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By L. H. Adami

The heats of formation of anhydrous cadmium sulfate, cobalt sulfate, copper sulfate, nickel sulfate, and zinc sulfate were determined by hydrochloric acid solution calorimetry. The values at 298.15° K for formation from the metal, rhombic sulfur, and oxygen gas follow (cal/mole): CdS04J -222.0 ± 0.3; CoS04, -212.0 ± 0.4; CuS04) -183.4 ± 0.6; NiS04, -208.1 ± 0.2; and ZnS04, -233.1 ± 0.2. Corresponding heats of decomposition to form the metal oxide, sulfur dioxide, and oxygen were derived from these results; heats of decomposition to form the metal oxide and sulfur trioxide were also derived.

Jan 1, 1965

By H. F. Feldmann

This Bureau of Mines report presents a method for the computer solution of the equilibrium compositions of any complex, multiphase, chemical system for which appropriate thermodynamic data are available. The method describes in detail the computation of systems in which solid or liquid species can form by heterogeneous chemical reactions where these species do not occur in any equilibrium equations. Also described are the calculation of phases formed by condensation (pure or solutions) and the inclusion of other system restrictions such as electroneutrality. The method is being used to compute the equilibrium composition of mixtures of an electrically conductive plasma and a liquid slag phase arising from the high-temperature combustion of coal for magnetohydrodynamic power generation. These mixtures can contain up to 65 species including gases, liquids, free electrons, and ions.

Jan 1, 1969

By Guy A. Johnson

To improve productivity and cut costs, modern underground mining operations have become more mechanized. This mechanization has increased the usage of fuels, hydraulics, and electrical equipment associated with diesel-powered vehicles, thereby also increasing the hazards of underground mine fires. The Bureau of Mines evaluated the fire hazard problem and assembled prototype components for a system that would automatically sense and extinguish fires on mobile underground equipment. The prototype system and alternative designs were in-mine-tested and proved effective. This report summarizes this technology, which can cost effectively help solve the problem of fire hazards on underground vehicles.

Jan 1, 1983

By Craig M. Jensen

A laboratory assessment of prompt and delayed neutron activation analysis with 252Cf and 14MeV neutron sources, for use as an in-situ method of determining low-level copper concentration has been performed. A simulated borehole using porphyry ore was constructed and varying copper concentrations were simulated using copper rods. Prompt neutron activation analysis experiments were consistant with earlier work and do not appear to be feasible fur copper concentration of 1.5% or less. Delayed neutron activation analysis experiments indicate that copper ore concentrations of less than 0.1% are detectable using either the 511-KeV gamma-ray of copper-64 or the 1039-KeV gamma-ray of copper-66, with high resolution detectors such as Ge (Li) or intrinsic germanium.

Jan 1, 1977

By S. Don Brown

Between 1987 and 1988, the Bureau of Mines studied the mineral resources of the White River National Forest and part of the Arapaho National Forest to appraise the resources present and to determine the types of deposits, and their location, that could be mined economically if sufficient demand and metal prices existed. The study included a comprehensive literature search and a limited amount of field investigation of minerals and mining activity in and near the Forest. This report summarizes a more comprehensive minerals report on the Forests prepared by the Bureau of Mines and was written for a general audience without a background in geology or related fields. Mineral resource information indicates that in the Gore Range-the area between Tennessee Pass and Gilman may contain large base-and precious-metal deposits, and could be the focus of exploration activity in the near future. The Breckenridge mining district was found to have a moderate to high likelihood for mineral exploration and possible development of gold. Recent exploration and minor development work has occurred in several other areas: Montezuma, Kokomo-Tenmile, and Upper Blue River districts, and portions of the Sawatch Range.

