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By George Burrell

J. S. HALDANE, M. D., F. R. S., Oxford, England (communication to the Secretary?).-The valuable paper of Messrs. Burrell and Gauger is of special interest to me as, through the courtesy of the management, I had an opportunity of visiting the Portland mine, Cripple Creek, in 1911, in connection with the investigations on acclimatization to high altitudes, carried out on Pike's Peak, near Cripple Creek, by Professors Yandell, Henderson and Schneider, Dr. Douglas and myself.1 The analyses of one or two samples of the vitiated air were entirely confirmatory of those of the authors. A fatal accident owing to two men being lowered down a shaft filled with the gas had occurred in a neighboring mine just before our visit.

Jan 12, 1916

By Jay J. Burns

TWO zinc concentrating mills are operated by the St. Joseph Lead Co. in St. Lawrence County, N. Y. The Edwards mill is operating at present only sixteen hours a day treating 400 tons daily. The metallurgy at Edwards presents no unusual problems therefore this discussion is mainly limited to the metallurgy of the Balmat ore. The Balmat mill has a capacity of 1,250 tons per day and the operating crew consists of three shift bosses each with five millmen per shift. Two crusher operators work on each of two shifts and one cleanup man on day shift. The repair crew is made up of a foreman and three repairmen, one of the repairmen being capable of taking over any operating job in the mill from shift boss down. Each millman is capable of handling the next job in line and several men in the yard crew are broken into handling the start-off job in the mill so that temporary shortages of men do not cause extensive overtime. Sphalerite, pyrite, and galena, the principal ore minerals, occur in a gangue of calcite, dolomite, and silicates, especially diopside, plus tremo-

Jan 1, 1947

Howard N. Eavenson, Gary, W. Va. (communication to the Secretary*):—For some time before the publication of Mr. Scholz's paper, I had been collecting data bearing upon its subject, and I now take pleasure in presenting to the Institute my results in the form of a discussion. It has long been a matter of common opinion among mining-men that mine-explosions are more frequent during the colder, or winter months, than during the warmer ones, and it is a matter of common knowledge among them that the air-ways and road-ways in most mines are much drier and are more inclined to be dusty during the winter than during the summer. In many mines, places which are wet and sloppy in the summer are dry and sometimes dusty during the winter. These changes, of course, can only be due to atmospheric conditions, and are caused by differences in temperature and humidity. Until recently, however, very little attention has been paid to the part that atmospheric conditions may play in mine-explosions, or, rather, to the effect they may have in rendering mine-conditions peculiarly dangerous, and in spreading and rendering more disastrous the effects of what otherwise probably would have been small explosions. To show the difference in mine-conditions during summer and winter months, I have tabulated in Table I. the results of 24 observations of hygrometric conditions in several different mines at different times of the year. Mines Nos. 1, 2, and 6 are located in the Pocahontas coal-region, in McDowell county,w.Va., the first one being a shaft-mine and the others drift. Mines 1A and 2A are drift-mines located in Logan county, W. Va. All of these are mines of fair size, but none of them has been in operation more than six years,

