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State of California, Division of Mines, Ferry bldg., San Francisco, Calif. Walter W. Bradley, State Mineralogist. A list of publications available will be sent upon request. Bulletin 77 is a list of publications complete from 1880 to 1917 and contains synopses It is sent free. Bulletin 105, California mineral production and directory of mineral producers for 1930, brings the complete list up to date, sent free on request The Division of Mines issues principally (1) A series of Reports, (2) Bulletins, (3) Preliminary Reports, and (4) maps. The Reports were first issued biennially, later annually, and for the past few years they have taken the form of quarterly reports. The yearly subscription price for the quarterly reports is $1, payable in advance Reports and separate chapters available are Report 2, First Biennial (1892), $1, 14 (1913-1914), Chapter on mines and mineral resources of Colusa, Glenn, Lake, Mann, Napa, Solano, Sonoma, and Yolo counties, 50 cents, 15 (1915?1916), Mines and mineral resources of Butte, Lassen, Modoc, Sutter and Tehama counties, 50 cents, and Mines and mineral resources of Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara and Ventura counties, 65 cents, 16 (1917-1918), Nevada County, 75 cents, Plumas County, 50 cents, Sierra County, 50 cents; 17 (1920), Mining in California during 1920, $1 75, 18 (1922), Mining m California, chapters for Aug , Sept , Oct , Dec , free, 19 (1923), Mining in California, chapters for Jan , Feb , Mar, Sept , free, 20 (1924), Quarterly chapters on mining in California (except July, out of print), 25 cents, 21 (1925), Quarterly chapters containing county reports- Jan (Sarcramento, Monterey, Orange) 25 cents, April (Calaveras, Merced, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Ventura), 25 cents, July (Del Norte, Humboldt, San Diego) 25 cents, Oct (Siskiyou, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara), 25 cents; 22 (1926), Quarterly county reports: Jan. (Santa Cruz, Trinity), 25 cents, April (Shasta, San Benito, Imperial), 25 cents, July (Mann, Sonoma) and Copper in California, 25 cents, Oct (El Dorado, Inyo) Minarets District, 25 cents, 23 (1927), Quarterly county reports- Jan (Contra Costa), 25 cents, April (Aniador, Solano) Bibliography of clay

Jan 1, 1933

By James C. Sever

Two green field magnesium reduction plants are under consideration using dolomite as the raw material. The Calix calciner was independently selected for both plants. The unique design of this calciner is detailed and the advantages defined for the specific application. The low carbon foot print of this unit combined with the ability to capture food grade carbon dioxide makes this an environmentally proactive approach to carboniferous ore calcination.

Jan 1, 2015

By M. S. Celik

Adsorption of sodium dodecylsulfonate (SDS) and dodecylaminium hydrochloride (DAH) on Buller seam coal, New Zealand, have been studied. Both surfactants adsorb effectively on the coal below pH 8, and the adsorption isotherms established at pH 4 are essentially the same at lower concentrations. These findings suggest that the adsorption of these two ionic surfactants on coal is controlled by a hydrophobic bonding mechanism. However, the results of calorimetric studies suggest that coulombic attraction also plays a part in the adsorption mechanisms. It has also been found that both the SDS and DAH adsorbed in the first monolayer are not removed by lowering the surfactant concentrations in the bulk solution.

Jan 1, 1993

Jan 1, 1993

By C. Rodgers, E. (Ted) Warren

"LocationThe Key Lake operation of Cameco Corporation is located at latitude 57°N in northern Saskatchewan, within the southem boundary of the Athabasca formation. The nearest city is LaRonge, located 240 km to the south. Access to the mine is by all-weather road and by private airstrip.Description of OperationThe mill was designed to produce twelve million pounds of uranium oxide (U3O8) a year from a feed grade of 2.4% U3O8. Current production is fourteen million pounds from 2.0% feed.Following grinding, the uranium is leached using sulphuric acid and oxygen in autoclaves. An eight thickener counter current decantation (CCD) circuit is used to separate the uranium-bearing solution from the solid waste residue. The uranium in solution is further purified in a solvent extraction circuit. The purified uranium is then precipitated using ammonia, calcined at 840°C, and packaged in drums for shipping to refineries. There is a crystallization circuit to recover excess ammonium sulphate produced in the process, and a waste treatment circuit.HistoryUranerz Exploration and Mining discovered the Gaertner and Deilmann orebodies in 1975 and 1976, respectively. Between 1975 and 1977, Uranerz conducted laboratory studies and delineated a process for the Key Lake ore known as the ""Bonn process."" In 1977, Sherritt Gordon Mines Ltd. was retained to conduct further studies in cooperation with U ranerz. The technical feasibility of the Bonn process was generally confirmed. Howeve1~ alternative processing methods also appeared feasible, and over the period 1978-1979, a detailed research and development program was conducted to finalize the processes to be used and to provide data for design of the plant."

