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By John Wellington Finch

THE- impression which the public has of northern Canada is that it is a' vast wilderness of forests; river's, and. lakes, sparsely inhabited by. a few Indians and `containing a few, scattered trading posts of the Hudson Bay Co. This is far from the facts. The building of the Canadian Pacific Railway led to the discovery, in 1883, of the nickel deposits of Sudbury, Ont.; these are the largest known nickel deposits in the world and produce about 90 per cent. of the world's output of nickel. The building of the Temiskaming and Northern Ontario Railway north, from North Bay, to open up farming lands along Lake. Temiskaming, resulted in the discovery and development of the great silver deposits of the Cobalt area, Ontario. Since the discovery of these deposits in 1903 to Dec. 31, .1923, Cobalt has produced a total of ' 327,301,897 oz. of silver, valued at $212,668,434, and paid in. dividends $88,338,185. In 1923 the production of Cobalt amounted to 10,285,247 oz. of silver. Just south of Cobalt, in South Lorrain,. a. new silver district has recently been developed and mills have started production. These deposits are of such extent that 'a branch railroad is under construction from Cobalt to that area. Northwest of Cobalt is the Gowganda silver area which is also a producer of silver ore and is now attracting outside attention. This area is not connected by railroad.

Jan 1, 1924

By AIME AIME

A SPECIAL meeting arranged by the Petroleum and Gas Committee of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers was held on Tuesday and Wednesday, Sept. 21 and 22, in the Assembly Room of the American Annex Hotel, St. Louis, Mo. Preceding the first session on Tuesday morning, the members and guests were registered and presented with the usual Institute badges. The morning session was opened at 10:30 by Ralph Arnold of Los Angeles, Calif., Chairman of the Petroleum and Gas Committee. In his opening remarks, he suggested that the petroleum section specialize more and more on the technical problems of the oil industry and that an effort be made to enlarge the membership of the Institute among the technical men of the industry. The following program was presented : OIL FIELDS OF RUSSIA, by A. Beeby Thompson and T. G. Madgwick, of London, England. Presented by H. A. Wheeler; discussed by Arthur Knapp and R. VanA. Mills. This most comprehensive paper was one of what is hoped to be a series to be presented by some of our foreign members. It is by far the best description in English of the world-famous Baku and other fields of Russia.

Jan 1, 1920

By R. B. Moore

IN 1914 the writer and K. L. Kithil announced, through Bulletin 70 of the U. S. Bureau of Mines, that the United States possessed the largest deposits of radium-bearing ore in the world. At that time a small amount of this ore was being, mined and shipped to Europe, and one company was preparing to start the extraction and recovery of radium in this country. The importance of our carnotite deposits in Colorado and Utah up to the publication of Bulletin 70 was not, however, appreciated by anyone.. At that time the total supply of radium in the world was about 10 g., calculated as element, and when I estimated that at least 100 g. of radium element, and probably 200 g., would be produced from our carnotite deposits, there was a considerable amount of skepticism. Up to the present time almost 200 g. have come from this ore, and some writers put this figure a little higher. Uranium ore was found in the copper mines of the Union Minière du Haut-Katanga at Luiswishi in 1913. Later discoveries were made at other places in the Belgian Congo, and the Katanga ores now represent the largest supply of radium-bearing ore in the world. In fact, since 1923 very little radium has been produced from American carnotite, the Katanga ore representing practically the world's supply of. radium since that date.

Jan 1, 1930

By Ezequiel Ordonez

MOST spectacular of Nature's contributions to the making of the postwar world is the Paricutin volcano, in Mexico, which I described in the July issue of this magazine last year, a few months after it was born. Now, after more than a year of continuous eruption, it is still and perhaps will remain a comparatively small though no less interesting volcano. The cone on April 1 had an altitude of nearly 1200 ft. above the level of the small flat field from which it began to grow on Feb. 20, 1943. This cone is now almost entirely surrounded by the lava flows that poured out at different dates, from its base or from outlets on the slopes near its base. To the north and northwest these lavas were

