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By K. Reinhardt

The idea of burning blast-furnace gases directly in gas-engines, instead of under steam-boilers, as had previously been done, was first put into practice barely ten years ago, almost simultaneously in Great Britain, Germany and Belgium. The pioneers of this movement made their first experiments with small engines. After these experiments had given satisfactory results, and it had been shown that the thermal value of the poor blast-furnace gases, in spite of defective scrubbing, could with safety be directly transformed into mechanical work in the gas-engine, there very soon arose a considerable demand for gas-engines of large power, similar to the large steam-engines employed in metallurgical works. In face of these sudden requirements, the gas-engine builders were placed in a difficult position; for up to that time the gas-motor was considered as suitable for small engines only, and it was generally believed that the limit of size had been attained with 100 to 150 effective h.p. in a single cylinder. Manufacturers of gas-motors, however, did not underrate the advantages offered by this new field for their manufactures, and it so happened that in Germany the Berlin-Anhaltische Masch-inenbau-Gesellschaft, of Dessau, was the first to undertake the construction of a 600-h.p. two-cycle gas-engine, with two cylinders of the Oechelhauser-Junkers type, for the Hoerder Mining & Smelting Company. The engine was started in 1898, and, with a few improvements and alterations, is still working satisfactorily. This engine worked with astonishingly high effciency, considering the period. The builders were therefore

Jan 1, 1907

By Carl Swartz

METALLURGISTS differ considerably in their opinions regarding the effect, if any, of small amounts of iron pyrites, or other iron compounds on zinc sulfide ores during the roasting operation. As a result, the literature on this subject expresses many conflicting ideas. The ore, previously crushed to pass through a one-millimeter screen, dries in the roasting kiln, losing water up to 200° to 300° C. At 150° C. iron pyrites begin to lose sulfur. As the temperature increases, while the ore is passing to the hotter part of the furnace, the sulfur burns to sulfur dioxide, leaving the metals as zinc oxide and ferric oxide. These two substances then interact to form zinc ferrite, a compound, yellow brown in, color, having the general characteristics of a spinet Like magnetite, another spinel, zinc ferrite is insoluble in alkalis and dilute acids. As a result, when leached with 10 per cent. sulfuric acid solution zinc values tied up in this compound remain behind. HISTORY In the electrolytic recovery of zinc from its ores, the roasted ores are usually leached with a 10 per cent. sulfuric acid solution. When the zinc ore contains iron pyrites as an impurity in an appreciable amount, the actual yield of metallic zinc is much lower than a theoretical calculation would indicate. Further, losses of zinc are, in a rough way, directly proportional to the amount of iron pyrites or other iron compounds present. When the iron is present in the ore in an isomorphous relation to the zinc, as in the case of a marmatite, a greater amount of zinc remains insoluble than when present as a true pyrite or marcasite. Work on the insoluble residues obtained from leaching of the calcines shows that the zinc lost is intimately tied up in this residue. Some investigators have suggested a definite compound, such as zinc ferrite, others merely a mixture of zinc and iron compounds.

Jan 1, 1927

By R. A. Perry

DURING 1943, supplies of lead, like those of most base metals, moved from a position of scarcity to one of ample supply for all possible war requirements. The principal worry in the market, as 1944 began, was that surplus stocks might increase too rapidly to maintain price stability. The problem of postwar stockpiling had definitely entered the picture. The end of the year finds the lead industry having met all use demands, but not without depleting stocks to a critical low in spite of heavy importations. The principal reason for this dangerously reduced stock position is lack of adequate man power, which, without question, has become the lead industry's number one problem. This condition became obvious about the middle of the year, after Selective Service placed in effect orders that no deferments would be given employees under 26 years of age, and to a complacent attitude toward the industry assumed by the War Manpower Commission. It has become progressively worse since then. The WPB continued its policy, started during 1943, of easing restrictions on materials to be used for maintenance, repairs, and operating supplies. The policy of premium payments established by the Metals Reserve Co. was continued and, in spite of expressions to the contrary, has proved quite satisfactory. In short, the Government continued its program of stimulating the lead industry in practically all