Jan 1, 2000

By Angelina Anani, Nathalie Risso, Carlos Olmos de Aguilera

The traditional approach to safety clearance monitoring and proper PPE usage in underground mines is time-consuming, costly, and susceptible to negligence. However, automated real-time monitoring can be implemented using computer vision-based approaches. This study aims to develop a system that provides timely information based on the automatic detection of proper PPE use and safety clearance in underground mines. Deep learning and a decentralized computing structure between the cloud and sensing devices (fog technology) are used. We hypothesize that a camera-based system can provide near real-time assessment of proper PPE use and verified clearance to access restricted areas in underground mines.

Jun 25, 2023

By G. Guzman, L. Sevilla, M. Botz

"Newmont Mining Corporation operates the Yanacocha mine in Perú and the gold milling section of the property includes a Sulfidization-Acidification-Recycle-Thickening (SART) plant to remove copper from pregnant leach solution. Since its commissioning in 2008, the plant has been intermittently operated as needed to remove copper upstream of a carbon adsorption circuit. However, starting in 2015 Newmont expects the plant to operate on a more continuous basis in response to higher copper ores that will be processed in the gold mill. In anticipation of this, Newmont conducted a campaign in May 2014 with stockpiled high-copper ore to evaluate performance of the SART plant with elevated levels of copper in feed solution. Results from the campaign demonstrated the SART plant is capable of efficiently treating high-copper leach solution. During the campaign, leach solution copper levels ranged from about 100 to 700 mg/L, and copper removals ranging from about 56% to +99% were achieved. The median copper removal efficiency observed during the campaign was about 94%. The primary plant modification determined necessary following the campaign was the need to improve consistency with sulfide dosing. INTRODUCTION Copper removal from cyanide leach solution can be affected through the addition of sulfide at acidic pH to precipitate copper sulfide as a solid. There has been renewed interest in the process in the past several years due to the increasingly common issue of high copper levels in cyanide leach solutions. The term Sulfidization- Acidification-Recycle-Thickening (SART) is used as an acronym for the process according to the primary unit operations utilized. At a pH of approximately 4.0 to 5.0, the addition of soluble sulfide to a copper-bearing leach solution will result in the precipitation of copper sulfide (Cu2S) solid. The overall acidification and sulfidization reaction is (assuming the use of sulfuric acid for pH adjustment): 2Cu(CN)3-2 + 3H2SO4 + S-2 ? Cu2S(s) + 6HCN(aq) + 3SO4-2 The above reaction is written relative to the copper-cyanide complex 2Cu(CN)3-2, though analogous reactions also take place with the other common copper-cyanide complexes Cu(CN)2- and Cu(CN)4-3. Sulfide in the above reaction (S-2) is normally supplied as sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) purchased in solid or concentrated liquid form. Two characteristics of this reaction that are beneficial to a leaching operation are: 1. Copper is removed from solution as Cu2S (synthetic chalcocite) solid, which can then be sold to a smelter for its copper value. 2. Cyanide that is complexed with copper in the leach solution is released as free cyanide, thereby regenerating cyanide that can be recycled to the leaching operation for continued use."