Jan 1, 1910

By R. D. Pehke, J. F. Elliott

The solubility of nitrogen in liquid pure iron has been measured as a function of pressure and temperature. Sieverts' Law is obeyed at all pressures up to 1 atm and the temperature coefficient of solubility is 8 x 106 %/°C. The solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron alloys has been studied by the Sieverts' method and by the sampling method. The solubility is decreased by Al, C, Co Cu, Ni, 0. Si atzd Sn, and it is increased by Cr, Cb, Mn, Mo, Ta, W, and V. Interaction coefficients eN, for the effect of these elements on nitrogen dissolved in liquid iron, are reported. 1 HE effect of nitrogen upon the properties of steel may be desirable or not, depending upon the composition, processing treatment, and the use of the product. To understand the behavior of nitrogen in the various steelmaking processes, it is necessary to have reliable fundamental data pertaining to the solubilities, rates of solution, and chemical reactions of nitrogen in steel, particularly in the liquid state. In an effort to extend our knowledge in these areas, an investigation of the thermodynamics and kinetics of the solubility of nitrogen in liquid iron alloys was undertaken. The thermodynamic aspects of the study are presented in this paper. The solubility of nitrogen in liquid pure iron has received the attention of several investigators whose results are summarized in Table I. Reasonable agreement among the more recent researches1-l8 is found for the solubility of approximately 0.044 wt pct at 1600°C and 1-atm pressure of N,, for the temperature coefficient of solubility being small but positive, and for adherence to Sieverts' law for pressures up to 1 atm. The solubility of nitrogen in a number of binary liquid iron alloys has been studied: Fe-A1,3 Fe-As,16 Fe-C,3, 71 18, 19, 20 Fe-Cr ,5,7, 10, 11, 15 21 Fe-Co,'4, '6 Fe-Cu,'6 Fe-Mn,10, 11, 18 Fe-Mo,13, 16 Fe-Ni,10, 11, 13, 15, 16 Fe-O,16, 17, l9 Fe-p,7 Fe-S,l6 Fe-Sb,16 Fe-Se,lg Fe-Si,4) 97 '77 187 19>2° Fe-Sn,16 and Fe-v.51 '3 A few ternary systems have been studied, most of which were reviewed by ~angenberg" who applied the methods suggested by WagnerPz3 Chipman,24 Darken and G~rry, and Morris and Buehl26 for predicting solubilities in multicomponent alloys. Langenberg22 and Humbert and Elliott15 compared the solubilities computed from simple binary alloy systems with experimental measurements of nitrogen solubilities in liquid iron containing two or more alloying elements. The interaction coefficients for nitrogen in

Jan 1, 1961

By R. S. Shoemaker, F. W. McQuiston

CARLIN GOLD MINING COMPANY 1974 Operating Data to October MINE LOCATION: 40 miles from Elko, Nevada ORE DESCRIPTION: Gold with minor amounts of mercury occurring in siltstone and carboniferous limey shales. TYPE OF MINE: Open pit ORE HAULAGE TO MILL: By trucks up to a distance of 12 mi1es MILLING CAPACITY: 2500 tons per day ORE GRADE: 0.20 oz per ton oxide ore 0.25 oz per ton carbon type ore PRODUCTS: Gold bullion 993 fineness, by product quicksilver RECOVERIES: Oxide ore 887'0 Carbon ore 83% POWER FOR GRINDING: 7 Kwh/T POWER, other than grinding: 14 Kwh/T WATER SUPPLY: Pumped from wells 2- 112 miles through 13,000 ft of 8" buried pipe 6 ft underground. Consumption 0.60 tons of new water per ton of mill feed. TAILINGS: By 10" woodstave pipe a distance of 2500 ft to mine waste filled dam. RUNNING TIME: 10 ft x 10 ft mill on oxide ore, 98% 7 ft x 8 ft mill on carbon ore, 937'0 Principal causes of lost time, power outages and problems of feeding gaseous chlorine to carbon ore agitators. LABOR, TONSIMAN SHIFT: See detailed data sheet ILL BUILDING DESCRIPTION: Framed structural steel with sandwich type walls of marine plywood, then packaged pre - fabricated insulation and outer sheeting of galvanized corrugated steel.

Jan 1, 1975

By Thunaes, Arvid

Pilot plant test work in 1942 and 1943 showed that by a combination of desliming, fine-size classification, and Sullivan deck concentration it is possible to recover heavy minerals such as cassiterite at least as fine as 10 microns in size. This appreciable improvement in gravity concentration practice has been substantiated by several full-sized plants.

