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By E. T. Hunter

Surrounded by the 13,000-ft high peaks of the San Juan Mountains in southwestern Colo., the town of Silverton is the site of the extensive development operations initiated 20 months ago by Standard Metals Corp. Appropriately termed the Silverton Project, Standard's operation has now passed the half-way point in its program to reopen two mines that were once sizeable producers of copper, lead, and zinc ores.

Jan 1, 1961

Jan 1, 1888

[Separates of all the Technical Publications published in 1.929 ,are available at Institute headquarters. All the papers are on file in public, university and technical libraries, and when so indicated in the list, maybe found in the TRANSACTIONS.] METAL MINING TECH¬ NICAL PUBLI- TITLE AUTHOR MEETING TRANS. CATION VOLUME No. AND PAGE 182-A-23 The Royal Commission on Mining Henry Louis New York Subsidence Feb., 1929 183-A-24 Cycles in Metal Production D. F. Hewett New York T29t, 65, 93 Feb., 1929 199-A-25 Ventilation ?at the United Verde Oscar A. Glacscr New York T29, 114, 141 Mine Feb., 1929 206-A-26 Air Conditioning in Deep Mines R. W. Waterfill New York T29, 99, 112, Feb., 1929 245-A-27 Bumps in No. 2 Mine, Springhill, Walter Herd New York Nova Scotia (with discussion) Feb., 1929 257-A-28 Misfires: Their Causes, Prevention ? New York and Treatment on Occurrence Feb., 1929 Misfires in Anthracite Coal T. D. Thomas Mines (With Discussion) Misfires in Bituminous Coal W H. Forbes Mines (With Discussion) Misfires in Non-metallic Mining A. W. Worthington (Limestone) (With Discussion)

Jan 1, 1929

Meeting of June 26, 1914.-The President was authorized to appoint Advisory Committees to co operate with the United States Bureau of Mines. The President announced the appointment of Edward H. Benjamin and W. C. Ralston as additional members of the Committee on Arrangements for the San Francisco meeting, 1915. H. T. Van Ells and Judd Stewart were appointed to represent the Institute on a joint committee of several technical societies to consider the standardization of graphical methods for the presentation of statistics. The President announced the appointment of H. Foster Bain to succeed Edward H. Benjamin, resigned, on the Committee of Management of the International Engineering Congress, 1915. The Secretary was authorized to issue a new circular advertising the sale of back Transactions and to sell back Transactions, bound in cloth, at a price of $35 for 46 volumes, provided sufficient orders were received to warrant the special binding. The sum of $177.50 was contributed to the San Francisco Local Section. Upon recommendation of the Committee on Membership, 70 Members, 4 Associate Members and 7 Junior Members were elected to their respective classes; there was also one change of status from Junior Member to Member.

Jan 8, 1914

By Louis D. Huntoon

SHORTLY after publication of the article in the July, 1924, issue Of MINING AND METALLURGY, entitled "Canada as a Gold Producer," requests were received to determine the ownership of production. Advices have also been received that considerable discussion has taken place on the same questions both in Canada and Great Britain. The author is indebted to R. H. Coates, Dominion Statistician, and George C. Bateman, Secretary, Ontario Mining Association, for the following figures and takes this opportunity of expressing his appreciation. There have been no statistics compiled as to ownership of production. Statistics were compiled as of Dec. 31, 1921 relative to the distribution of stocks, bonds and "other securi¬ties" in industrials, agriculture excepted, throughout the Dominion, and "distribution of ownership of securities issued by mining companies incorporated and operating in Ontario" for the same year. Stock registration does not necessarily represent actual ownership' as large blocks may be endorsed and not transferred; neither does registration actually represent production. When the charts are studied individually and collectively one cannot help but be impressed with the fact .that in the mineral industry of Ontario and the Dominion at large, Canadian registration predominates, the United States registration is about half that of Canada, and Great Britain is about half that of the United States. When the nickel-copper industry is excepted the British registration falls to a very low percentage. Since Dec. 31, 1921, British capital has commenced to flow into mining enterprises in Ontario and it has been already rewarded by the discovery of valuable ore deposits.