Jan 1, 1944

By J. E. McConnell

No. 1 Electric Furnace and Billet Casting Shop, located in Plant No. 4 adjacent to our new 12 inch merchant bar mill, represents Inland Steel Company's first venture into both electric furnace steelmaking and continuous casting. Construction of the shop began in September, 1968 with excavation and foundation work, followed by awarding of general construction and major equipment contracts from December, 1968 to April, 1969. The first heat was tapped from No. 90 furnace on December 18, 1970, and the first cast attempted on December 29, 1970. The rated shop capacity is 500,000 tons per year of semi-finished billets and blooms, and was justified on the basis of approximately 85 percent of the product mix falling into the special bar quality category of steel grades. Auxiliary equipment has been designed into the shop to pursue free machining steels, including leaded and tellurized grades. The start-up and operation of the shop for the first year was essentially based on a two-part philosophy: 1. Initially operate with the "open stream" casting technique to accomplish machine shakedown and operator familiarization and training. 2. Operate with special bar quality, or "submerged casting", practices, make necessary refinements and gain customer acceptance

Jan 1, 1972

By N. H. Mannakee

SINCE the publication of the paper of Mr. Scholz, The Effect of Humidity on Mine-Explosions,' I have undertaken a study of the meager available data of barometric and temperature conditions it times of mine-explosions, and have arranged these data in a manner which may be of interest to other students of mine-explosions. This study covers the period from 1898 to 1909, during which an ever-increasing percentage of collieries has been ventilated by fans giving air-currents of high efficiency. Previous to 1898 this percentage was smaller than at any time since. The vari¬ous States have become, from time to time, more exacting in their demands upon poorly-ventilated mines. This general im¬provement in ventilation throughout the Appalachian field has undoubtedly brought about a condition which is annually the cause; .or a very important attendant, of the high percentage of fatalities in mine-explosions, through the daily passage of from hundreds to thousands of gallons of water, invisibly suspended in the air, carried out of the mines by the ventilating-currents during the existence of certain temperature- and humidity-conditions. There is a wide-spread opinion that these conditions exist from November 1 to March 31; but it is more likely that they have a much wider range, which varies from year to year. Certain years show an increase or decrease of rain-fall from the mean ; the daily temperature may fall far below or rise far above the mean established by a record of a period of years; and the daily humidity varies likewise. If mine-explosions are influenced by a lack of moisture in the mines, certainly it may be expected that the influence will be felt at times when the

Nov 1, 1909

By Robert Hoy

If the reader finds that the basic information in a commodity chapter is insufficient, he can consult the appropriate sources in this chapter to find more detailed or more up-to-date information. In these days, technology develops so rapidly that this 4th edition will be somewhat out of date even by the time it is distributed. A comparison of this edition with the 3rd edition (1960) of Industrial Minerals and Rocks will clearly demonstrate how rapidly the scene changes. One of the best sources of new information, of course, is attendance at technical meetings. For example, the papers presented at the national and sectional meetings of AIME usually discuss new developments in the respective divisions of the society. Frequently this information is available in Preprints. In addition some are printed in Mining Engineering and/or the Transactions of the Society of Mining Engineers of AIME. Furthermore, other professional and trade journals contain articles pertinent to the field. A journal introduced in 1967, Industrial Minerals, published by the Metal Bulletin, Ltd., London, is an excellent source of information. The Mining Journal, Ltd., also in London, publishes a weekly journal, a Mining Magazine (monthly), and a Mining Annual Re- view. The latter covers the field from three aspects: (1) by commodities, (2) through technical developments, and (3) geographically. Other useful magazines and periodicals include Engineering and Mining Journal, Pit and Quarry, Rock Products, and World Mining, all published in the United States. In addition many new books related to industrial minerals have been published since the 3rd edition of Industrial Minerals and Rocks. Most of these, of course, are included in the bibliography of each chapter in this volume. Another excellent information source is the proceedings of the Forum on Geology of Industrial Minerals. This group, which held its 11th annual meeting in 1975, is sponsored by a state geological survey or another mineral agency on a rotational basis. The proceedings have been published by the various sponsors and are available as indicated in Table 1. Two major sources of basic industrial mineral and rock data in the United States, and also a good source for many foreign countries, are the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines. The two agencies publish many reports and maps on a variety of geo- logical and mining subjects. In addition, each agency has an indexed list of all their publications with a free service announcing new publications. (New Publications of the Geological Survey, U.S. Geological Survey, Washington, D.C. 20242) and New Publications-Bureau of Mines, Publications Distribution Branch, U.S. Bureau of Mines, 4800 Forbes Ave., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15213). The U.S. Bureau of Mines (USBM) publishes annually Minerals Yearbooks which provide statistical data on mineral products including production, consumption, imports and exports, as well as information on new developments. Another very useful USBM series is called Mineral Facts and Problems. Editions were published in 1960, 1965, and 1970. Three other major series of publications by the Bureau are Information Circulars, Reports of Investigations, and Mineral Trade Notes. The latter is particularly good for news of foreign developments. A new Professional Paper No. 820 of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1973, summarizes data on the mineral resources of the entire country. The USGS, in cooperation with USBM, other Federal and various state agencies, has also prepared summary reports on mineral and water resources of given areas which include

