In this paper the concept of such state of the art system for structural integrity assessment is presented. The initial results of the acoustic emission monitoring together with data analysis techniques are discussed.

Jan 1, 2011

By S. A. Bradford

The twenty years before World War I was the Golden Age of copper smelting in British Columbia. In this short time, the smelters developed from small, primitive units to large, efficient operations. The first copper claims had been staked on Howe Sound and Knight Inlet in 1864, and there was extensive copper mining in the interior by the mid-1880s, but before 1895, all ore was shipped out of the country for smelting, converting and refining. The first interest in smelter construction was undoubtedly inspired by a Provincial bonus and Dominion land grants offered to smelter builders. The early smelters made use of small blast furnaces which were designed to smelt any kind of ore, but usually far too little ore was available. The first smelter seems to have been the McRae furnace on the Spillimacheen River (1883), followed by Vancouver (1889), Revelstoke (1891), and Golden (1891) (1). They each smelted a few tons of galena and then quickly closed down permanently for lack of ore. Only smelters that actually produced some copper matte are described in the following sections.

Jan 1, 1999

By R. Clarkson

"Free gold particles occur in many base metal and precious metal mines throughout the world. Due to the high density and malleability of gold, large circulating loads of free gold particles can build up over time in grinding circuits. This gold is often deposited in unintended traps throughout the mineral processing system.These unidentified free gold deposits represent a serious security risk as well as an inaccessible inventory of gold. Deposits of free gold particles often remain undetected by mine management until they are accidentally discovered while repairing mill equipment.Nuclear tracers have been used to determine the free gold recovery efficiency of gravity recovery equipment, drills, and sampling equipment (Clarkson, 1994, 1995; Walsh and Rao, 1986; Walsh and Kelly, 1992). In November, 1993, the author inspected the grinding circuit at La Mine Doyon in Rouyn-Noranda, Quebec and made recommendations to recover coarse gold and to eliminate gold traps from the circuit. In 1995, the author salted mineral processing circuits with radioactive gold particles. The gamma and X-ray radiation from gold’s nuclear isotope (Au198) were detected through steel, in pipes, and in moving equipment using scintillometers. The radiotracers proved to be a safe, rapid and accurate method of identifying gold traps and improving security.Nuclear TracersWhen particles of gold are placed in a nuclear reactor, some of the gold atoms (Au197) absorb another neutron in their nucleus to form gold’s radioactive isotope (Au198). In the process of radioactive decay, this isotope emits high energy gamma rays and X-rays which are easily detected (even through steel) with scintillometers.Radioactive gold (Au198) has a very short halflife of 2.7 days. At the relatively low activity levels used for tracing, the particles remain detectable with a small hand-held scintillometer for about 10 to 14 days. After 14 days the irradiated gold is close to background levels and within two months it is essentially non-radioactive. The radiation has no effect on the recovery characteristics of the gold particles. The gold radiotracers are very safe due to their very low level of radiation, short half-life, and their inherent physical and chemical stability. However, the use and possession of even mildly irradiated gold is strictly licensed and regulated."

Jan 1, 1997

By Graham Sim

Agenda ?The Water Challenge ?Examples from Three Case Studies ?Mine Drainage, 99% recovery ?Mine Drainage, 80% recovery ?Road Dust Control ?Technology Development ? Conclusion Global water challenges Assuring sustainable quantity Improving water quality Reducing energy consumption

May 1, 2011

By Marlin E. Sandlin

NORTH-CENTRAL United States is now, and will continue to be, a natural market for Canadian crude oil. This area is a natural market for many basic reasons. There are no physical barriers along the border of our countries. This market is in dose proximity to Canadian production. This market is already joined by crude oil pipe-1,ines to numerous producing areas of Canada. The tariff barriers are reasonable. We are not handicapped by mandatory quota restrictions. There are many of us who desire lo sell Canadian crude oil in this market. Further, and what is really important, there are many of us who desire to buy Canadian crude oil for this market. It is fundamental that for crude oil to be sold in the world market, it must ?be sold at competitive prices. At the same time, it is important that such competitive price must result in a fair price for the crude oil at the we1lhead. The factors of nearness to market, cheap pipe line transportation, and reasonable United States tariffs, all tend to make ?possible a competitive market and a fair wellhead price.