Jan 1, 1925

Claims of 16 gold mining companies seeking damages from L-208 will be heard in Court of Claims starting Jan. 26. Earlier this year, judges ruled that 3 gold mining companies could sue for damages from the wartime order closing their mines. Congress later waived the statute of limitations thus permitting other gold miners to get in their claims. Despite power shortages third quarter production of aluminum exceeded that of the previous period by 2.2 pct. However, September production was 16 million lb less than in August. Hewitt-Robbins, Inc. dedicated a new $1 million addition to the company's Buffalo, N. Y. belt conveyor plant. New equipment, including a $220,000 press, will make belts up to 70 in, wide, compared with the former limit of 60 in. Charges of a tin cartel in Malaya are not backed up in the latest U. S. Government report according to the Malayan Tin Bureau. The U. S. mission reported that it "did not discover any evidence of curtailment of tin output by the mining and smelting industries." It noted that guerilla activity had halted exploration and expansion attempts by producers.

Jan 1, 1952

By Gerald C. Dohm

INTRODUCTION After a mining company has discovered a mineral deposit, the problem is then how to mine and process that deposit the best way. The principal problem facing managers or engineers who must decide on mine plant size, equipment selection, and long-range scheduling is how one can optimize a property not only in terms of efficiency but also as to project duration. Mine opti¬mization is dependent upon the interaction of con¬tributing parameters which leads to maximizing the net present value (NPV) Realistic mine planning is the key, to the analysis. The process is to be used when evaluating undeveloped properties or when a complete revamping of existing facilities is scheduled The proc¬ess is not intended for detailed mine design but rather for property evaluation and feasibility studies. The derivation of the various input parameters will only be discussed to the point where a meaningful correlation can be made with the overall analysis. The interrelationship of the parameters will be the central point because most company guidelines and financial analysts have their own standards when deriving the various inputs. Assume that the data is totally acceptable and pro¬vides at least the following categories of information and guidelines- (1) mineral and waste inventory; (2) geologic, hydrologic, and geotechnical criteria; (3) topographic layout including property boundaries; (4) metallurgical flowsheet, recovery and design criteria; (5) access, water, power, and environmental base-line study; and (6) financial constraints (minimum rate of return, payback period, etc).

Jan 1, 1979

By M. King Hubbert

THE growth of human knowledge is an evolutionary process. Historically our separate sciences came into existence as people became interested in various apparently unrelated domains of phenomena, and in this manner we acquired the sciences of physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology and geology. As various of these sciences became established, cognizance of them came to be taken by the universities and in this manner there arose the traditional departments of physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology and geology of our American universities. As there was no particular rationality in the boundaries separating the various sciences, in the university departments the jurisdiction of each has assumed quite arbitrary limits. In the domain of earth phenomena the first science to grow up was that of geology, which arose originally from the activities of the collectors science dealing with directly observable terrestrial phenomena for which elementary rational explanations were offered. The traditional treatment of phenomena by the science of geology has rarely been with more than an elementary regard for the fact that these phenomena were also phenomena of physics and chemistry. Since the latter part of the nineteenth century, a new approach to terrestrial phenomena has been emerging and becoming of so great a significance that it can no longer be ignored. This approach has been made by people trained primarily in the sciences of physics and chemistry, who have investigated terrestrial phenomena as constituting phenomena of their respective sciences. In this manner we have acquired the so-called "borderland sciences" of geophysics, the physics of the earth, and of geochemistry, the chemistry of the earth. Neither of these fields is new, having arisen chiefly at the hands of European investigators during the latter part of the nineteenth century. The European universities have long since given official recognition at least to geophysics, by the establishment of departments or institutes of geophysics, which are on a par with the university departments of the other sciences.

Jan 1, 1938

By John S. Brown

The northeastern United States embraces that area of the Appalachian Mountains, and adjacent territory, beginning on the south at the Potomac River. It thus extends from the flat-lying Paleozoic terrane of the Appalachian plateau on the west, across the folded Paleozoics of the Great Valley and adjacent ridges (Paleozoic and Precambrian), over the Piedmont and New England metamorphic complex (mixed Paleozoic and igenous rocks), broken by the great Triassic rift remnants, onto the subdued coastal plain of Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments. Although not noted as a metal mining region, the area does contain numerous substantial and several outstanding mines, chiefly of the more prosaic metals, particularly iron, zinc, and copper, as well as many minor occurrences of these and a few additional items. These deposits occur to some extent in every subdivision of the area. The region to date (1966) has produced almost 500,000,000 tons of medium to lowgrade iron ore, especially magnetite, including ilmenitic magnetite; 50,000,000 tons of highgrade zinc ore; and 5,000,000 tons of lowgrade copper. In the past, it has yielded small amounts of chromite and nickel, and at present is a large producer of titanium. Precious metals are conspicuously absent, and so also are the Tertiary or Mesozoic igneous phenomena so commonly associated with mines of the West. Hence, a survey of the extensive mineralization · of this region should be instructive

Jan 1, 1968

By C. K. Leith

THE interdependence of nations in regard to mineral supplies has grown apace with the expanded needs of industry, with depletion of reserves, and with advances in technology. This increased mutual dependence raises many questions of foreign economic policy of special importance in our postwar planning. Realization of the urgent need for the development of a general mineral policy broadly based on national requirements led to discussions of the problem between officials of the Department of State and myself, as a result of which it was suggested that I make an informal and unofficial canvass of the views of mineral specialists of the country on foreign mineral policy.

