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In order to assist in the building up of the industries and commerce of France, by cooperating with the Congres General du Genie Civil, the four Founder Societies have appointed the following committee: E. G. Spilsbury and Arthur S. Dwight representing the American In-stitute of Mining and. Metallurgical Engineers; George F. Swain and Nelson P. Lewis to represent the American Society of Civil Engineers; Charles T. Main and George W. Fuller to represent the American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Lewis B. Stillwell and Andrew M. Hunt to represent the American. Institute of Electrical Engineers.

Jan 12, 1919

By C. E. MacQuigg

MAN?S desire to harden metal is older than recorded history and obviously would date from the moment when he found his implements were not equal to the demands of service. This need for hardness in metal may be divided roughly into two main classifications: (1 :I need for hardness through- out-for purposes of greater strength or elasticity of the whole implement or member, and (2) need for surface hardness alone. A strong steel needed to transmit stresses or resist de- formation is an example of the first class. In metals only surface- hardened, the chief need is for resistance to wear. Obviously the whole gamut of all uses can be imagined- from the extreme of a simple cantilever supporting a load in space to that of a solidly supported face plate serving to resist wear. It is the in- creasing of wear resistance which I propose to discuss.

Jan 1, 1939

By Fitterer, G. R.

The impact of the work of Herty "et al" on modern liquid steel technology can only be evaluated by first setting the stage as it existed in 1926. It is important to briefly review not only the steel making process and viewpoints regarding methods of refining, but also to describe the tools which were available for research at the time. One must recall that only 15 years before the beginning of this program, the open hearth production exceeded that of the Bessemer in the United States. Many open hearths were still operating on producer gas (a very inefficient fuel), although some plants were converting to the use of natural gas and very few to oil. Continuous rolling of wide strip started this year. The Faraday Society in England held a World Conference on Physical Chemistry in Steel Making in 1925 and the contributions to this work created considerable interest throughout the world and it appeared that physical chemistry might convert the art of steel making into a science. These papers, however, attempted to solve the problems through the use of the older physical chemical concepts such as Nernst's numbers, etc. and considerable data were missing. In 1923, Lewis and Randall had published their book Thermodynanzicsl and this was later to establish and standardize the steps which are now accepted for the calculation of physico-chemical equations. At the time this research work was started, there were no small high frequency induction furnaces. Northrup had just invented his high frequency furnace and a few large units had been instilled in plants. The vacuum fusion method lor the determination of oxygen in steel was

Jan 1, 1957

By P. D. I. Honeyman

DURING 1938 many copper companies again felt the economic pinch and smelter operations were often on a reduced basis which some- times resulted in intermittent operations and complete shutdowns. During the last half of the year production was stepped up and smelting operations resumed a more normal appearance. One of the present-day trends in reverberatory sme1ting is definitely toward high-tonnage operations. i\ t the Phelps Dodge Corporation's Douglas plant, the reconstructed 107 by 26- ft. reverberatory furnaces are operated at the rate of 1000 tons of solid charge per day. The arch, all of silica brick; is sufficiently high above the bath to give

Jan 1, 1939

Idaho Bureau of Mines and Geology, University of Idaho, Moscow, Ida. John W. Finch, Director. A list of publications will be sent upon application. A series of Bulletins and Pamphlets have been issued by the Bureau to date since 1920 Of the Bulletins, six are out of print, and a charge is made for eight. Each of the Bulletins, in the main, treats of the geology and resources of a particular district in Idaho, as follows (only available Bulletins listed): Bulletin 1, South central Idaho (1920), 15 cents, 7, North central Idaho (1924), 50 cents, 8, Bonneville, Bingham and Caribou counties (1924), 50 cents, 9, Boise Basin (1924), 50 cents; 10, Boundary County (1926), 50 cents; 11, Region about Silver City (1926), 50 cents; 12, Clark Fork district (1930), 50 cents, 14, Eastern Cassia County (1931), 50 cents, Press Bulletin 15, Teton County (1927), Bulletin 16, Melon Valley near Buhl (1927); 17, Concerning land slips near Whitebird, Idaho (1928) The 37 Pamphlets are issued free of cost, and each treats, also, in the main of the geology and resources of a particular district in Idaho Nos 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 26, 30 and 35 are out of print Of those available, attention may be called to Pamphlet 6, Reported platinum occurrences near Coeur d' Alene (1925), 11, Bruneau River Basin, 12, Power and Oneida