Jan 1, 1950

By A. W. Gauger

DESPITE many handicaps and in the face of many discouragements anthracite and bituminous coal producers continue to supply the needs of the nation now vastly multiplied by the demands of the greatest war of all time, total output being about 620,000,000 tons of bituminous and 64,445,000 of anthracite. The progress made by this industry during the national emergency reflects more credit on all connected therewith than will ever be given. Not only has the industry been called upon to produce more coal than ever before but it has also sent representatives to England to study and advise on methods for increasing production there, and has co-operated with other Allied Nations by welcoming engineers sent to this country to study American practice. One noteworthy development has been the growth of strip mining in the

Jan 1, 1945

By GUY B. HUNNER

THOSE magnetite ore bodies comprising the Clifton Mines are situated in the south central part of St. Lawrence County, New York, on the western slope of the Adirondack Mountains. The topography is made up of gently rolling hills densely wooded with second-growth maple, birch, and hemlock. Drainage is north and west to the St. Lawrence River.

Jan 1, 1943

By P. R. Bradley

NO thought had been given to deep level mining at the Alaska Juneau mine prior to 1930, but in that year a prospect winze was started and continued for 1000 ft. vertically below the main haulage or adit level. The point at which this winze was started was selected entirely by the prevailing physical conditions, such as proximity to established workings, convenience, and the presence overhead of a substantial pillar of dimensions sufficient to lo¬cate the sheave wheel and loading pocket. It was, therefore, with some surprise that the unusually high-grade ore found just below the collar of the winze persisted, with certain vari¬ations, to a full depth of 1000 ft. vertically. Likewise this unusually high-grade ore was found to persist on the various crosscuts driven on levels at 200-ft. vertical intervals. To be brief, this deep level work found richer ore than any yet found in the mine over like areas, and inasmuch as the area was sufficient to plan for extensive deep level mining, plans for such work were given extended consideration.

Jan 1, 1936

By Joseph Hartshorne

EVER since the introduction of the Siemens regenerative furnace, it has been recognized that a certain amount of gas is lost each time the furnace-action is reversed. This loss comes, first, from the gas which passes through the free connection between the stack and the gas-main, which exists during the time the reversing-valve is turning over; and, secondly, from the gas which is in the chamber and flues, from the hearth to the reversing-valve, and which flows back into the stack when the valve is reversed. The amount lost each time is, of course, small; but, since a furnace is reversed from four to six times every hour for, say, 300 days in the year, the aggregate is large enough to be well worth attention. The estimate has been published' that, in Germany alone, the loss from the first of the above causes amounts to 500,000 marks per year. The loss from the second cause is, of course, much greater. A process for saving this entire loss, in use at Teplitz, Bohemia, for about three years, would seem to be of value even in this country, where coal is cheaper and where the small economies are not watched as closely as they are in Europe. This process, invented by Mr. Adelbert Kurzwernhart, late Technical Director of the Teplitzer Walzwerk, has been worked out with thoroughness. The loss from each cause can be calculated very closely for any particular furnace, and the results to be expected from the process ascertained. It can easily be decided, therefore, whether it is worthwhile to adopt it under any given conditions. The amount of chamber-gas lost depends upon,-(1), the cubic contents of the chamber, ports and flues upon one side of the furnace, up to the reversing-valve (deducting, of course,