Jan 1, 2015

By S. E. Malouf, R. Hinse

"The Mineral possibilities of the Chibougamau area were first recognized by Richardson in 1870 and Low in 1885, both of the Geological Survey of Canada. The first record of interest by the Quebec Bureau of Mines is in 1904, when J. Obalski reported on the discovery of copper and asbestos by Peter McKenzie in the previous year. Reports of 1906 and 1907 covered the McKenzie Gold Mine find and other deposits. In 1908 Prof. Dulieux described the quartz vein on Merrill Island and the mineralized zone on the near-by mainland. In 1910 the Chibougamau Railway Commission, though commenting favourably on the possibilities of the area, concluded that a railway was not then warranted.In spite of this, prospecting in the district continued. The main Campbell Chibougamau deposit, the Blake showing on Merrill Island in Dore Lake, was found in 1920, and other discoveries were made soon after. Between 1927 the work of Mawdsley, Retty, and Norman tor the Geological Survey and the Quebec Bureau of Mines stimulated further interest. In 1934 Consolidated Chibougamau Goldfields Ltd., a subsidiary of Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada Ltd., acquired the Merrill Island and Cedar Bay holdings of Chibougamau Prospectors Ltd. They embarked on an aggressive campaign, directed essentially at the gold quartz veins at Cedar Bay. Exploration there included a 522-foot shaft, 4,732 feet of drifts and crosscuts, and about 34,000 feet of surface and underground diamond drilling. Thirteen holes were also drilled on the replacement sulphide lens at Merrill Island. Operations were suspended in 1936, as the occurrence was too low grade for development at the existing metal prices and under difficult operating conditions.The completion of the Quebec Bureau of Mines highway from St. Felicien to Chibougamau in 1950 was followed by a project of detailed geological mapping by the Bureau. It also encouraged Campbell Chibou-gamau Mines to acquire the assets of Consolidated Chibougamau Gold-fields and commence a program of surface exploration. Between August 1950 and April 1951, 41,183 feet of diamond drilling was done on the Cedar Bay and Merrill Island holdings. The Blake showing off the west shore of Merrill Island developed at depth into a major orebody. A lease was obtained on adjacent ground from Merrill Island Corporation, and underground work commenced in November 1951. Development at Merrill Island to June 1st, 1955, included a four-compartment shaft to 1,225 feet, with 8 levels at 150-foot intervals, 5,317 feet of raises, 16,709 feet of drifts and crosscuts, 52,514 feet of surface and 96,593 feet of underground diamond drilling."

Jan 1, 1949

By Paul C. Schmall

In recent years, several geotechnical methods have been successfully applied to ash pond closure. These include modified dewatering techniques with wellpoints and wells to physically drain the material, soil mixing to create a soil-concrete material for improved accessways as well as improved ground structures within ponds to act as barriers or gravity dams, and geotechnical instrumentation to serve as an early warning of the potential for liquefaction. Given the parallels between fly ash and sluiced in place mine tailings, the application of fly ash remediation method to mine tailings shows significant potential, as illustrated in this paper.

Feb 1, 2024

By A. Chuma, K. J. Nyembwe, H. Simonsen, J. H. Potgieter

Different concentration techniques were evaluated for preconcentration of a mineral ore at a coarser size to avoid energy and resource wastage. Specifically, the aim was to reduce milling costs and energy required in the beneficiation of tin. In this study, cassiterite (0.17% Sn) was the mineral of interest in a pegmatite ore body associated with quartz (SiO₂ > 60%) and alumina (Al₂O3 > 20%). Three concentration techniques, namely dense media, shaking table, and flotation, coupled with characterization analysis, were used to assess the concentration response. The results confirmed that particle size and mineral liberation impact the separation process. High recovery and grade were obtained with gravity concentration methods (dense media and shaking table) for coarser (+300 to +212 μm) and intermediate (+150 to +53 μm) particle sizes. Lower recovery and grade were identified for much finer sizes (−53 to −38 μm). Flotation produced a high-grade product at a relatively low recovery and appeared to be only applicable to finer grains. Separation efficiency based on Schulz’s equation measured a segregation performance of 74.8% for dense medium separation and 60.7% for the shaking table for the coarse and intermediate particle sizes. Flotation only achieved a separation of 30%–40%. The results suggest that use of dense media separation as a rough preconcentration method prior to further grinding, and the utilization of a more advanced concentration technique for mineral recovery and upgrade, constitute a successful approach to improve process economics.