Jan 1, 1933

By HENRY COLEMAN

WE as employees of these related companies, I am sure, are proud to be affiliated with them, and have great faith in the sagacity and fore- sightedness of our employers. Most of us here have been called into important positions in these organizations, and it should be our most earnest endeavor to sense and carry them out as if they were our very own. We have been asked to supervise and carry on a work over which our employers cannot personally watch. It has been well said that the most efficient organization is that which requires the least attention from its head. Because of the very nature and condition of our work, which separates us by many miles from our employers and makes it impossible for us to receive attention and instructions from the heads of our departments, save for occasional visits and correspondence, we are given a great opportunity to prove that we can be efficient workers without too much attention from the heads of our departments. There are few employees who cannot do their duty when it is laid before them in specific terms, and when their employers are always there to see that their plans are carried out. But the employee who is really giving efficient service sees his duty himself and willingly does it. '

Jan 1, 1931

By T. C. Craig

For the year 1934, there were 382 oi1 wells completed for a total initial of 146,965 bbl. Fifty-three wells were deepened for a total increase of 8363 bbl., bringing the total volume of new oil to 155,328 bbl. As of Jan. 1, 1934, the daily potential of the field as determined by the Texas Railroad Commission was 159,740 bbl. Of this amount 26,429 bbl. is "marginal oil," and 2682 bbl. is exempt on account of water. In December, 1934, the daily potential was established by the Railroad Commission as being 297,501 bbl. with a daily allowable of 56,800 bbl. Of this amount 31,993 bbl. is "marginal oil," and 2183 bbl. is exempt on account of water. There has been no field-wide test made during the year, and as a result the rated potential of the field is in all probability much higher than the actual potential. As each new well comes in, a five-day test is made under the supervision of the Railroad Commission. The potential thus established is added to the field potential and shares its pro rata part of the market outlet, which is the allowable production, no allowance

Jan 1, 1935

By NEWTON C. MARSHALL

AS every school boy knows, the Andes mountain range forms the backbone of South America, extending the full length of the continent along its western edge and fairly close to the Pacific coast. But in Colombia these mountains are divided into three distinct ranges known as the Western, Central and Eastern ranges of the Andes. United at the southern end, they spread out like three fingers in a northerly direction across the Republic of Colombia. These great natural barriers have only in recent years been tarried by railroads or wagon roads, and they have had their effect upon the history of the country, both political and ethnological. Each of the three ranges dies out and dwindles away before reaching the boundary of Colombia on the Caribbean Sea. When I studied my geography as a youngster 1 used to think that the

Jan 1, 1935

By E. B. Spice

Although much may be learned about the economics of cold weather operations by studying successful mining ventures in southern and central Canada, it is the purpose of this article to extend the study by considering only permafrost areas. Geographically this means most of the country north of the 60th parallel. In this area, at the present time, only five Canadian companies are carrying on routine and successful mining operations on a year-round basis. However, there have been some score of unsuccessful ventures, and a number of properties in the development stage show promise of being producers. Problems of cold weather are worthy of study. It may be pointed out that successful mines in this area face problems of isolation and costly transportation as well as cold weather. To reach valid conclusions, consider the development of a mythical mineral deposit located on the 65th parallel in the heart of the barren lands; problems of isolation and transportation will be ignored.

Jul 1, 1956

By Baxter C. Madden

Stress corrosion is defined and certain examples are illustrated. A number of test methods, to determine the resistance of materials to stress corrosion, are being developed at Wright Field. The criterion as to the validity of a method is stated. Three types of specimens and the method of stressing each type are described. Five different corrosive conditions are set forth. The results of tests to date, although too few for any general conclusions to be arrived at, are presented. The program for the continuation of the investigation is indicated. A bibliography is included. The development of the method of loading a cantilever-type specimen, so that a nearly constant stress at a large deflection may be realized, is presented as Appendix I.