Jan 1, 1990

By Charles Vaught

The U.S. Bureau of Mines evaluated the self-contained self-rescuer (SCSR) donning proficiency of 243 miners. These workers were from eight underground coal mines in the eastern United States. The objectives of the study were (1) to gather information on skill levels, since all miners in the study had prior instruction and opportunity to practice donning the apparatus, and (2) to summarize a quality control procedure useful in conducting periodic evaluations of donning proficiency. The sampling procedure used proved to be both reasonable and efficient in gathering information on training effectiveness. It also provided a good statistical base for making informed site-specific decisions regarding SCSR training needs. Results from the observed samples at each of the eight mines indicate a wide variability across sites. The rate at which miners failed to isolate their lungs varied from 3.3 to 40.0 pet. Concomitantly, proficiency rates (miners either performing adequately or demonstrating a perfect 3 + 3 sequence) ranged from 13.3 to 63.3 pet.

Jan 1, 2010

By Alan D. Hartman

Standard metering of electric arc furnaces usually uses root mean square (RMS) or true root mean square (TRMS) measurements for determining power. Only sinusoidal signals are accurately described by RMS meters, and dc or high-frequency components normally are lost in standard TRMS metering. This can lead to inaccuracies when electrical signals are not sinusoidal, contain dc components, or include fast risetime perturbations, as is the case with the electric signals from an electric arc furnace. Electric arc furnace electrical waveforms, observed in research carried out by the U.S. Bureau of Mines, show high-frequency components and significant deviations from sinusoids. These perturbations and distortions make metering difficult for standard power meters. The inaccuracies in metering can cause further problems if those sensors are used in control systems. For control strategies requiring rapid response, any averaging scheme loses information that can be used in control decisions. In order to obtain better signals for both monitoring and control, a study of instantaneous, RMS, and TRMS power monitoring devices was conducted. From this study it was concluded that precision integrated circuits should be used to obtain instantaneous power with a bandwidth of at least 25 kHz. The information from these devices is more representative than that of standard meters and can be used in predictive control.

Jan 1, 2010

By W. T. Wertman

A research program to aid development of better petroleum-recovery technology is in progress at the Appalachian Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines, Morgantown, W. Va. The work is part of the overall effort of the Federal Bureau of Mines to effect true conservation of the Nation's natural resources. Knowledge of the magnitude of the interstitial water content of oil-bearing formations is important to petroleum-reservoir engineers because of the influence of water on fluid flow during oil production and because of the significance of water volume in oil-reserve evaluation. Such information on Appalachian oil-bearing formations is needed to aid in planning secondary oil-recovery projects. Generally, the interstitial water content of oil sands can be estimated by one or more of the following methods: Analysis of cores obtained with oil-base drilling fluid, electric logging, restored-state or capillary-pressure tests, centrifuge tests, evaporation tests, or mercury-injection tests.

Jan 1, 1959

By W. M. Myers

"The continued expansion of modern industry broadens the markets for minerals and their product. With these increasing demands new uses are being found for minerals that heretofore were considered as possessing no commercial possibilities. This tendency is reflected in the nonmetallic field in a constantly increasing demand for minerals formerly considered to be of scientific interest only, Furthermore, nonmetallic minerals of established commercial importance are used in new ways in various products, and this tends to expand the markets for these minerals. Some recent outstanding developments in applications of minerals are given in the following pages.The Andalusite GroupAmong the minerals that until recently were considered of scientific interest only, may be listed those of the andalusite group. This group is composed of the three minerals, andalusite, cyanite (or kyunite), and sillmanite, which are all forms of the compound Al2SiO5 (A1203, S1O2), and are therefore identical in chemical composition, but differ in physical properties,"

Mar 1, 1924

By Albert L. Toenges

The development of Alaska depends on the existence of an adequate fuel supply in the Territory. The need to investigate coal deposits was recognized as early as 1911, when the first investigations were conducted in Alaska by engineers of the Bureau of Mines. Conditions existing in the Bering River and Matanuska coal fields, as found by Dr. Robert A. Holmes, former Director of the Bureau of Mines, are described by the Honorable W. L. Fisher, former Secretary of the Interior./ Following Dr. Holmes' investigation, a party of Bureau of Mines engi¬neers headed by R. Y. Williams visited the Bering River field in 1912 in cooperation with the Navy Department. A detailed examination was made of the Bering River field, and 855 tons of coal were mined from three prospects on Trout Creek. This bulk sample was delivered to the Navy for steaming and other tests. A description of the work of the field party and results of tests of the coal by the Navy Department and the Bureau of Mines has been published.