Jan 1, 1945

By W. A. Backofen, G. Y. Chin, W. F. Hosford

The ductile fracturing process was studied in single-crystal and poly cvystalline aluminum deformed in tension over a temperature range from 295° to 4.2°K. At temperatures as low as 77°K, the fracture of "inclusion-free" material, including zone-refined aluminum, was by rupture (-100 pct RA). At 4.2 OK, fracture was brought on by adia-batic shear. Metallographic examination did not disclose any voids or slip-band microcracks, thus negating for inherently ductile metals any mechanism of void nucleation by vacancy condensation or of cracking due to dislocation pile-ups. In Izigh-purity aluminum not treated to be inclusion-free, fracture at temperatures as low as 45°K was of the double-cup type and a result of void formation. The reduction-of-area decreased as temperature was lowered, corresponding to the earlier appearance of voids. Such behavior was rationalized in terms of a larger increase, with decreasing temperature, in the .flow stress relative to the strength of the inclusion-matrix interface. Evidence for low-temperature adiabatic shear was found in discontinuous flow at 4.2"K, in the transition to a localized shear fracture at low temperatures, and in the suppression of shear fracture with an elastically hard pulling device. A simple analysis for the initiation of adiabatic shew permitted a general correlation of the various contributing factors. It has been pointed out that the duration of shear depends upon effective mass and elastic stiffness of the deformation system. IT has long been recognized that fracture* may Throughout this paper, the term "fracture" is taken to mean any process that results in the separation of a material into two (or more) parts. Thus rupture as it may be encountered in a tension test leading to 100 pct reduction-of-area is included in this category. occur in a ductile mode, and that the process can be of great practical as well as general interest. Much information about ductile fracture has also been accumulated over this period, but only recently has an understanding of mechanism begun to appear. Ludwik,' in 1926, first reported fracture in a tensile specimen starting with a central crack in the necked section. Since then, other studies have disclosed that such cracks may form by the coalescence of voids nucleated in this region where hydrostatic tension is highest.2-4 Rogers and Crussard et al.' have emphasized void formation and reori-entation along localized shear bands as a mode of crack propagation. pines6 has considered the tensile rod as a bundle of fibers joined by weak interfaces, which subsequently separate to allow individual fiber contraction. The notion of cavity growth and coalescence by purely plastic processes was discussed by Cottrell: who added that the tensile reduction-of-area ought not to be sensitive to temperature. On the other hand, it has been observed that the reduction-of-area is greatly increased if tests are carried out at high temperaturesa or under high hydrostatic pressure.' Fracturing anisotropy in wrought products lends support to the idea of void formation from preexisting flaws strongly aligned by earlier processing.''-l2 There is evidence that many voids result from the fracturing of inclusions or separation at the inclusion-matrix interface Another possibility is that voids grow out of pore volume produced in the initial solidification and never fully removed in later working. In general, a structure 3f particles, pores, and weak interfaces can be expected, at least in materials of engineering interest. Vacancy condensation has been suggested as an alternative mechanism of void formation for materials considered to be inclusion-free.13 Yet experience has shown that tensile reduction-of-area increases with purity, to the extreme of rupture as so often observed in single crystals. Adiabatic shear has an important bearing on ductile fracture. It occurs when the decrease of flow stress, as a result of local temperature rise from heat generated during straining, becomes larger than the increase due to strain and strain-rate hardening. As demonstrated by experiments on punching of plates,14 a large temperature rise may be brought about by rapid straining. Adiabatic flow as a result of the high strain rate reached in an ordinary tensile specimen just prior to separation may account for the cone formation in cup-and-cone fracture;14 evidence of such local heating has been presented.15 For geometrical reasons, however, pure sliding along the conical surfaces is unlikely, and separation under tensile forces is probably an important accompanying feature of the shear.7 In deformation processing operations, a high shear-strain rate may exist at boundaries between plas-

Jan 1, 1964

By GILBERT C. DAVIS

ANY thought of Morenci naturally includes its sister town of Clifton, its gateway to the outside world. Clifton, the country seat of Greenlee County, is the terminus of a branch line of the Southern Pacific railroad from Lordsburg, N.M. Carload freight incident to the Morenci operation moves from Clifton over Phelps Dodge?s standard-gauge industrial railroad. Private freight must be hauled by truck. These two communities fell far short of supplying adequate housing for the personnel concerned with the new operations so a new townsite, Stargo, was developed adjacent to Morenci. Here 234 housing units with garages have been built and twenty similar units have been erected near the reduction works.