Jan 1, 1945

By AUDLEY H. STOW

I. INTRODUCTION. THE general drift of the discussion as to the relative merits of pressure- and exhaust-fans has resulted, if we may judge from the prevailing practice, largely in favor of the latter. The subject has been hitherto treated, however, with special reference to highly gaseous mines, the effect of the form of ventilation upon dust-explosions having been too little considered. Even in mines containing practically no gas, dust-explosions may occur; and if, as I believe, pressure-fans are to be preferred for their effect upon dust, it may be worth while to reopen the debate, and to challenge the advisability of exhaust-ventilation under certain conditions. There are several forms of colliery-ventilation, which may be described as follows: Plain or simple pressure-ventilation, in which the fan acts as a pressure-fan, and the movement of coal is unobstructed at the surface by doors or equivalent devices in drifts or shafts, the traveling and haulage thus being in the return-current. Plain exhaust-ventilation, in which the fan acts as an exhaust-fan, the movement of coal being likewise unobstructed at the surface, and the traveling and haulage being in the intake. Obstructed pressure-ventilation, in which the movement of coal is obstructed at the surface, in order that the traveling and haulage may be in the intake. Obstructed exhaust-ventilation, in which the movement of coal is obstructed at the surface, in order that the traveling and haulage may be in the return. The apparent advantages in running a fan "pressure" during working-hours, and " exhaust" between shifts, seem to justify the recognition of this combination as a standard form of ven-

Feb 1, 1909

By Jan Visman, S. J. Aresco

INTRODUCTION The accurate sampling of coal, as with most minerals, is a difficult task. Coal is a heterogeneous material made up of different types of coal and varying amounts of mineral matter. The product as mined may contain all the layers of coal and impurities found in the seam as well as portions of the stratas above and below the coal seam. The preparation plant is the device to size, crush, and/or remove impurities so the coal may be shipped as a salable product. Sampling may be needed at many stages in the preparation process. Although this chapter is primarily concerned with sampling in connection with preparation processes, the principles apply to all coal sampling. The main reasons for sampling in connection with coal preparation are: 1) To determine the washability characteristics of the raw coal by means of float and sink tests. These may be used for the design of a preparation plant, prediction of results to be obtained, or monitoring raw coal delivered to the plant. 2) To check the performance of various operating units in the plant, either by float. and sink tests or chemical analyses. 3) To determine the analytical characteristics of the products produced, such as moisture, ash, Btu, sulfur, etc. HISTORY The earliest accepted methods of sampling coal in the United States were given in US Bureau of Mines (USBM) publications by J. A. Holmes,l G. S. Pope,2 and A. C. Fieldner.3 The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) more or less adopted the methods proposed by USBM in their Standard D-21-1916 and it remained a standard for many years. Briefly, this standard called for a 500 lb (227 kg) sample for coals less than 94 in. (19 mm) in size and a 1000 lb (454 kg) sample for all coals over 94 in. (19 mm) in size. No mention was made of increments, but there was an instruction that the sample should spread over the coal

Jan 1, 1979

By AIME AIME

WIDESPREAD interest in the better utilization of coal is indicated by the attendance of over seventeen hundred men interested in the pro- cessing and utilization of coal and its by-products, at Pittsburgh, Nov. 15 to 18. The conference was truly international in scope and of a scientific character, and must be considered a real success. There were dele- gates--official and unofficial-from America, Belgium, Canada, Czechoslovakia, France, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, Mexico, and Sweden. Several Federal and 28 State departments had representatives, also many colleges and universities, and many leading industrial and mining corporations throughout the country. A feature of the sessions was that papers were mostly read in full and attentively listened to, although in some cases they were of a technical nature. The proceedings were opened by the president of Carnegie Institute of Technology, Thomas C. Baker, who spoke of the importance of the conference and felt that without foreign cooperation it could not have been held. There was no need to apologize for the movement of Carnegie Institute of Technology in the matter. Coal is commanding attention in every part of the world; so is power; and coal will remain the chief source of power for generations to come. The coal chemist is working with the engineer, and nobody can forecast what developments there will be in fuel technology. This conference may be the turning point of fuel technology in America. The development and application of these new processes may be of great benefit to Pittsburgh.

Jan 1, 1926

By Joseph R. Hatch

When compared to average shale composition, average coal is enriched in sulfur and selenium, has similar amounts of arsenic, beryllium, lead, antimony and molybdenum, and is depleted in at least 26 other elements. Within a coalfield, or region, some coals are enriched (10X average shale) in silver, arsenic, cadmium, cobalt, germanium, molybdenum, nickel, lead, selenium, uranium, and zinc. Important factors controlling element distributions in coal include geochemical conditions (primarily pH) in the peat swamp, composition and depositional environment of coal roof rocks, thermal maturity (rank), nature and intensity of any epigenetic mineralization, composition of ground waters that come in contact with the coal, and degree of weathering.