Apr 14, 2024

By M Berner, N A. Sifferlinger, E Fimbinger

Today, the advance rate of underground roadway development by drill and blast operation is limited by the need to ventilate the toxic blast fumes after each cycle. In deep mines this usually is only possible during shift changes when the related mine sections are free of persons. This results in roadway development advance rates of 4 m per shift, or 12 m per day. For long roadways this is a limiting factor in mining development in deep mines. Companies like EPIROC, KOMATSU, ROBBINS and SANDVIK are making serious R&D efforts to disc-cutting mobile miners to overcome this bottleneck. However, today, the achieved advance rates are less than 12 m per day in hard rock. If we achieve full robotisation and/or teleoperation from a safe place for drill and blast operation of an underground roadway development section, we could eliminate this bottleneck. Poisonous blasting fumes do not affect robots and machines as long as these fumes do not create aggressive acids. If we can keep the blast fumes isolated in the roadway development section for the shift until the next ventilation opportunity (eg shift change or designated ventilation times), we can do the drill and blast cycle more often in a shift, which will significantly speed up the advance rate. This requires robotisation of all work steps in the section: surveying, drilling, charging of explosives, blasting, loading and transporting material, roof support, installation of infrastructure etc. Also, cache storage for the material is needed. Special care for the ventilation system to keep the blasting fumes under control in the section is necessary. The paper discusses the aspects needed to achieve this robotisation and the related technical and operational tasks.

Sep 1, 2024

By R. Woods

"Comments on the paper ""Formation of hydrogen peroxide by chalcopyrite and its influence on flotation,""by A. Javadi Nooshabadi and K. Hanumantha Rao (Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 2013, Vol. 30,No. 4, pp. 212-219)The formation of hydrogen peroxide from water during the grinding of chalcopyrite in a nitrogen-sparged environment, as reported by Javadi Nooshabadi and Rao (Minerals & Metallurgical Processing, 2013, Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 212-219), is questioned on the grounds that oxidation of water by the mineral is unlikely to be thermodynamically feasible. It is argued that it is more likely that any peroxide that had been formed would have been generated from residual oxygen in the nitrogen-flushed system than from the oxidation of water.The formation of hydrogen peroxide by finely divided pyrite had been reported by a number of authors (Borda et al., 2001; Borda et al., 2003; Cohn et al., 2006; Schoonen et al., 2006; Schoonen et al., 2010; Jones et al., 2011; Javadi Nooshabadi et al., 2013). That hydrogen peroxide is formed in the presence of oxygen in solution can be comprehended from wellestablished mechanisms. Pyrite in aerated solution is known to oxidize by an anodic process that is coupled with the cathodic reduction of oxygen (Holmes and Crundwell, 2000). The latter process has been shown to occur through the formation of hydrogen peroxide (Biegler et al., 1975; Ahlberg and Broo, 1996). The pH dependence of cathodic oxygen reduction at other sulfide minerals, including chalcopyrite (Biegler et al., 1977; Rand, 1977), implies a similar mechanism at these surfaces."

Jan 1, 2015

By Emil B. Milosavljevic, Ljiljana Solujic

Cyanide is exceptionally reactive, and in typical gold/silver processing liquors, cyanide may be transformed into various species and forms depending on the mineralogy of the ore and chemical make-up of the process water. The exact speciation and relative concentrations depend on the Eh and pH values, as well as the free CN concentration in the system. Very good cyanide balances can be achieved by the judicious selection of the analytical techniques used. The choices an analyst has to make (which analytical methods to use and which ones to avoid) in order to gain better understanding of cyanide speciation and balances in a particular system under investigation will be discussed. Examples of cyanide balances obtained for the laboratory scale tests (agitated leach and column tests) will be presented and discussed.

Jan 1, 1999

By Scott Ellenbecker

Mining has evolved in recent years, taking steps forward in the way that the industry is considerate of the environment and the communities in which it operates. Technology plays a major role in that evolution. Osisko Mining?s Osisko Mine near Malartic, Quebec is developing a new way of doing business. One manager said, ?We are building the Osisko culture,? but the company is doing many things that could become industry changers. Much of the change is driven by mine ownership and management to offer a better workplace and better community relations. Mining equipment manufacturers are changing, too, by engineering products with more operator comfort, fuel economy, ease of maintenance and more cleanly designed machines. And for those drills working close to communities, smaller bore sizes and sound retention are just two changes for the better.

Jan 1, 2012

By John Wellington Finch

THE- impression which the public has of northern Canada is that it is a' vast wilderness of forests; river's, and. lakes, sparsely inhabited by. a few Indians and `containing a few, scattered trading posts of the Hudson Bay Co. This is far from the facts. The building of the Canadian Pacific Railway led to the discovery, in 1883, of the nickel deposits of Sudbury, Ont.; these are the largest known nickel deposits in the world and produce about 90 per cent. of the world's output of nickel. The building of the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway north, from North Bay, to open up farming lands along Lake. Temiskaming, resulted in the discovery and development of the great silver deposits of the Cobalt area, Ontario. Since the discovery of these deposits in 1903 to Dec. 31, .1923, Cobalt has produced a total of ' 327,301,897 oz. of silver, valued at $212,668,434, and paid in. dividends $88,338,185. In 1923 the production of Cobalt amounted to 10,285,247 oz. of silver. Just south of Cobalt, in South Lorrain,. a. new silver district has recently been developed and mills have started production. These deposits are of such extent that 'a branch railroad is under construction from Cobalt to that area. Northwest of Cobalt is the Gowganda silver area which is also a producer of silver ore and is now attracting outside attention. This area is not connected by railroad.