Jan 1, 1942

ALEXANDER BRYDEN Alexander Bryden, clean of engineers in the anthracite mining field, and a member of the pioneer Pittston family, was claimed by death Wednesday, September 26, 1917. The announcement was not a surprise, as he had been in a critical condition for several days. Mr. Bryden had been in failing health for a year past, but his indomitable will kept him at his accustomed duties until quite recently. Two weeks before his death he attended the regular weekly meeting of the Board of Directors of the Miners' Savings Bank in Pittston, Pa. At that time he apparently felt that his end was fast approaching, as he bade farewell to his associates on the bank board. Until a few days before the end, he continued to give attention to business matters at his home, in preparation for the end, which he met unflinchingly. In the passing of Mr. Bryden, northeastern Pennsylvania loses one of the best-known mining engineers, and the community, a man who, throughout his long life, was actively interested in its social welfare and business prosperity. He was for many years prominent in the management of the mining operations of the Pennsylvania Coal Co., and at the time of his death held the position of consulting engineer of the Pennsylvania and Hillside Coal. Companies.

Jan 12, 1917

By Joseph Daniels

IN connection with a study of the feasibility of establishing a blast-furnace industry in the Puget Sound region of Washington, possible sources of ore supplies along the Pacific rim were investigated. Many of the South American countries are known to contain important resources of iron, particularly Brazil and Chile. This latter country, because of its position on the west coast and the easy accessibility of its de- posits, appeared to be a logical place to consider as a potential supply for the Pacific Northwest. Accordingly, a brief field study was made of the deposits in September, 1924. Attention was confined to a limited number of properties on the west coast in the provinces of Antofagasta, Atacama, and Coquimbo. Passing consideration was given to the question of coal resources, and a short visit was made to a blast-funace plant at Corral in southern Chile which had been operated for a limited period as a producer of pig iron. In the following paper, a brief outline is given of the general observations made and of the salient facts rioted in the time available for the general study.

Jan 1, 1926

By Peter K. Strangway

During 1973, a 20,000 net ton (18 100 metric ton) formcoke test was carried out at Inland's 26.5-foot (8.08-meter) hearth diameter on NO. 5 Blast Furnace. The formcoke briquettes were produced from Elko1 coal by FMC at their pilot plant in Kemmerer, Wyoming. The briquettes were shipped to Inland in open railroad cars and most of them were placed in an outside storage field until a sufficient amount was available for the actual blast furnace test. The test consisted of three phases: an initial four-week base period; the actual 33-day formcoke test period; and a final three-week post-test base period. During the formcoke test period, the regular coke skip loads were gradually replaced with skips of formcoke until, after a three-week period, the replacement ratio reached 80%. The furnace operated smoothly and quality hot metal was produced. The burden remained permeable and it was possible to maintain wind rates 9 of over 100,000 scfm (47 Nm3/s) without significant blast pressure increases. Dusting from the formcoke was not a problem either in the stockhouse or in the top gas. The formcoke briquettes maintained their original shape and density as they descended through the furnace. When the 80 percent replacement level had been reached, the inwall temperatures became higher than normal (about 2000 ºF (1090 ºC)) and followed an unusual steady pattern. In addition, the top gas temperature became higher than normal, and the hot metal analyses and temperatures began to fluctuate unacceptably. In general, it is felt that the high inwall temperatures were a result of channeling of the hot furnace gases along the stack walls. This channeling appears to have been promoted by a change in distribution of the burden in the top of the furnace which, undoubtedly, was caused by the increased increments of formcoke. Since it was felt to be unsafe to operate the furnace for an extended period of time with the inwall temperatures at the high level, a decision was made to remove the formcoke from the furnace. When this was done, the inwall temperatures returned to normal. Once the inwall temperatures had returned to normal, the remaining 3,800 net tons (3450 metric tons) of formcoke were used in the furnace at a nominal 40% replacement level for five continuous days. The furnace operated smoothly during this period, and the results were representative of satisfactory furnace operation with partial replacement of regular coke with formcoke. The test was successful in proving that formcoke can replace up to about 50% of the regular coke in a large furnace operating at high wind rates. However, additional work will be required to develop acceptable charging practices for using higher levels of formcoke replacement.