Jan 1, 1946

The Garfield plant of the American Smelting & Refining Company is situated about seventeen miles west of Salt Lake City, on the Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad, and has freight service by the Denver & Rio Grande Western. Western Pacific and Bingham & Garfield Railways. The site lies between the picturesque Great Salt Lake, with its mountain islands and the northern point of the Oquirrh Range, which forms the western boundary of the Salt Lake Valley.

Jan 1, 1925

By James A. Clem

Approximately 2000 years ago, the Lord admonished the scribes (lawyers) and pharisees (religious leaders of that time) that they had paid the tithe but had omitted the weightier matters of law, judgment, mercy, and faith. (Matt. 23:23) I want to talk about "The Weightier Matters of Law." In a situation where big government is trying to have an effect on even small details of a work activity, otherwise simple situations become complex. Regulations are written to such detail that constant compliance with strict interpretations can be a nightmare-not to mention off the target of the intended purpose for the regulation. One soon recognizes the onerous characteristics of federal statutes. Another admonition the Lord gave those lawyers and pharisees back then was that they tended to strain at a gnat and swallow a camel! He meant that the pharisees were given to devoting themselves to the strict interpretation of law by writing hundreds of subrules or interpretation to law. In doing so they eventually lost sight of the original purpose of the law. I think they were being told, keep the law-but don't neglect to humanize it Keep it simple Recognize the purpose of why the law. "Mix in" a common sense approach. Someone once said, "Common sense is instinct -enough of it is genius." Today, as 2000 years ago, we need more "genius" displayed by legislators in considering the weightier matters of law. First of all true legislature genius calls for a declarative statement about the purpose of the statute and a fair, objective analysis of the ground rules by which it will be implemented. In the Health & Safety Act of 1969, the "findings and purpose" as set forth in Section 2 do define its purpose. I believe most of us affected can be in accord with the reasons advanced for the legislation. However, beyond those well-intentioned few paragraphs, we very quickly run into trouble. Congress complicated the simplicity of the statement of purpose by mandating government intervention into areas that cannot be effectively legislated, nor even should be legislated. The Act provided for broad gaged regulation which is unnecessary, inappropriate, and tremendously costly. Frankly, it detracts from a constructive, cooperative effort by the parties involved. These are strong negatives which characterize inappropriate legislation. Appropriate legislation and subsequent regulation, which is realistically conceived and practically enforced must be born of an honest desire for improvement, based on a working knowledge of common problems which are thoughtfully analyzed. Then the legislation must be written in clear concise language so that there can be little or no doubt as to its literal meaning and intent. To be practically enforced, it must be understood by all who will enforce it and by all who are subject to it. That is to say, an effective law or standard cannot be fixed or inflexible so that it cannot be tempered in human judgment. There must be an elasticity in the statute to provide for consideration of all of the relevant facts of a given situation. Such elasticity makes the compliance effort as meaningful as it can be for the time and dollars invested. Meaningful compliance requires room for common sense. Today, we in business along with our associates in government and labor, urgently need to pause, and assess our current situation. The problems arising from the 1969 Act have been intensified through the Mine Safety & Health Act of 1977. After reading the "findings and purpose" of this legislation, and by process of elimination, we should all clearly see what is and is not the purpose of the Act. 1) It is not to turn the management of private industry over to government. 2) It is not to impair the efficient operation of business. 3) It is not to reduce productivity and profits. 4) It is not to reduce national unemployment. 5) It is not to perpetuate the bureaucracy. 6) It is not to increase the tax burden on an already overburdened people. 7) It is not to increase our balance of payments deficit. 9) It is not to replace management/labor relations in working together to solve problems.