Jan 1, 1949

By P. L. Sibrell

The U.S. Bureau of Mines has tested cyanide leaching for recovery of palladium (Pd) from spent petroleum processing catalysts. Three different catalyst samples were supplied by a spent-catalyst processor. These catalysts consisted of a zeolite base and contained 0.4 to 0.7 pct Pd. During alkaline cyanide leaching, the catalysts exhibited ion-exchange properties due to their zeolite matrices. Hydrogen ions were released from the zeolite in exchange for sodium ions in solution, resulting in a significant decrease in solution pH. This could present a safety hazard because of the potential for release of toxic hydrogen cyanide gas. A pretreatment step where the catalysts were contacted with a 1.0M sodium hydroxide solution was found to prevent the pH shift from occurring. Following the sodium hydroxide pretreatment, two stages of leaching at 160 °C with solution containing 1 pct sodium cyanide and 0.1[M] sodium hydroxide gave at least 75 and up to 95 pct Pd recovery. The Pd was quantitatively recovered from the leach solution by thermal decomposition in an autoclave at 250°C for 1 h. The Pd content of the precipitate was over 50 pct. Thermal decomposition also decreased the total cyanide content of the barren solution to less than 0.2 mg/L. The catalyst leach residues passed the Federal Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure and the California Waste Extraction Test, indicating that landfill disposal of the leach residues would be acceptable.

Jan 1, 2010

By J. F. McCoy

The quantitative determination of the mass rate of flow of methane in an underground airway is calculated as the product of the methane concentration and the air flow rate. Velocities are taken at several points and then averaged over the airway cross section to determine the total volume flow. Errors in velocity measurement thereby result in errors in total volume flow as well as the mass flow rate of methane. The purpose of this program was to evaluate existing instrumentation for measuring air velocities in the speed range under 2000 feet per minute; to evaluate the method for determining total air volume flow from the velocity measurements; to evaluate new techniques which may be applied to measuring air velocities; and to design a prototype instrument which represents the best technique based on the evaluation. The instrument should be: a. portable b. self-contained c. insensitive to dust, moisture and temperature changes d. safe for use in gassy mines

Jan 1, 1972

By B. C. Parks

This is the first of a series of reports on the relation between microscopic composition and chemical and physical properties of banded bituminous coals. It describes the relation between microscopic composition and behavior during thermal decomposition of a heterogeneous, high-volatile A bituminous coal from the Chilton bed in West Virginia. The standard free-swelling test was used as a simple means of studying the effect of heat on the coal. Although swelling indexes are not precise indicators of coal behavior in the coke oven and have limited value in caking investigations, they are reliable for predicting expansion of coal in a fuel bed and have practical value in the study of fuels. The swelling test also supplements other useful laboratory tests for determining the plastic and expansion properties of coal.

Jan 1, 1957

By L. D. Tracy

"This paper represents work conducted by the Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the Illinois Geological Survey and the Engineering Experiment Station of the University of Illinois.IntroductionThe present report covers conditions and mining royalties in District VIII of the coal fields of Illinois, as designated by the Illinois Geological Survey. The various districts have been described in the reports on the Illinois coal-mining investigations, carried on cooperatively by the Illinois Geological Survey, the engineering experiment station of the University of Illinois, and the U. S. Bureau of Mines. This district includes Vermilion and Edgar Counties, but as the coal-mining operations in Edgar County amounted to only 827 tons in 1923, the data here given have been confined to Vermilion County.A similar report on District VI (Williamson and Franklin Counties) has been issued as Serial 2722 of the Bureau of Minos.A description of geological and mining conditions, and a discussion of market and transportation facilities, have been included because these have an important bearing on the royalties specified and the general conditions of the lease.Mining ConditionsDistrict VIII is better known as the Danville district and in 1923 produced 4,177,000 tons of coal, or approximately L per cent of the total output for the entire State for that year, which was 79,300,000 tons."