Mar 1, 1906

By A. L. Holley

THIS process is performed in the Pernot puddling furnace; it removes from 75 to 80 per cent. of the phosphorus, most of the sulphur, and practically all the silicon, from crude iron, in from five to eight minutes. It has been in regular use since March, 1877, and has prod uced over seventeen thousand tons of washed metal for the open-hearth furnace. During two years, nearly all, and lately, all the open-hearth steel produced in these works has been made from about 5 tons of washed pig and 2 tons of scrap per open-hearth furnace heat. There are 12 open-hearth furnaces, of which 4 to 9 are running, according to the state of orders. A large amount of highly phosphoric iron from France and Belgium has been also washed and then puddled for parties who have taken, or are expected to take, licenses. The washing of pig for puddling, however, is not a practice at Krupp's works, because pure pigs are nearly as cheap as impure ones. The author and his assistant, Mr. Laureau, spent, during the last month, three days at Krupp's works, examining this process. They copied out of the office books characteristic analyses and physical tests, some of which are given herewith. They also brought hone many samples of pig, cleaned metal, puddle bar, and steel, which they saw treated. Analyses of some of these samples appear in Table IV. As there are no blast furnaces at Essen, the iron is melted in two Bessemer cupolas with fore-hearths; they melt 12g pounds of iron with 1 pound of coke. The metal is run by a spout from the fore-hearth into an opening at the side of the main door of the washing-furnace. The Washing furnace.-This is a regenerative gas furnace. It has a Pernot revolving-hearth of 12 feet external diameter and 3 feet depth. (See Plate.) The four regenerator chambers have 780 cubic feet capacity, which is about the same as the average regenerator capacity of open-hearth steel furnaces of equal tonnage. The lining is 13 inches thick on the sides and 9 inches on the bottom, thus giving a hearth 9 feet 10 inches by 2 feet 3 inches deep. The lining is composed of lumps of highly refractory ores

Jan 1, 1880

By Kirtley F. Mather

FROM almost every point of view, petroleum was "strategic mineral number one" during the World War that ended in 1945. Even the spectacular advent of the atomic bomb in the final days of the conflict did not displace it from its position of prime importance, although within a few years uranium will almost certainly be the "number one" material in the minds of military strategists, if it is not even now in that position. But both as fuel and as raw material for chemical industries, petroleum will hold the center of the stage for many years to come. Hardly any other substance illustrates so fully the manner in which science and technology may be combined to achieve the utmost success in contributing to human efficiency and comfort. Fundamental to any understanding of the problems implied by my topic

Jan 1, 1948

By A. L. Holley

This process is performed in the Pernot puddling furnace; it removes from 75 to 80 pel. cent. of the phosphorus, most of the sulphur, and practically all the silicon, from crude iron, in from five to eight minutes. It has been in regular use since March, 1877, and has produced over seventeen thousand tons of mashed metal for the openhearth furnace. During two years, nearly all, and lately, all the open-hearth steel produced in these works has been made from about 5 tons of washed pig and 2 tons of scrap per open-hearth furnace heat. There arc 12 open-hearth furnaces, of which 4 to 9 are running, according to the state of orders. A large amount of highly phosphoric iron from France and Belgium has been also washed and then puddled for parties who have taken, or are expected to take, licenses. The mashing of pig for puddling, however, is not a practice at Krupp's works, because pore pigs are nearly as cheap as impure ones. The author and his assistant, Mr. Laureau, spent, during the last month, three days at Krupp's works, examining this process. They copied out of the office books characteristic analyses and physical tests, some of which are given berewith. They also brought home many samples of pig, cleaned metal, puddle bar, and steel, which they saw treated. Analyses of some of these samples appear in Table IV. As there are no blast furnaces at Essen, the iron is melted in two Bessemer cupolas with fore-hearths; they melt 124 pounds of iron with 1 pound of coke. The metal is run by a spout from the forehearth into an opening at the side of the main door of the washingfurnace. The The washing-furnace.—This is a regenerative gas furnace. It has a Pernot revolving-hearth of 12 feet external diameter and 3 feet depth. (See Plate.) The four regenerator chambers hare 780 cubic feet capacity, which is about the same as the average regenerator capacity of open-hearth steel furnaces of equal tonnage. The lining is 13 inches thick on the sides and 9 inches on the bottom, thus giving a hearth 9 feet 10 inches by 2 feet 3 inches deep. The lining is composed of lumps of highly refractory ores