Jan 1, 1975

The mountains of Utah contain one of the largest deposits of high grade bituminous coal in the world. According to the United States Geological Survey, there are 13,130 square miles of land known to contain workable coal, and these extensive fields contain 196,000,000,000 tons of coal. More remarkable than the extent of the coal fields is the thickness of the coal beds. Over three-fourths of the output of coal in Utah is recovered from beds ranging from 8 to 17 feet in thickness, as com- pared to one-eighth of the output of the entire country from such beds. In 1917, Utah mined one-third of its coal from seams at least 16 feet thick, compared to one-half of one per cent of the total bituminous output of the country from like seams. Coal at Wales, in Sanpete county, and in the vicinity of Coalville, Utah, was, it is reported, the first discovered by white men in the state. Wales claims the distinction of having produced the first coal mined in Utah. Two men, who had been coal miners in Wales, learned of the coal from an old Indian chief who called it "rock that would burn." In 1857, the town of Wales was founded and coal mined, and in 1858 some coke was manufactured and hauled by ox team to Salt Lake City. South of Wales is Castle Valley, in Wasatch Plateau field. From 50 to 60 miles of the old Spanish Trail from Santa Fe. New Mexico, to Monterey, California, lies in Castle Valley. The coal in this field may or may not have been known at the time the trail was used extensively. The first published reference to this coal, however, was made by a party of the Corps of Topographic Engineers in their journal for October 11, 1853.

Jan 1, 1925

By Fred C., Bond

IN CYANIDE milling, little attention has been paid to the effect of the viscosity of the mill solution on the extraction speed. The viscosity of the solution varies with the amount of dissolved salts present as impurities. These salts build up to a maximum depending on the character of the ore, the grade of cyanide used, the lime and salts added, and the impurities originally in the water. The viscosity will change from month to month and week to week as these factors vary; and that this variation affects the extraction is unquestioned, although methods for calculating it are lacking. The character of the ore is probably the most important of the four factors, as the amount of minerals present that are soluble in cyanide solution will vary constantly, and each variation affects the viscosity of the mill solution. When the cyanide consumption increases as the character of the ore changes, the viscosity of the solution will increase and the extraction will decrease, for the cyanide consumption is usually a measure of the impurities dissolved from the ore. In other words, as the difference between the total and free cyanide increases the extraction will decrease, other factors remaining constant.

Jan 1, 1926

By Carel Robinson

THE little coal mine at Otsego, in the Winding Gulf field of southern West Virginia was dying. In the history of coal mining thousands of mines have been successful at first, but usually a change occurred and profits ceased. Often be change was so gradual and extended over such a length of time that the fundamental causes did not stand out in sharp relief and their significance was not realized. Studies often reveal that the cause for failure was in the arteries that connect the producing places with the mine entrance. Profits continued so long as the working places were close to the tipple and while the thrill of newness aid ease of access resulted in effective supervision from day to day. The air- way and haulageway, the wire line and manway, may have been sufficient when the distance from the entrance was a few hundred feet, but were inadequate when this was extended for thousands of feet.