Apr 1, 1926

By F. F. Aplan, J. A. Gutierrez-Rodriguez

"Contact-angle and flotation techniques were used to evaluate the influence of oxygen - both that inherent in the coal and that introduced by ambient temperature, aqueous oxidation - on a wide range of coal ranks. Oxidation was found to decrease the hydrophobicity and floatability of coal; with the effect being minor for coals of high rank but becoming increasingly important as the rank of coal is reduced. As an approximation, oxidation makes a coal behave as if it were one of lower rank. Frother only flotation' of coal· correlates with the captive-bubble contact angle whereas when oil is used as a collector, the flotation appears to follow the pattern shown by the water sessile drop on a fresh, un-reagentized coal surface. Coal recovery lost through oxidation may often be recovered by use of a variety of collectors, of which No. 2 foe! oil is among the best of those reagents tested. A simple alkali-extraction test may be used to estimate the influence of oxidation on coal preparation processes and use.INTRODUCTIONThe hydrophobicity of coal is not only a function of its rank but also of the extent of oxidation of the coal during and subsequent to its formation. Weathering and oxidation processes may proceed in-situ for coal deposits that outcrop near the earth's surface, or the oxidation of the coal particles may occur during mining, stockpiling or processing. Such oxidation, whether it affects the bulk-coal sample or on1y a thin outer layer on the coal surface, can dramatically influence the wettability of the particle and hence such processes as flotation, filtration, flocculation and dispersion.Many of the studies made on the oxidation of coals ·were designed to study its effect on flotation, coking or pyrolysis. The. present study 'is directed exclusively toward the effect of oxidation on the hydrophobicity and floatability of the coal. One of the first studies of the effect of oxidation on coal flotation was that of Sun [l] who found that as oxidation proceeds, coal becomes progressively more hydrophilic. Low-temperature oxidation (100-150°C for 250 h) generally lowered the coal floatability with an oily collector only slightly, but more extensive oxidation (200- 3500 C for 250 h) reduced coal floatability seriously. Sun also found that cationic amines were effective collectors for the oxidized coal which infers that oxidation makes the coal more negative in solution. He attributed the loss of floatability to be due to the accumulation of water-insoluble oxidation products at the coal surface. Gayle et al. [2] found that oxidation adversely affected coal flotation when an aliphatic-alcohol frother was used, though a small amount of oxidation appeared to improve the floatability of some coals using a kerosene-pine oil, collector-frother mixture in pilot-plant testing. Prolonged oxidation adversely affected the flotation recovery of the coals tested, the effect being more pronounced when an alcoholic-type frother only was used. They also noted that the reduction in floatability of lower rank bituminous coals was more affected by oxidation than was that of higher rank bituminous coals."

Jan 1, 1989

By Robert F. Chaiken

The U.S. Bureau of Mines conducted an experimental and theoretical study of coupled chemical kinetic and mass transport processes during leaching of pyrite from coal in a counterflow, "trickle-bed" column reactor. Spatial and temporal data on reactant and product concentrations were used as solutions to appropriate continuity equations, which in turn define chemical kinetic reaction rates. Data from four 180-by 30-cm column leaching experiments using coal, coal waste, and air-water and air-FeC13 lixiviants have been analyzed. The rate of leaching was found to be diffusion limited (probably by Fe3+) and not controlled by bacterial action. Rates of pyrite oxidation were found to vary with elapsed time (80 to 225 days) and followed a bell-shaped curve, sometimes with a delay before start of reaction. Maximum rates of reaction ranged from 3 to 10 (mmol/d)/L (column) for coal waste and 0.4 (mmol/d)/L (column) for coal. Reaction was 30 to SO pct complete, probably due to precipitation of product salts (e.g., jarosites), which impede transport of oxidant through the coal. An absorption-desorption model of solids leaching, which considers the role of heterogeneous porosity in solids leaching, was used to describe time-dependent leaching rates.