Jan 1, 1977

By Carl Scholz

DURING November And December, 1907, Four Serious Mine-explosions Occurred In The Appalachian Coal-Field, Which Resulted In The Loss Of Nearly A Thousand Lives And Caused An Enormous . Damage To Property. These Accidents Attracted More Than The Usual Attention; Coal-Trade And Engineering Papers Contained Many Comments And Suggestions On The Cause And Prevention Of Accidents; The Daily Press In Many Instances Condemned The Coal-Operators And Charged These Accidents To Their Negligence, Or Their Anxiety To Make Money Without Adopting Precautionary Measures. Immediately After Each Accident The Respective State ..Authorities Ordered Close Investigations To Be Made, With The View Of Establishing The Cause And Suggesting Remedies To Prevent Recurrence. Representatives Of The Technologic Branch Of The U. S. Geological Survey, To Whom The Investigation Of Mine-Accidents Had Recently Been Delegated By The Secretary Of The Interior,. Visited The Mines And Co-Operated With The Local Authorities In Their Determinations. It May Be Safe To Say Here That An Investigation Of A Mine After An Explosion Has Occurred Discloses But Little, Because. The Causes Have Been Removed And Conditions Have Been Entirely Changed. On Jan. 8, 1905, The Coal-Operators Of West Virginia Organized An Association At Washington For The Purpose Of Making Extensive Investigations, And Sufficient Funds Were Pledged To Carry Out This Work. At This Organization Meeting, The Representatives Of The Geological Survey Present Had No Suggestions To Offer As To The Cause Of These Accidents. An Examination Of The Various Reports Concerning These Accidents Indicates That The Explosions Were Caused By The Ignition Of Gas Or Dust; They Show The Point Of Origin And The Direction In Which The Force Was Expended, And Give A Detailed Description Of The Damage Done. Very Little Has Been Said As To What

Jan 7, 1908

By AIME AIME

THE climax of the various programs and entertainments in connection with the holding of the World Engineering Congress* in Tokyo in October was the complimentary dinner given by the visiting members of the Institute to our members in Japan. At the same time President Bradley conferred an honorary membership on Baron Takuma Dan, the vice-president of the World Engineering Congress.