Jan 1, 1937

By AIME AIME

THE coal classification session* on Monday morning, Feb. 17, was opened by a paper by M. R. Campbell, entitled "Natural Groups of Coal and Allied Fuels," in which he pointed out, by means of graphical presentation of selected proximate analyses of coal, that coals can be classified on the basis of their moisture content. He proposes four groups of coal, brown coal, hydrobituminous, bituminous, and anthracite, each subdivided into two or three sub-groups. In a written discussion of this G. H. Cady, of the Illinois Geological Survey, showed that there is, in general, a progressive decrease in the moisture of Illinois coals from north to south, and that it would be very difficult to draw any arbitrary line dividing the coals of the State into two groups on the basis of moisture content.

Jan 1, 1930

By Marcus A. Grossman

THE institute has established this lectureship to honor the memory of a great American metallurgist, one whose fame has continued long after his passing. As one scientist recently stated it," All metallurgical texts gradually become outdated and outmoded, except those of the great Henry Marion Howe." It seems fitting, then, that, once every year, we should review, in his honor, some aspects of the science in which he was such a distinguished leader, and also discuss any new data that may help to clarify our concepts. It is my privilege, for which indeed I express the deepest appreciation to this Institute, to offer for consideration a few thoughts on the toughness and fracture of hardened steels. Before proceeding to the data, I wish to express my great indebtedness to many associates whose stimulating discussions, generous contributions of data and cooperation in experiments are gratefully acknowledged. (But I wish to absolve them of any blame that may arise from the way in which their discussions and data have been used!) First, Dr. Edgar C. Bain, Vice President, Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation, whose amiable but merciless criticisms and always constructive and thoughtful suggestions help unfailingly to guard against pitfalls. Then to associates at Gary Steel Works, especially Mr. H. B. Wishart, Mr. W. K. Smith and Mr. V. Elliott, for great assistance in securing data. Also to Col. C. H. Greenall, Director of Laboratories, Frankford Arsenal, and his metallurgical staff, including Messrs. J. K. Desmond, H. Markus, D. F. Armiento, H. Rosenthal and Henry George, for numerous data and illustrations. Further to Dr. J. R. Low and Dr. M. Asimow, for helpful discussions of effects of states of stress during deformation and rupture, to Mr. J. M. Hodge for discussions and data, to the staff of the U. S. Steel Corporation Research Laboratory for advice and data, and to the Metallurgical Staff at Duquesne Steel Works. The individual acknowledgments will also be found under illustrations. Acknowledgment is also due to Mr. S. C. Snyder for incredibly meticulous scrutiny of manuscript. To all of these, grateful thanks.

Jan 1, 1946

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period Aug. 10 to Sept. 10, 1915: Members ACOSTA, JOSE NICANDRO, Min. Engr. and Chem., Shannon Copper Co., Gleeson, Ariz. ANDERSON, AMIL. ABNER,. Met Homestake Mining Co., Lead, S. D. BARB, P. A Apartado 92, Pachuca, Hid., Mexico. BERGH, SVEN VILHELM,. Min. Engr Rorstrandsgatan 32, Stockholm, Sweden. BOAS, Ross H., Min. Engr:, Care Highland Boy. Mine, Bingham Canyon, Utah. BONSALL, JAMES MALCOLM,.Chem., Copper Queen' Reduction, Works, Douglas, Ariz. BOWLES, Ross., Supt. Of Smelters,. Granby Min. & Smelt. Co., East St. Louis, Ill. BRIGHT, GRAHAM, Engr., Westinghouse Electric & Mfg.. Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. BUTLER, RICHARD,. Min. Engr., Mines. Supt., Lindal Moor Mines, Ulverston, Lancashire, England.