Jan 1, 2010

By Glenn C. Reed

This report is one of a series describing investigations within the Missouri River Basin in Montana made by mining engineers of the Bureau of Mines Minerals Division, Region II. The primary purpose of these investigations is to provide information to agencies of the Department of the Interior and and others concerned with the planning of Federal power developments in the basin. The report contains such factual data as have been authorized for public distribution. The field investigations in Broadwater County were made during the late fall of 1948 and the summer of 1949. Virtually all known metallic mineral deposits and some nonmetallic mineral deposits within the county were investigated. However, some long inactive mines and prospects on which little or no information is of record may have been omitted inadvertently. Many of the mines and prospects have been inactive for extended periods. Most of the underground workings now are inaccessible. Because of such conditions, impressions gained by the inspection of surface features have been supplemented necessarily, where possible, by information obtained from Federal and State publications.

Jan 1, 1951

By Fred D. Wright

Some new equipment for drilling vertical holes, cleaning blast holes, hauling explosives, and conditioning Diesel exhaust gas has been developed. at the Bureau's Experimental Oil-Shale mine near Rifle, Colo, The equipment has application, not only in oil-shale mining, but in many of the country's underground mines in which room-and-pillar methods of mining are employed. This report presents the Bureau's experience in testing the following equipment in the Experimental Oil-Shale mine: 1. A four-drill benching jumbo for drilling 23-foot vertical blast holes 2. A jet borehole blower for efficient cleaning of deep, vertical blast holes. 3. An explosives truck equipped with two compartments to provide safe conveyance for dynamite and detonators. 4. A mobile, electric substation to provide switching equipment, low-voltage and overload protection, and transformer facilities to remote locations in the mine. 5. A chemical conditioner for scrubbing the exhaust gases from Diesel-powered equipment used in underground operations. 6. Other units of equipment which have been tested at the Experimental mine.

Jan 1, 1951

By Travis Q. Lyday

Australia was one of the world's principal producers of minerals and metals, and its minerals industry was a leading catalyst in promoting growth of the country. Australia was the world's largest producer of alumina, bauxite, diamond, ilmenite, monazite, opal, rutile, sapphire, and zircon. It was the premier exporter of alumina, coal, ilmenite, refined lead, monazite, rutile, and zircon, and was the second leading exporter of iron ore, after Brazil. Ranking behind China, the United States, the U.S.S.R., the German Democratic Republic, Poland, and the Federal Re-public of Germany, Australia was the seventh largest producer of coal (all grades) in the world. Australia was the fourth largest gold producer in 1988, after the Republic of South Africa, the Soviet Union, and the United States. It was the second largest producer of zinc, the third largest producer of nickel, the fourth largest producer of uranium, and the seventh largest producer of copper. 2 The country's mineral wealth was so extraordinary that it was virtually self-sufficient in most mineral commodities. Endowed with abundant resources of coal, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, and uranium, Australia was one of the few market economy countries that was a net exporter of mineral fuels. About 90% of Australia's consumption of crude oil was supplied by domestic production; this was expected to decline significantly about 1990, unless significant new oilfields were discovered.

Jan 1, 1990

By Harry W. Campbell

In 1986, at the request of the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Bureau of Mines studied parts of the 19,747-acre Lower John Day (OR-005-006) and 7,538-acre Thirtymile (OR-005-001) Wilderness Study Areas in order to evaluate their identified mineral resources. The study areas are located in Gilliam and Sherman Counties, OR, about 13 mi west of Condon. The area is underlain by the Miocene-age Columbia River Basalt Group. The Thirtymile study area is inferred to have 790,000 yd3 of subeconomic gold resources averaging 93.8 mg/yd3 gold ($1.21 yd3 at a gold price of $400 per oz) in two river bars. The Lower John Day study area has five river bars with gold occurrences totaling 1.0 million yd3 and averaging 13.5 mg/yd3 ($0.17 yd3) gold. A preliminary mining feasibility estimate suggests gold could be profitably mined in the study areas from placer deposits containing at least $3.83 yd3 in gold content. Stone, sand, and gravel occur in the study areas, but more accessible deposits are closer to regional markets. No mines or prospects are in or near the study areas; however, one lode mining claim, now abandoned, was located in the Thirtymile study area. Oil and gas leases cover both study areas.

Jan 1, 1987