Jan 1, 1958

By Nn Li

Energy consumption in commercial buildings has been increasing rapidly in the past decade. The knowledge of future energy consumption can bring significant value to commercial building energy management. For example, prediction of energy consumption decomposition helps analyze the energy consumption patterns and efficiencies as well as waste, and identify the prime targets for energy conservation. Moreover, prediction of temporal energy consumption enables building managers to plan out the energy usage over time, shift energy usage to off-peak periods, and make more effective energy purchase plans. This paper proposes a novel model for predicting heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) energy consumption in commercial buildings. The model simulates energy behaviors of HVAC systems in commercial buildings, and interacts with a multiagent systems (MAS) based framework for energy consumption prediction. Prediction is done on a daily, weekly and monthly basis. Ground truth energy consumption data is collected from a test bed office building over 267 consecutive days, and is compared to predicted energy consumption for the same period. Results show that the prediction can match 92.6 to 98.2% of total HVAC energy consumption with coefficient of variation of the root mean square error (CV-RMSE) values of 7.8 to 22.2%. Ventilation energy consumption can be predicted at high accuracies (over 99%) and low variations (CV-RMSE values of 3.1 to 16.3%), while cooling energy consumption accounts for majority of inaccuracies and variations in total energy consumption prediction.

Aug 1, 2013

By Robert B. Parsons

"In this period of improved metal prices and reported profits, valuable lessons should be recalled from the 1970s when a similar cycle lured the federal and provincial governments into thinking that they could grab bigger pieces of the pie without harming the minerals industry. It took years for the industry to recover from the damage inflicted by that unprecedented scramble for higher tax revenues. It is hoped that the current policy makers will have learned from the lessons of the seventies, and will realize that mining companies need to keep a reasonable share of profits realized during the good years in order to prepare for the inevitable downturn in the cycle.INTRODUCTION"", «. We have made clear to industry that super profits... will no longer be tolerated "".With that assertion, the Honourable David Barrett , Premier and Minister of Finance of the Province of British Columbia, announced the introduction of a new mining tax regime in his February 17, 1974 bud get papers . British Columbia producers would face a basic royalty and a royalty on so-called ""super profits"", resulting in some instances in tax rates exceeding 100070 of pre-tax profits.The ball started to roll. Mining tax changes knew no political or geo graphical boundary. On April 9, 1974, Ontario's Treasurer John White stated in his budget speech:""Increased demand by major industrialized countries has resulted in sharply higher metals prices and substantial wind fall gains for the mining industry in Ontario. With the prospective demand for minerals likely to sustain current price trends into the future, it is only fair that we secure for the people a higher return from our natural resources""."

Jan 1, 1989

By A. J. McLaren

Introduction Gold holds an important place among the mineral products of Manitoba. In value, it ranks second only to copper, which in 1931 attained first place. The gold production increased from 23,189 fine ounces in 1930 to 102,969fine ounces in 1931. The production for 1930, worth $479,359, came almost entirely from the Central Manitoba mine. The production for 1931 was worth $2,128,558, of which $1,509,018 came from the Flin Flon mine, $528,951 from the Central Manitoba, and $83,497 from the Sherritt Gordon. The Gem Lake mine and some prospects produced $7,785. The total output of gold in Manitoba, from the first recorded production in 1917 to the end of 1931, is estimated at 178,669 fine ounces, valued at $3,693,332. The production for 1932 promises to reach a new high record, due chiefly to the stepping-up of tonnage at the Flin Flon plants and the coming into production of the San Antonio mill in May. History The Manitoba Act, constituting Manitoba a Province of the Dominion, was passed in 1870 and provided for the vesting in the Crown of all un-granted or waste lands of Manitoba, as well as for the administration of these lands by the Dominion of Canada for the purposes of the Dominion "subject to, and except and so far as the same may be affected by, the conditions and stipulations contained in the agreement for the surrender of Rupert's Land by the Hudson's Bay Company to the Crown". Included in these waste lands were large areas later prospected and staked out as mineral lands. Up to the year 1912, that vast territory extending from the 12th base line to the 60th parallel of latitude, and from the Saskatchewan boundary to Hudson bay, was part of the District of Keewatin. Although added to Manitoba in 1912, the administration of its mineral lands also remained vested in the Dominion, so that all mineral lands within the Province upon which deposits of gold ore have been found were disposed of and administered by the Mineral Lands Division, Department of the Interior, until the transfer of the natural resources to the Province of Manitoba, on July 15th, 1930.