Jan 1, 1930

By H. H. Johnson, Eric W. Johnson

A newly developed ac technique was used to measure the electrical-resistivity changes associated with both cyclic stressing and subsequent annealing of high-purity and OFHC copper. The early stage of push-pull fatigue was explored at 293° and 4.2°K, with stresses chosen for an expected fatigue life of 2 to 8 X 105 cycles. For high-purity copper, fatigue at 293°K was accompanied by an initial increase in resistivity. After about 5000 stress cycles, no further increase was observed. Annealing studies showed that the resisticity increment could be accounted for solely in terms of an increased dislocation density, to about 2 x 1010 disl pev sq cm. Fov 42°K fatigue, however, the resistivity increased continually, with no evidence of saturation, as approximately (No. of stress cycles)1/4. This is intevpreted to result from both dislocation multiplication and vacancy production; estimated vacancy concentrations are 10-4 to 10-9. The continuous resistivity increase was inhibited by interspersed annealing treatments at 293°K, which also raised the level of the stress-strain curve. These effects are attributed to annealing of vacancies into dislocation loops. In contrast, OFHC copper fatigued at 4.2°K showed saturation of electrical vesistivity after only a few hundred cycles, and it appeared that vacancies annealed out completely between 77° and 293°K. MaNY observations suggest that both dislocation multiplication and point-defect production are important aspects of fatigue deformation. An increase in dislocation density with number of stress cycles has been demonstrated or implied by several experimental techniques, including optical metallography with lithium fluoride,' electron microscopy with copper,2 thermal conductivity of Cu-Zn alloys,3 and peak-stress measurements during cycling at constant plastic strain amplitude.4,5 At low amplitudes and/or stresses saturation of fatigue hardening and dislocation density occurs early in the expected fatigue life,4-6 frequently by a few hundred cycles. The evidence for point-defect production is somewhat less extensive, but it is nonetheless persuasive. Rosenberg7 reported briefly that, for equal stresses, copper fatigued at liquid-hydrogen temperature displays an increase in electrical resistance some ten times that which accompanies unidirectional stressing. Further, the extra resistance saturates after a few hundred stress cycles, and does not anneal significantly until a temperature of about 170°K is attained.' Point-defect production during fatigue is also suggested by 1) the softening during cyclic stressing of initially strain-hardened polycrystal-line copper9, 2) the strong temperature dependence of the yield strength of fatigue-hardened mono- and polycrystalline copper,579"0 and 3) the influence of intermediate annealing upon slip-band formation in copper fatigued at 90°K.8 It is evident that characterization of the fatigued state requires a knowledge of both point-defect and dislocation densities. For this purpose electrical-resistivity measurements are useful, but they are difficult to perform because of geometric limitations. Push-pull fatigue is necessary to obtain a macroscopic ally uniform deformation over the specimen cross section; however, the specimen must then have a low slenderness ratio to avoid plastic buckling, while the standard dc resistivity technique requires a very slender specimen for

Jan 1, 1965

By AIME AIME

THE following Officers, Directors, and guests were present: Herbert Hoover, A. R. Ledoux, Henry S. Drinker, Edwin Ludlow, Samuel A. Taylor, Charles F: Rand, William M. Corse, Arthur S.. Dwight, Glen H. Clevenger, L. W. Francis, F. G. Cottrell, Bradley Stoughton, Percy E. Barbour, E. P. Mathewson, Dorsey A. Lyon, Archibald Douglas, A. D. Flinn, RobertLinton, James F. Kemp, William Y. Westervelt, J. W. Richards, W. L. Saunders, George Otis Smith, Thomas T. Read, J..C. Murray, Ralph Arnold. A Committee on Mine Equipment was appointed composed as follows: Graham Bright, chairman, William Kelly, Howard N. Eavenson, R. E. Hobart, and S. P. Rumsey. B. D. Saklatwalla was added to the Committee on Miscellaneous Metals and W. Spencer Hutchinson was added to the Committee on Mining Geology. A revised budget for 1921 was approved. A petition duly signed to amend Section 1., of Article III of the Constitution, increasing the initiation fees from ten dollars to twenty dollars, was approved by the Board.

Jan 1, 1920

By Kent R. Van Horn, W. P. Sykes

Since Honda and Murakamil in 1918 proposed their constitutional diagram of the carbon-free iron-tungsten system, considerable effort has been expended by several investigators in attempts to define more positively the structural features of the alloys. The existence of an intermediate phase corresponding to the formula Fe3W2 (68.7 per cent W) was proposed from evidence of a purely metallographic nature by one of the present authors2 in 1926. Since that time the identity of this phase has been confirmed by Arnfelt3 and by Takeda,4 both of whom employed X-ray methods as well as the microscope and the chemical analysis of isolated microconstituents. According to Arnfelt, Fe3W2, as crystallized from the iron-rich melts at a temperature above 1450° C., contains by analysis 68.7 per cent W. The lattice of this phase is characterized by trigonal symmetry. Arnfelt, moreover, proposed a second intermediate phase formed at some temperature between 1450" and 1000" C. by a peritectoid reaction involving Fe3W2 and the iron-rich solid solution. A melt containing 25 per cent W was cooled to 1000" C. and heated for 100 hr. The precipitated tungsten-rich constituent was separated and found by analysis to contain 62.6 per cent W. This composition agrees closely with that represented by the formula Fe2W (62.2 per cent W). Diffraction patterns from the concentrated precipitate showed a hexagonal unit cell. Takeda confirmed the data of Arnfelt regarding Fe3W2 but was unable to detect Arnfelt's second intermediate phase. While Takeda failed to describe in detail the treatments employed, he stated that in alloys containing 40 per cent W which were quenched after heating at various temperatures between 1200" and 1450" C. no evidence of the second phase (Fe2W) was observed 'either in the microstructure or in the diffraction patterns of isolated residues. He therefore considered the existence of this low-temperature hexagonal compound as disproved.