Jan 1, 1880

By AIME AIME

The following report is published for the information of the members: Meetings. Two meetings for the reading and discussion of papers, etc., have been held during the year 1907-namely, the Ninety-second meeting, held April 16 to 20 in New York, N. Y., and the Ninety-third meeting, held July 23 to 30 in Toronto, Canada. The proceedings of these meetings, including descriptions of the entertainments and excursions connected therewith, have already been published and distributed to the members of the Institute; the New York meeting in Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 15, May, 1907, pp. 541 to 559, and the Toronto meeting in Bi-Monthly Bulletin., No. 17, September, 1907, pp. 847 to 875. In addition to these " Proceedings," there were also published in Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 15, May, 1907, an illustrated description of the United Engineering Society building (p1 vi. to xxvi.), and a record of the exercises attending its dedication, including the addresses of Andrew Carnegie, Arthur T. Hadley, Samuel Sheldon, Frederick R. Hutton, John Hays Hammond, and T. C. Martin (pp. xxxviii. to lxv.). At the New York meeting, 43 papers and- discussions were presented, and the names of 297 members and guests were registered at the Institute headquarters., this number, however, does not represent all who were present at the sessions and excursions. At the Toronto meeting, 23 papers and discussions were presented. The number of members and guests registered at the Toronto headquarters was 191, which doubtless does not include the names of all who were present at the sessions, or took part in the numerous excursions and visits around Cobalt.

Mar 1, 1908

By Robert S. Dewey

More wells were drilled in West Texas† during 1944 than in any year since 1941. As compared with 1943, there was an 82.5 per cent increase in the total number of completed wells. The 1646 wells required an estimated 140,715 days to complete for a total of 7,632,249 ft. An average of 85 completion days was required to drill to an average of 4630 ft. This depth is approximately 100 ft. greater than that of the previous year. It is estimated that $100,000,000 was invested in drilled wells. As of Dec. 31, 1944, there were 270 field and 91 wildcat wells being drilled. While an identical number of wells were drilling Dec. 31, 1943, the proportion of wildcats increased in 1944 from 19.7 to 25.2 per cent. During 1944, oil wells were completed in 103 of the 164 fields in West Texas. Of the 1361 oil wells, 385 were in Slaughter, 116 in Fullerton, 63 in North Cowden, 62 in Fuhrman-Mascho, 59 in Wasson, 52 in Westbrook and 47 in North Ward. Approximately 22 per cent of the wildcat drilling was to pre-Permian formations. Despite the increasing proportion of wildcat wells drilled, the wildcat discovery rate has declined since the year 1942. AS compared with 1943, the number of wildcat wells drilled increased from 11.7 to 12.7 per cent and the footage in wildcat exploration increased from 13.3 to 13.8 per cent of the total. The monthly production of crude continued to increase to a peak of 15,336,000 bbl. in October 1944. As compared with a similar peak production in October 1943, there was a 37.3 per cent increase. The yearly production increased from 98,165,-ooo bbl. in 1943 to 159,943,000 bbl. in 1944, an increase of 62.8 per cent. Based upon an assumed average price of $1.00 per barrel and less 1/8 royalty, the gross return to the producer amounts to $140, 000,000. From 1943 to 1944, the average number of producing wells increased 6 per cent while the average daily production per well increased 53.1 per cent. The average daily production per well increased from 17.5 bbl. in 1943 to 26.8 bbl. in 1944. The proportion of flowing wells decreased from 50.5 per cent in January to 49.1 per cent in December 1944. Drilling With the continued shortage of labor and materials, drilling costs have risen sharply. Just how much is difficult to ascertain. Owing to competition for available drilling rigs, contractors are reluctant to assume drilling risks. In consequence, some contracts are let on a cost plus basis, or day work below some specified depth with the operator furnishing part of the consumable materials, such as mud and drilling bits. Contractors are having difficulty in maintaining full and effective drilling crews with insufficient and inexperienced labor. Service companies have inadequate labor and equipment to meet their appointments promptly. Pipe Lines The Gulf Pipe Line Co. increased the capacity of its 10-in. main line by filling in gaps amounting to 75 miles on the loops between Judkins and Weatherford, Texas.