Jan 1, 1981

By William F. Boericke

KIRKLAND LAKE and Porcupine in 1931 accounted for more than $41,625,000 of Ontario's total gold production of $43,117,688. For the first time, the younger camp surpassed the older in gold output, producing $21,734,000 against $19,891,000 for Porcupine. Present output of both camps is increasing, and should pass the record figures of 1931 before the year is out. In May of this year, Porcupine mines milled 285,759 tons, with a bullion value of $1,810,009; the corresponding figures for Kirkland mines are 149,188 tons and $2,104,757. A much higher average value per ton for Kirkland ore, $14.10 against $6.33 average for Porcupine accounts for the difference. The two fields are about 100 miles apart by rail, and there are important differences in the character of the ores, which accounts largely for the difference in milling costs and in final tailing values, despite excellent metallurgical work in both the fields.

Jan 1, 1932

By executive order of the President, dated June 25, 1918, the investigation of matters relating to gas warfare, which had been initiated by the Director of the U. S. Bureau of Mines early in 1917, and had been continuously maintained and improved since, that time, was transferred to the recently created Division of Gas Warfare of the War Department. On the occasion of this transfer, both the President and the Secretary of War took occasion to speak most highly of the efficient service that had been rendered by the Bureau of Mines. It gives us great pleasure to reproduce here a letter from the President and from the Secretary of War, bearing on this subject and also to append a brief review of the work of the Bureau of Mines, prepared by its Director, Mr. Van H. Manning. The White House, Washington. June 26, 1918. MY DEAR MR. MANNING: I have had before me for some days the-question presented by the Secretary of War involving the transfer of the chemical section established by you at the American University from the Bureau of Mines to the newly organized Division-of Gas Warfare in which the War Department is now concentrating all the various facilities for offensive and defensive gas operations. I am satisfied that a more efficient organization can he effected by having these various activities under one direction and control, and my hesitation about acting in the matter has grown only out of a reluctance to take away from the Bureau of Mines a piece of work which thus far it has so effectively performed. The Secretary of War has assured me of his own recognition of the splendid work you have been able to do, and I am taking the liberty of enclosing a letter which I have received from him, in order that you may-see how fully the War Department recognizes the value of the services. I am to-day signing the order directing the transfer. I want, however, to express to you my own-appreciation of the fine and helpful piece of work which you-have-done, and to. say that this sort of team work by the bureaus outside of the direct war-making agency is one of the cheering and gratifying evidences of the way our official forces are inspired by the presence of a great national task. Cordially yours, Dr. Van. H. Manning, WOODROW WILSON. Chief, Bureau of Mines, Department of the Interior. War Department, Washington, June 25, 1918. MY DEAR MR. PRESIDENT: In connection with the proposed transfer of the chemical section at. American University from the Bureau of Mines to the newly constituted and consolidated Gas Service of the War Department, which you are considering, I am specially concerned to have you know how much the War Department appreciates the splendid services which have been rendered to the country and to the Army by the Department of the Interior, and especially by the Bureau of Mines under the direction of Dr. Manning. In the early days of preparation and organization, Dr. Manning's contact with scientific men throughout the country was indispensably valuable. He was able to summon from the universities and the technical laboratories of the country men of the highest quality and to inspire them with enthusiastic zeal in attacking new and difficult problems which had to be solved with the utmost speed. I do not see how the work could have been better done than he did it, and the present suggestion that the section now pass under the direction and control of the War Department grows out of the fact that the whole subject of gas warfare has assumed a fresh pressure and intensity, and the director of it must have the widest control so as to be able to use the resources at his command in the most effective way possible. The proposal does not involve the disruption of the fine group of scientific men Dr. Manning has brought together, but merely their transfer to General Sibert's direction. Respectfully yours, NEWTON D. BAKER.

Jan 9, 1918

[A Aall, Christian H., M49 A Dir, Smelt & Ref, Am. Metal Climax, Inc., 1270 Ave. of the Americas, New York 20, N. Y. Aaroe, S. L., A54 A VP, W. S. Tyler Co. of Canada Ltd., P. O. Box 100, St. Catharines, Ont., Canada Abalos, Teodulo Q., J57 A Prod Frmn, Lepanto Cons. Mining Co., Lepanto, Mt. Province, Philippines Abbitt, James M., A54 770 Sole Blvd., Bartow, Fla. Abdullah, M. Y., J53 Dept. of Mines Res. Div., P. O. Box 1016 Tiger Lane,-Ipoh Peram, Malaya Abel, John F., Jr., J53 F Mine Engr, Thompson Creek Coal & Coke, Carbondale, Colo. Abell, Leo M., M31 B Const Supt, Phelps Dodge Corp., Morenci, Ariz. Abendroth, H. E., A57 Mangore Australia Pty. Ltd., 901 Hay St., Perth, W. Aust.,, Australia Abenius, Hakan V., M52 Falun, Sweden]