Jan 1, 1933

By D. W. Fuerstenau

On page 1243, column 1, the first line of the author's reply should read "D. W. Fuerstenau (author's reply)---," rather than D. E., as printed. In the sentence immediately preceding the first equation (page 1243, column 2)' the word "none" was omitted. The sentence should read: "However, if enough ore is put into the mill [so] that none of the energy put into the mill is wasted on metal-to-metal impact, then the product should have size modulus determined by the relation: ..."

Jan 1, 1961

By Shun-ichi Satoh

The electric arc welding of cast iron has been studied by Braune Lamberton, Schimpke, Kenyon, Gale Manufacturing Co., Wedemeyer Candy, Neese, Miller, Carter, American Welding Society, Namack Lebrun, Achenbach, Jansson, Xochendorffer and others.' The write of this paper has been able to obtain a series of cast irons, from gray tc white, without using cast-iron electrodes but by coating on wrought-iron bars mixtures of carborundum (Sic) and graphite (C). In this work, he found the curious phenomenon of barium carbonate.

Jan 1, 1929

By D. W. Brunton

Discussion of the paper of D. W. Brunton, presented at the Spokane meeting, September, 1909, and published in Bulletin No. 33, September, 1909, pp. 837 to 855. WILLIAM' KENT, New York, N. Y.:-The Institute may congratulate itself on the opportunity of reading the splendid address of President Brunton. It is au admirable summary of the progress that has been made in the mining and metallurgical arts in recent years. The paper rightly give's the chief credit for this progress to the aid which has been rendered to these arts by the advances in mechanics, chemistry, and electricity. It is notable that most of the headings in Mr. Brunton's address refer to the work of the mechanical engineer, the electrical engineer, and the chemist, rather than to that of the specialist in mining-operations. It seems that. the most successful mining engineer of the present day is the one who makes the most intelligent application of the inventions and designs of engineers and others who are not directly engaged in mining. A tabulation' of the headings of the address, grouped as below, shows this most clearly. Work of the Mechanical Engineer-Rock-drills, hoisting-machinery, tramming, pumping, ventilation, dredging, sampling, concentration, briquetting, fume-recovery. Work of the Electrical Engineer-Electric machinery for hoisting, pumping, tramming, lighting and signaling, electric . transmission, electric smelting. Work of the Chemist and Metallurgist-Explosives, chlorination, cyanidation, roasting, lead-smelting, and copper-smelting. Work of the Geologist-Economic geology. Work of the Mining Engineer-Mine-mapping, surface-mining, timbering, tunneling; and planning and supervision of the work in general. The mining engineer of the present day, who is in responsible charge of a large plant, finds his chief work not in doing