Jan 1, 1945

By Brahm Prakash, R. Schuhmann

Chemical conditions for flotation and nonflotation of quartz with oleic acid as collector and barium, calcium, aluminum, iron, and tin as activators were studied using a simple vacuum-flotation technique in glass-stoppered graduates. The detailed study of barium activation led to an interpretation based on ideal Langmuirian chemisorption.

Jan 1, 1950

Jan 1, 1888

By AIME AIME

A FALL meeting that should have repercussions both in the "Transactions" and MINING AND METALLURGY was that of the Industrial Minerals Division (Nonmetallics) at Wilmington, Oct. 21-23; headquarters, Du Pont Hotel. The sixteen technical papers and two addresses were substantial and interesting. Moreover, in every instance but one, the author made the presentation, and the one exception must have been next of kin because the ensuing discussion indicated his command of the subject. The meeting schedule clicked at every turn, thanks to Dr. Gillson, chairman of the local committee, and even the four field trips adhered to the time table. The program pre-empted morning, noon, afternoon and night two general luncheons, two dinners, and an evening technical session reminding one of the Annual Meeting. Only the registration was disappointing - about 80.

Jan 1, 1943

CONTENTS PAGE MERRISS, M. H.-Direct Electrolysis of Black-copper Anodes of High Nickel-lead Content. Discussed by C. S. Witherell, C. P. Linville, G. E. Dalbey, M. H. Merriss 1 GRISWOLD, GEORGE G.-Calculating the Zinc for Desilverizing Lead Bullion by the Parkes Process. Discussed by C. S. Witherell, George G. Griswold, Milo W. Krejci, Lawrence Addicks, W. F. Gross, H. H. Alexander, A. F. Beasley, C. P. Linville 3 ALEXANDER, H. H. and STACK, J. R.-The Reduction and Refining of Tin in the United States. Discussed by Edward F. Kern, J. R.' Stack, R. L. Hallett, C. R. Hayward, William H. Bassett, R. C. Canby, H. G. S. Anderson 20 GREENAWALT, WILLIAM E.-Greenawalt Electrolytic Copper Extraction Process. Discussed by Stuart Croasdale, Colin G. Fink, Arthur L. Walker, Edward F. Kern, Henry A. Tobelmann, Oliver C. Ralston 26 BENEDICT, C. H. and KENNY, H. C.-Ammonia Leaching of Calumet and Hecla Tailings. Discussed by G. E. Dalbey, C. H. Benedict 34 RALSTON, OLIVER C.-Hydrometallurgy of Lead. Discussed by F. L. Bosqui, Jr., George D. Van Arsdale 34 TAINTON, U. C. and LEYSON, L. T.-Electrolytic Zinc from Complex Ores. Dis¬cussed by W. G. Woolf, C. A. Hansen 39 Direct Electrolysis of Black-copper Anodes of High Nickel-lead Content Discussion of the paper of M. H. MERRISS, presented; at the New York Meeting; February, 1924, and, issued, as Paper No. 1273-M, with MINING AND METALLURGY, September, 1923. C. S. WITHERELL, New- York, N. Y. (written discussion).-This paper is particularly valuable in that it gives the results of operations -carried out under conditions differing from standard practice. In the electrolytic refining of copper, as in other kinds of metal refining, it is occasionally necessary to treat extraordinary foul or complex material, in which cases 'it is valuable to know what other metallurgists have accomplished under similar conditions. As tapping the slimes-covered anodes brought the tank-voltage down to 0.45 to 0.50 volt, the counter electromotive force was, probably not more than 0.1 or 0.2 volt; hence the so-called polarization was, mainly,

Jan 6, 1924

By C. Kremer Bain

DURING the past several years of diamond drilling in Washington County, Mo., the St. Joseph Lead Co. has discovered a concentration of commercial lead-zinc ore at four different points within an area of 36 square miles. The largest and to date the most promising group of these orebodies is located in the Indian Creek area. It was considered to be of sufficient value to warrant development.

Jan 9, 1953