Jan 1, 1932

By G. Bartolacci

In a COREM-McGill collaborative research and development project, gas dispersion parameters and froth properties were manipulated in a copper flotation plant to study interactions between the collection and the cleaning zones. In this paper, specific work on developing some relationships between operating conditions and froth stability in several different types of flotation cells is reported. Froth stability, measured by image analysis, was related to the following process conditions for specific flotation machines in an industrial case study: Gas flow rate, collector dosage, pH, frother type and dosage. Across the range examined, froth stability was improved through an increase in gas flow rate and/or frother dosage. Metallurgical results (grade and recovery) showed that both gold and copper were dependent on froth stability. Results indicated that flotation conditions could be optimized by monitoring froth stability.

Jan 1, 2007

Outline ?Red Lake Gold Mines ?Red Lake Seismic System ?Applications of Seismic System at Red Lake Mine ?Seismic System Analysis and Customization ?Seismic Software ?Array Design ?Calibration and Source Mechanism ?Auto Picking Optimization ?Acquisition Groups ?Conclusions Goldcorp?s Red Lake Gold Mines ?One of the largest gold producers in Canada ?The operations comprise the former Campbell and Red Lake underground mines, now integrated as the Red Lake Gold Mines (RLGM) ?There are a total of 4 shafts with one internal winze and two main declines beginning at the 21st level ?Daily production approximately 2,600 tons

Aug 1, 2013

By J. J. Hussey

"Abstract-The ""Brunswick Horizon"" an informally named ore-bearing unit near the top of the Nepisiguit Falls Formation in the Ordovician Tetagouche Group, hosts the Brunswick No. 6 and No. 12 base-metal mines, as well as the former Austin Brook iron mine, in northern New Brunswick. Detailed structural analysis of the No. 6 and No.12 mines led to the prediction that a massive­ sulfide deposit may have been repeated by F1 folding along the Brunswick Horizon. A subsequent drilling program discovered the new massive-sulfide North End Zone at a vertical depth of 1100 m, 1 km north of the No. 12 underground workings. By the end of 1990, Zn-Pb-rich massive sulfides had been delineated over a strike length of 200 m and a down-dip extent of 170 m. Rock units intersected in the North End Zone are generally thinner and vary somewhat from those at the Brunswick No. 12 mine. Thinning of the hanging wall rocks may be primary, may result from attenuation along F2 folds, or may represent truncation by a thrust fault. The newly discovered sulfide zone indicates that significant potential exists for the discovery of other deposits at previously unexplored depths.SOMMAIRE-Dans le nord-est du Nouveau-Brunswick ""l'horizon Brunswick"" est le nom usuel de la zone qui contient les mines de métaux de base Brunswick No. 6 et No. 12, ainsi que l'ancienne mine de fer Austin Brook, toutes situées sur le dessus de la Formation ""Nepisiguit Falls"" dans le Groupe Tetagouche d'âge Ordovicien. Une analyse détaillée de la structure des mines No. 6 et No. 12 à permis a van Staal de prédire qu'un gîte de sulfures massifs pourrait se répéter dû à une déformation F1, au nord de Brunswick No. 12. Suite à un programme de forage, la nouvelle zone de sulfures massifs appelée le ""North End Zone"", profonde de 1100 rn, et à une distance d'un km au nord des chantiers souterrains, fut découverte vers la fin de l'année 1990, les sulfures massifs riches en Zn-Pb ont été délimités sur une longueur de 200 rn et une hauteur de 170 rn le long du pendage. Les unités de roches intersectées dans le ""North End Zone"" sont généralement plus minces et sont quelque peu différentes de celles de la mine Brunswick No. 12. L'amin­ cissement des roches pourrait être primaire ou être le résultat de l'atténuation le long des plis F2, ou soit tronqué par une faille. La nouvelle découverte d'une zone de sulfures indique un potentiel énorme pour la découverte d'autres g ""tes à ces profondeurs inexplorées."