Jan 10, 1915

NEW MEMBERS The following list comprises the names of those persons who became members during the period May 10 to June 10, 1914. Members ABE, ASAKA, Chief Min. Engr., Yamagano Gold Mine, Satsuma-Gori, Satsuma, Japan. ANDERSON, FRANK M., Geol Cartagena Refining Co., Cartagena, Colombia, S. A. BACON, MAURICE W., Genl. Mgr Stewart Mining Co. Butte, Mont. BACON, RAYMOND F., Chem Director, Mellon Institute, Pittsburg, Pa. BAKER, HAMILTON WALLACE, Min. Engr Fernley, Nev. VON BAYER, AUGUST HECTOR, Supt Kentucky Solvay, Coke Co., Ashland, Ky. BISHOP, WHEELER SCOTT, Research Chem Care Braden Copper Co., Rancagua, Chile, S. A. BOWEN, CHARLES GILMAN, Timekeeper 208 School St., Grass Valley, Cal. BOYER, SAMUEL L., Mine Operator, Mgr., Mike. Horse Min. Co., W. 2808 Boone Ave., Spokane. Wash.

Jan 7, 1914

The following is an incomplete list of members and guests who. called at Institute headquarters during the period Dec. 10, 1917 to Jan. 10, , 1918: A. A. Arluck, Camp Merritt, N. J. W. Spencer Hutchinson, Boston, Mass. C. L. Bruns, Santiago de Cuba. William F. Jahn, New York, N. Y. Henry C. Carr, New York, N. Y. C. H. James, Tucson, Ariz. L. J. Charles, Santa Fe, N. M. Charles Janin, San Francisco, Cal. W. A. Deane, Waxhaw, N. C. Joseph T. Kupferstein, Shreveport, Pa. P. St. John Dixon, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Richard Lamb, New York, N. Y. M. C. Drake, Marquette, Mich. Walter R. Malm, San Francisco, Cal. F. W. Draper, Petrograd, Russia. W. H. Nash, Buffalo, N. Y. Paul W. Gaebelein, Boise, Idaho. Edmund Newton, Minneapolis, Minn. H. F. E. Gamm, Rutherford, N. J. Guy C. Riddell, Port Pirie, South Australia. C. A. Grabill, El Paso, Tex. Williams A. Simkins, San Francisco, Cal. William H. Hampton, New York, N. Y. Henry B. Smith, Northampton, Mass. R. M. Henderson, Brackenridge, Colo. H. E. Smith, Chicago, Ill. Geo. B. Holderer, Northpines, Ont., H: C. Spaulding, Washington, D. C. Canada. Y. Wakabayashi, Tokyo, Japan. H. H. Howry, Camp Upton. N. Y. A. P. Watt, Mine La Motte, Mo. L. Douglas Anderson", superintendent of the Midvale, Utah, smeltery of the United States Smelting Co., has been appointed manager of smelteries for the company at Salt Lake City, Utah.

Jan 2, 1918

By R. S. Handy

AT THE TIME of my first visit to Bolivia in 1927 the tin-mining industry was prosperous, the tin price at London being more than £300 per long ton of tin, and the operators were making every effort to bring their plants up to the very highest point of capacity as well as of efficiency. Any device or piece of equipment or method that gave promise of increasing production was welcomed regardless of the cost, and the plants were being modernized as rapidly as human ingenuity could make it possible. At the time of my second visit in 1932, however, conditions had changed materially. The price of tin had fallen to a little over £100 but costs had not decreased anywhere in proportion and operators were at their wit's end to cut the operating losses that were everywhere prevalent. Charles L. Bradbury, manager of the Empresa Minera de Huanuni, at Huanuni, Bolivia, had been recently called from Mexico to make all analysis of the situation and to attempt to work out a remedy for the economic conditions that threatened to close the mine. His analysis brought out the following points:

Jan 1, 1938

By George W. Harris

In the earlier period of anthracite-mining, much coal was wasted, both underground and in the culm-banks on the surface. Such waste is common in the development of new mining-districts, in which, as a rule, only the richest material can be profitably treated. In the anthracite-region, special causes operated to increase this evil. The mines were generally worked under 20-year leases, and royalties were paid upon such coal only as was actually marketed. The lessees consequently cared for immediate profit solely. They were not bound to win all the coal they exposed, or to leave it in such condition that their successors could win it. Nor was it their interest or duty to educate consumers in the use of their product. The market called for coal of large sizes; and such coal they furnished, throwing away the rest. Any pains taken by them to bring about a more rational use of coal by their consumers would have borne fruit, after their leases had expired, to the benefit of somebody else. A full statement of the situation was given in 1893, in the report of the State Commission, appointed in 1889 to investigate the subject.' That body included the names of Heber S. Thompson, William Griffith and the late Eckley B. Coxe.2 Its report gives special attention to the utilization of the old culm-banks.

Jan 1, 1906

By A. C. Veatch

Jan 1, 1921

By James F. Kemp

In earlier gears, the custom prevailed of regarding the anthracite basins as cases of folding with slight development of faulting. Folding is so pronounced and, in the eastern and western Middle Fields, at times so violent, that the inference was a natural one and led to the widespread impression that practically all the disturbances of the seams could be explained in this way. The cross-sections and maps prepared forty or more years ago for the Second Geological Survey of P ennsylvania, by Mr. Ashburner under Prof. J. P. Lesley, exhibit little else than folds.' So far as I can discover faults fail in the charts, except in one small case in the Henry colliery near Plainsville on the outskirts of Wilkes-Barre. Some years ago, while spending a day or two in Wilkes-Barr, under the guidance of R. V. Norris, I looked over some recent and accurate cross-sections of a numbcr of the large collieries and was deeply impressed with the peculiar behavior of some of the seams and the intervening shales. Thus, a seam might present a small, more or less overturned fold, rising 30 to 50 ft. (9 to 15m.) above its general course, and yet the movement would be taken up in the overlying shales, so as hardly to be noticeable in the seams next above or below. These and similar anomalies, especially when shown with the accuracy of engineer's surveys, possess great scientific and practical interest, bearing as they do, not alone on coal mining, but on theoretical geology and the actual behavior of strata under great compressive stresses. In preparation for the semicentennial meeting of the Institute, an effort was therefore made to secure some of the most interesting sections for presentation to the members. The collection of illustrations here shown is mainly due to Douglas Bunting of the local committee, to whom and to the contributing companies acknowledgments are due. The illustrations are taken from all four of the main basins, but are chiefly from the portions nearest Wilkes-Barre. The first are in the

Jan 1, 1922

By George W. Maynard

IN the biographical notice of Thomas F. Witherbee, published in Bulletin No. 32, August, 1909 (p. xxv), it is said that ". he is believed to have been the first manager in America to use the chemical laboratory for the purpose of controlling the regular running of the blast-furnace." Since the year is not given, I cannot decide as. to Mr. Witherbee's priority; but the statement leads me to contribute a bit of history, showing an early departure from the "rule-of-thumb " blast-furnace work to the employment of a chemist. In the autumn of 1868 the department of mining and metallurgy was established at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. In connection with the assay-department a laboratory was equipped for making general commercial analyses. In January, 1869, Alexander L. Holley, the manager and builder of the Bessemer plant at the Rensselaer Works of John A. Griswold & Co., the first plant erected in the United¬States under the Bessemer patents, began to send me samples of ore, pig-iron, and steel for analysis. Early in 1869 I was regularly retained as chemist for the Rensselaer Works; and while the laboratory was not located at the works, for all practical purposes it was the works-laboratory. The increase in work soon made it necessary for me to secure an assistant. I applied to Prof. Charles F. Chandler, who recommended Dr. August Wendel, who had been an assistant of Rammelsberg and had lately landed in New York. Dr. Wendel remained with me until 1873, when I left Troy. My leaving made necessary the erection of a laboratory at the Rensselaer Works, which, was done under my supervision, and Dr. Wendel was employed as chemist. During the period from 1868 to 1873 my work as consulting mining engineer frequently called me to the Lake Champlain

Nov 1, 1909