Jan 1, 1983

By W. P. Lass

(San Francisco Meeting, October, 1911.) TEE purpose of this article is not only to describe the plant and method of cyaniding the Treadwell concentrates, but to present some of the results of the experimental work obtained in the past three years for the Alaska-Treadwell Gold Mining Co., at Douglas Island, Alaska., under the direction of F. W. Bradley, Consulting Engineer, and Robert A. Kinzie, General Superintendent, of the affiliated companies. At the time the experimental work was undertaken the concentrates were being shipped to the smeltery at Tacoma, Wash., and the cost for treatment of 3-oz. (gold) concentrates was $11.95 per ton, divided as follows: Smelting-charges, . $4.00 Loading, freight, insurance, etc., 2.89 Interest due to time lost in transit and in settlement, . 0.05 Loss due to settlement for 95 per cent. of the gold at $20 per ounce, 5.01 Total, . . $11.95 From the experimental work described later, it was estimated that 96 per cent. extraction could be made by treatment on the ground, and that the cost, when treating 80 tons per day, would be $3.25 per ton, divided as follows; Per Day. Per Ton. Labor, . $66.16 $0.827 Chemicals, . 76.60 0.960 Power and steam-heat, 67.60 0.845 Marketing-, refining- and other charges, 49.36 0.617 Totals, . . $259.72 $3.250 Adding to this total the 4 per cent treatment-loss, which on 3-oz. concentrates amounts to $2.48, gives a total cost of $5.73 per ton. Comparing this with $11.95, the cost when shipping to the smelter, leaves a net gain of $6.22 per ton by the local

Feb 1, 1912

By AIME AIME

LOCAL COMMITTEES. EXECUTIVE.-W. A. Lathrop, Chairman; R. V. Norris, Secretary; S. D. Warriner, Treasurer; Irving A.. Stearns, W. J. Richards, H. S. Drinker, C. D. Simpson. GENERAL RECEPTION.-Irving A. Stearns, Chairman. Archibald, James, Jr., Pottsville. Lawall, E. H., Wilkes-Barre. Ashley, H. H., Wilkes-Barre. Lentz, W. 0., Mauch Chunk. Ayres, WV. S., Hazleton. Lewis, Albert, Bear Creek. Beard, J. T., Scranton. Loomis, W. H., Jeddo. Bridgman, J. C., Wilkes-Barre. Markle, Alvan, Hazleton. Bunting, Douglas, Wilkes-Barre. Markle, John, Jeddo. Chase, F. M., Wilkes-Barre. Neale, J. B., Minersville. Coroner, Eli T., Scranton. Norris, R. V., Wilkes-Barre. Cote, E. B., Jr., Drifton. Oliver, Paul A., Oliver's Mills. Davies, W. H., Hazleton. Owens, W. D., Pittston. Davis, H. G., Dorranceton. Pardee, 1. P., Hazleton. Dodge, W. F., Wilkes-Barre. Quin, R. A., Wilkes-Barre.

Jul 1, 1911

By Daniel C. Jackling

WHAT is written here features some of the things that I would say if I were to de- liver a Presidential address during the Annual Meeting to be held this month in New York. I am aware that custom favors written rather than vocal delivery of such a discourse; and, as this accords exactly with my own preference, I assure readers that they will never be called upon to hear these remarks spoken- anyhow, not by me. My year as President is drawing to a close. As I look back I like to classify and analyze the impressions that have been left with me. It has been a delightful and fascinating experience to me personally; I have appreciated the courtesies and aids, and have been deeply gratified at the honors accorded me. Perhaps the source of greatest satisfaction is the opportunity I have had to sense more about the provinces of this Institute and about the useful functions of the profession that it represents. For 38 years I have been a member. I served two terms as Director-one in 1914-'16 and again in 1927-'29. I have been honored by selection as a Saunders Medalist. I thought I was reasonably familiar with the functions, the ideals, and the activities of the Institute. But the things that I have discerned during the past year have dispelled that conceit. I still think that, a year ago, I was as well informed as most members; but since then I have had the rare privilege of executive service and insight. That has given me a perspective that I feel can be obtained in no other way-as I think the illustrious engineers who have preceded me in office will agree. I wish that I had the power to translate to every member somewhat of the feelings of pride in our organization that a year as President cannot help but instill.