Jan 1, 1910

but, returning to South Africa, for the next two years he was assistant general manager of the Simmer Deep Gold Mining Co., at Johannesburg. In June, 1911, he returned to New Zealand as general manager and consulting engineer for the Consolidated Goldfields of New Zealand, at Reefton, which position he held at the time of his admission to the 1nstitute in 1914. Early in September, 1915, he left New Zealand for active service in France. Corporal Sheppard B. Gordy Sheppard B. Gordy, born in Ansonia, Conn., in 1889, graduated from the Sheffield Scientific School in 1910 and with the degree of E. M. in 1912. He entered the employ of the Braden Copper Co. immediately on his graduation and remained with this company four years, working up through the various grades to assistant foreman and foreman to one of the individual mines. The last year he was in its employ, he acted as general mine foreman. He was for a short time with the Chile Exploration Co. and then went with the Andes Exploration Co. (Anaconda) and remained with the latter, doing mine exploration and development work, until he sailed for home in June, 1918, to give a more personal and active service to his country in her need. He declined a tender of induction into an officers' training camp, at the urgent request of Professor McClelland supplemented by Mr. Potter, because they demonstrated to his satisfaction that he could give more valuable service to his country in helping out with the aircraft production. Being within the draft age, in order to carry out this plan, it was necessary for him to be called by his Local Board and sent to camp. This call came Aug. 26. Two weeks before that time he had gone to Dayton, Ohio, to begin the study of aircraft production, and was sent by the Dayton Board to Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio, where he died of pneumonia on Oct. 9. Lieutenant Thomas Clarence Gorman Thomas C. Gorman, a lieutenant in the Second Tunnelling Company of the Canadian Engineers, was killed in France on Mar. 18, 1918. He was resting in his sleeping hut and was in the act of writing a letter when a bursting shell killed him.

Jan 1, 1920

but, returning to South Africa, for the next two years he was assistant general manager of the Simmer Deep Gold Mining Co., at Johannesburg. In June, 1911, he returned to New Zealand as general manager and consulting engineer for the Consolidated Goldfields of New Zealand, at Reefton, which position he held at the time of his admission to the Institute in 1914. Early in September, 1915, he left New Zealand for active service in France. Corporal Sheppard B. Gordy Sheppard B. Gordy, born in Ansonia, Conn., in 1889, graduated from the Sheffield Scientific School in 1910 and with the degree of E. M. in 1912. He entered the employ of the Braden Copper Co. immediately on his graduation and remained with this company four years, working up through the various grades to assistant foreman and foreman to one of the individual mines. The last year he was in its employ, he acted as general mine foreman. He was for a short time with the Chile Exploration Co. and then went with the Andes Exploration Co. (Anaconda) and remained with the latter, doing mine exploration and development work, until he sailed for home in June, 1918, to give a more personal and active service to his country in her need. He declined a tender of induction into an officers' training camp, at the urgent request of Professor McClelland supplemented by Mr. Potter, because they demonstrated to his satisfaction that he could give more valuable service to his country in helping out with the aircraft production. Being within the draft age, in order to carry out this plan, it was necessary for him to be called by his Local Board and sent to camp. This call came Aug. 26. Two weeks before that time he had gone to Dayton, Ohio, to begin the study of aircraft production, and was sent by the Dayton Board to Camp Sherman, Chillicothe, Ohio, where he died of pneumonia on Oct. 9. Lieutenant Thomas Clarence Gorman Thomas C. Gorman, a lieutenant in the Second Tunnelling Company of the Canadian Engineers, was killed in France on Mar. 18, 1918. He was resting in his sleeping hut and was in the act of writing a letter when a bursting shell killed him.

Jan 1, 1920

By E. H. Crabtree

This paper traces the experimental and pilot plant work completed by the authors since 1939 including the various methods which have been developed in applying coarse activated carbon to cyanidation. The methods and results developed by the authors in desorbing gold and silver from carbons are given and the possibilities for the re-use of the desorbed carbons are discussed

Jan 1, 1950

By William R. Chedsey

IN the last two years the E.C.P.D. committees having to do with the inspection of engineering schools for possible accrediting have been concerned with the engineering content of some of the mineral industries courses. Originally the discussion arose with regard to engineering geology, or geological engineering, afterward broadening to metallurgical engineering, ceramic engineering, agricultural engineering, and other branches not pertinent to this discussion. Some members of visiting committees took the attitude that they probably would have to accredit these types of training as included in the engineering group if they met the average standard set by the mining schools, though they questioned -whether they were really engineering.

Jan 1, 1939