Jan 1, 1924

By A. O. Drysdale

In Canada, the market for cement is not a national one but rather a collection of local or regional markets. Excess capacity on a national basis does not necessarily preclude a shortage on a regional basis. with portland cement selling for less than a cent a pound, the low price-to-weight factor makes transportation to the market a major cost item and thus a small plant can be justified to serve a limited regional market. The Brookfield plant of the Canada Cement Co. is designed to supply the Province of Nova Scotia, a regional market that shows promise of growing to a point where it will support a one-kiln plant. The market is presently being served by boat shipments from the Canada Cement Co. plant at Montreal East, Quebec, and from the North Star Cement Ltd. plant at Corner Brook, Newfoundland, and by rail and road shipments from the Canada Cement Co. plant at Havelock, N. B.

Jan 4, 1965

By W. W. Cummings

Canada's only current tungsten producer started up in 1962 with a small open-pit mine on the Flat River , 180 air miles north of Watson Lake, Yukon Territory. The orebody was in a contact-metamorphic skarn zone and contained about 1.5 million tons of ore grading an estimated 2.47% W03 and 0.5% copper. Near the end of the open pit , a new zone was discovered on the lower limb of the same structure, and the decision to go underground was made in 1972. The new "E Zone" contains over 4 million tons of ore grading an estimated 1.6% W03 and 0.28% Cu , and has been supplying the concentrator at about 175,0 00 tons/ year since late 1974. A continuing program of change and up-grading is necessary in the conversion from a seasonal open-pit mine with limited life to an underground operation with twenty years of reserves. Changes are necessary in plant and services as well as the mine. Also, environmental protection requirements have changed from rudimentary to rigorous over the life of the operation. This paper sums up the changes in the operation since 1971 and outlines the changes yet to come.

Jan 1, 1977

By C. K. Leith

IN telling the story of Canada's minerals many interesting and spectacular details will be passed over to permit pointing out some of the significant inter- national aspects. No country now has enough of all minerals for its own use. The problems of satisfaction of both national and world demands under these conditions have become international in scope, and history supplies no obvious solutions. The minerals of Canada are coming to play a prominent part in such problems. Production and Reserves In the last decade Canada has rapidly advanced in mineral production. In 1928 the total value of mineral products from Canadian sources reached 273 millions of dollars. Canada ranks first in production of nickel, first in asbestos, second in cobalt, third in gold and silver, fourth in lead and copper, and sixth in zinc.

Jan 1, 1929

By E. H. W. Hornbrook, P. W. B. Friske

Paper presented at the 28th International Geological Congress, Washington DC, July 1989 (International geochemical mapping sessions). The objective of the programme is to establish and maintain a nationally consistent geochemical drainage database. Towards this end systematic surveys have been conducted since 1973. To date more than 200 surveys have been completed to the required standards, representing 180 000 sites and covering about 2 100 000 km2 throughout Canada

Jun 13, 1905

By J R. M Hutcheson

Advocate Mines Limited came into initial production on June 30, 1963, with an annual capacity in excess of 60,000 tons of high-quality chrysotile asbestos fihres, thus strengthening Canada's position in world production. The history of this development is traced from discovery through initial exploration, financing, orebody delineation and evaluation, pilot-plant production and product evaluation, construction of the plant, construction of deep?-sea shipping facilities, provision for a closed shipping season, and provision for the remoteness and for the lack of services, through to realization of full production capacity. The many unique aspects of the project are given special attention, particularly in the light of the first year of full-capacity operation. The marketing of the products in a highly competitive world market is reviewed, with special emphasis on product evaluation, quality control and the shipping of high-quality products to consumers throughout the world. C ANADA'S newest asbestos producer, Advocate Mines Limited, is located at the north end of the Burlington Peninsula, White Bay District, Newfound-

Jan 1, 1965