Jan 1, 1939

By P. A. Beck, L. J. Demer

As reported in a previous publication,' isothermal grain growth in high purity aluminum and in an aluminum alloy with 2 pct magnesium can be adequately described by means of the empirical relation: Here, D is the average gain size after an annealing period 1. The annealing period includes the time for complete recrystal-lization R, and the time for gain growth 1,. D, is the pain size as recrystallized, n is a parameter depending on the temperature and on the material. The effect of 2 pet magnesium in solid solution was to decrease D, and to increase R, A and n at a given temperature. The present work was undertaken in order to investigate the above listed-effects of magnesium in solid solution, as functions of the magnesium content. The work also includes the study of certain anomalous effects observed in the recrystal-lization and grain growth of the 2 pct magnesium alloy at 350°C. Experimental Procedure The method of producing the ingots used in this work was described in detail1 and need not be reproduced here. The materials used were high purity aluminum, furnished by the Aluminum Co. of America, of lot analysis shown in Table r and magnesium from a high purity distilled stock of magnesium crystals. Table i—Lot Analysis of High Purity Aluminum Per CeNt Si.................................... 0.00~ Fe.................................... 0.002 Cu................................... 0.002 Mg................................... 0.003 Mn................................... o. oox Ingots were prepared for a series of binary aluminum-magnesium alloys of increasing alloy content. The numbers used to designate these ingots and their magnesium contents by chemical analysis are given in Table 2. Table 2—Ingot Numbers and Magnesium Contents Ingot Number Pct oa Magnesium aI 2.05 22 1.80 24 0.12 26 0 02s The analyses showed no difference in composition between the top and the bottom of the ingots. Spectrographic analysis of the ingots for elements other than magnesium showed, within the limits of accuracy of the method, no increase in impurities over the amounts given in the lot analysis for the high purity aluminum in Table I. Careful microscopic study of ingot 21 in the as-cast condition, at magnifications up to I 500X, revealed a cer-

Jan 1, 1949

By P. H. Dudley

A Discussion of the Paper of Prof. Howe. (Bi-Monthly Bulletin, No. 14, March, 1907, pp. 169 to 274.) P. H. DUDLEY, New York, N. Y. (communication to the Secretary*) :-The characteristics of Prof. Howe's metallurgical papers are, that he is able, from the mass of confusing evidence on the subject, to make an analysis and present hypothetical and essential principles in concrete form for consideration and discussion. I can appreciate, from the practical side of the subject, the arduous labor of collecting and investigating the data that is essential to prepare the paper. Much of the data necessarily came from material of preceding years. of manufacture in which there was allowed time for chemical reactions of the recarburizer, and for the elimination of the oxidation-products before teeming the ingots. This condition gave a favorable tinge-element to free the metal from slag- and other impurities, but, in allowing the. ingot to cool before charging in the furnace, the time-element entered as a detrimental factor in the development of the pipe or shrinkage-cavities, which gave an ingot-structure deficient in soundness. The interpretations from such material must be made with due allowances for the methods of manufacture, and must be given proper weight, as general facts, in subsequent arguments. The difficulties under which investigators labor are not easily surmounted in differentiating between reliable and unreliable data incident to variables of methods of manufacture, chemical composition of the alloys of steel, mediocre practice and that of the highest state of the art. Modern practice and large outputs in Bessemer steel have reversed the effects of the time-element-by cutting short the chemical reactions of the recarburizer and the elimination of

Jan 5, 1908

By Paul Weir

FOR the first time in 1938, bituminous coal production for the week ending Nov. 19 surpassed that of the corresponding week in 1937, and indexes of industrial activity indicated the possibility that the remaining weeks of 1938 would run ahead of the corresponding weeks of the preceding year. But regardless of this year-end pickup, total production in 1938 was approximately 25 per cent less than in 1937. The estimate of 340 million tons for 1938 places the bituminous industry slightly above the production level of 1933 and approximately 10 per cent above the modem low of 1932. Anthracite production is not subject to the same extent as is bituminous coal to fluctuations arising out of the rate of industrial activity, hence the decline from 1937 has not been so great being approximately 14 per cent under 1937. The estimate for 1938 production is approximately 45 million tons, but this represents the lowest level reached in the last fifty years with the possible exception of several strike years.

Jan 1, 1939