Jan 1, 1992

By G. Mousavian, R. Bagheri, N. Dalili

Polypropylene (PP) and its composites have an increasing use in automobile and domestic industries. Since the published results on strain rate effect on yield behavior do not match, and there is a high attention paid for effect of nanometeric fillers on deformation behavior of composites, in this research the strain rate effect on yield behavior of PP and the effect of nanometeric fillers on deformation behavior of PP have been studied. Microscopic observations and tensile tests in different strain rates on neat PP samples and on samples filled with 5, 10 and 15 %wt have been used. A dramatic change in behavior for the modulus and post-yield slope curves when the strain rate is between 0.0433-0.05 s-1 has been observed. Microscopic observations on PP indicate a change in deformation mechanism from shear yield to crazing at the same strain rate that the change in behavior of curves occurs. It has been observed that in PP nanocomposites with higher amount of calcium carbonate, fracture in early stages of deformation occurs in lower strain rates. In other words for a fixed stain rate there is a critical filler percentage such that if the filler percentage is higher then early-stage fracture will occur. Similarly for a fixed filler percentage there is a critical strain rate and in higher strain rates early fracture will occur. The critical stain rate will decrease as the filler percentage increases and vice versa.

Jan 1, 2006

"These guidelines set out information on timely disclosure of news releases which are intended to provide, existing shareholders and potential investors, factual information on which a reasoned investment decision can be made.Consider the problems and concerns raised by the following hypothetical news releases:Natural Resource Company""The Company has recently optioned a large and exciting gold property near the ""XXX"" gold discovery area. In describing the property, the Company's independent consultant has said: ""The favourable location of, and some of the results of prior work done on the property give the Company a worthwhile mineral exploration opportunity .... "". The Company proposes to expeditiously conduct a sizeable exploration program on the property as soon as the appropriate financing has been arranged.""Non-Resource Company""Based on discussions with several European countries, the Company anticipates that it will have orders to ship over 200,000 crates of widgets to those European countries over the next two years. These orders, which considerably exceed the Company's forecasts for the first year, represent a projected profit to the Company in excess of $1,000,000 over the next five year period.""GuidelinesTimely disclosure news releases are intended to provide, to both existing shareholders and potential investors, factual information on which a reasoned investment decision can be made. National Instrument 43-101 Standards of Disclosure for Mineral Projects provides requirements for disclosure of a scientific or technical nature for a mineral resource company.The examples do not provide sufficient detail and are misleading because material information is omitted. The following guidelines should be observed when preparing a news release:"

Jan 1, 2003

By D. Shishin

Continuous integrated experimental and thermodynamic modelling work is conducted in Pyrometallurgy Innovation Center (PYROSEARCH). The target is to develop a tool, which is capable to predict the compositions of phases, phase equilibria and enthalpy balance for pyrometallugical processes with higher accuracy. All these can be achieved by thermodynamic calculations based on Gibbs energy minimization algorithm. Recent developments made it possible to predict important factors, such as the chemical solubility of Cu in slag as a function of matte grade, temperature, P(SO2), Fe/SiO2 ratio in slag, wt% Al2O3, CaO and MgO in slag. In industrial practice, it is not only chemical solubility, but the overall amount of slag, which affects the recovery of copper and other valuable metals. It will also impact the energy balance. The presence of solids in the slag matrix influences the physical entrainment of matte in slag. Oxygen enrichment which is sometimes used to control the temperature of the furnace, may also affect the volatilization of minor elements into the gas phase. Same is true if additional fuel is used to compensate for heat balance. In other words, all key process parameters mentioned above are interrelated. Present study demonstrates the ways thermodynamic modelling can be used to link those process parameters on the example of copper smelting. INTRODUCTION Research methodology involving integrated thermodynamic modelling and experimental approach has been recently reported by the authors (Shishin, Hayes, & Jak, 2018 Shishin, Hidayat, Jak, Decterov, & Belov, 2016). Present paper reviews the updates and discusses challenges in the development of a large self- consistent thermodynamic database. The database covers the Al-Ca-Cu-Fe-Mg-O-Pb-S-Si-Zn-(Ag, As, Au, Bi, Ni, Sb, Sn) chemical system. The database works in the environment of FactSage software Bale et al., 2016 and related family of products: ChemApp (Petersen & Hack, 2007), ChemSheet and SimuSage. A list of phases, and thermodynamic models is shown in Table 1. For the copper industry, most important phases are Gas, Slag, Spinel and Liquid matte/metal/speiss. Black-colored elements represent the base system, elements in green can be considered as slag modifiers (slagging elements), and elements in red are minor. Ni is highlighted because it was included recently, in 2019, and currently under development. In addition to copper, the database covers the conditions typical for lead and zinc pyrometallurgical extraction. It is developed in consistency with the experimental results for high concentrations of Pb and Zn. Examples of applications in the present study include the thermodynamic analysis of fluxing for an agitated copper reactor to show the effect of Fe/SiO2, and calculations of copper slag cleaning using reductant.

Jan 1, 2019