Jan 1, 1961

By Albert Sauveur

IT WAS in June, 1889, that I was first admitted to the society of educated men. The admission ticket had been signed, on the recommendation of my old and beloved teacher, Bobby Richards, by General Francis A. Walker at the time President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an institution familiarly known as M. I. T. I immediately proceeded to take advantage of that privilege by departing for Steelton, Pennsylvania, where I understood I was eagerly awaited by the educated officials of the Pennsylvania Steel Company. I was some. what disappointed at the casualness of my reception and at being tucked away in that preserve closet of steel works known as the chemical laboratory. At Steelton I met Major Bent who was president of the company. When I say "met," that is a figure of speech as my acquaintance with him was confined to my being shown

Jan 1, 1937

By E. O. Wagner, V. F. Parry

This paper summarizes investigations during 1949 on three pilot plants for drying low-rank fine cool by entrainment in hot gases. Detailed operating results on processing seven coals having moisture ranging from 24 to 62 pct, formulas and data for calculating performance of large units, and general conclusions on the problem of drying fine coal are presented.

Jan 1, 1950

By B. Yarar, J. Kaoma

[Introduction The critical surface tension of wetting of hydrophobic materials has been investigated extensively by Zisman et al. (1973) and relates the spreading of a liquid on a solid to the surface tension of this liquid. Thus, the Zisman ap¬proach shows that a plot of Cos 0 versus ?LV where, 0 is the contact angle and ?LV is the surface tension of that liquid in contact with its own vapor at equilibrium, produces a straight line which can be extrapolated to Cos 0 = 1. The intercept corresponds to a given ?LV, termed the critical surface tension of wetting. In instances, however, Cos 0 - ?LV plots show deviations from linearity. Alternative approaches have also included the plotting of adhesion tension (YLV COs 0) versus ?LV that can be interpreted in terms of critical surface tension data (Lucassen-Reynders, 1963). It has, on the other hand, been customary to correlate contact angle (0) with flotation data, although it is recognized that surface inhomogeneities and related contact angle hysteresis limit the interpretations pertaining to solid surface structures purely based on contact angle measurements. It is nonetheless true that 0 = 0, when the liquid is water, corresponds to a hydrophilic solid. Determination of ?c by contact angle measurements in conformity with the Zisman approach can encounter experimental difficulties, especially when solids are in a powder form. Following the reasoning that 0 = 0 corresponds to the hydrophilic state of a solid, froth flotation experiments can be expected to produce critical surface tension of wetting values for powders. The technique that consists of plotting recovery (% R) versus YLV data and extrapolating the linear part of the curve to % R = 0, has been described elsewhere (Yarar and Kaoma, 1984). This paper describes some of the results obtained by the extrapolation technique mentioned above, using various sulfide minerals. Experimental Materials Molybdenite (MoS2), sphalerite (ZnS), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), chalcocite (Cu2S), and galena (PbS) were handsorted from massive samples and ground by mortar and pestle, and the -147 Fan fraction used in experiments; sulfur (S) was a C.P. Fisher Scientific Co. product. Method One gram powder samples were conditioned for three minutes in methanol-water solutions of predetermined surface tension values and the percents recovered by flotation using a Partridge-Smith Cell (Partridge and Smith, 1972), were plotted against each ?LV value. Results and Discussion The percent recovery versus ?LV for two naturally hydrophobic solids, i.e., natural molybdenite, MoS2 and sulfur are given in Fig. 1 where it is seen that ?c for sulfur is obtained as 31.5 mNm-1 whereas for MoS2, it is 26 mNm-1. Figure 1 also shows that the new flotation technique described, for estimating ?c is in good agreement with the Zisman method. Curves obtained by the same method for the minerals Cu2S, PbS, and ZnS are given in Fig. 2, where it is seen that for Cu2S, ZnS, and PbS, the extrapolation to % R = 0 produces ?c values of 36, 39, and 49 mNm-1, respectively. CuFeS2, on the other hand, gives a curve that does not permit such an extrapolation to obtain a ?c value with certainty. Nonetheless, treatment of the powder with 8.95 X 10-5 molar Na2S solution followed by washing with distilled water prior to flotation effects the curves as shown in the insert of Fig. 2. The type of curves given in Fig. 1 appear to be typical of hydrophobic solids as can also be observed in Fig. 3. The composition of solid and minute quantities of inclusions seem to play an important role as regards the surface properties of solids as reflected by the slope of the linear part of the % R - ?LV plot and thus the value of ?c obtained by this technique. For example, MoS2 of three different stoichiometric compositions produced the data given below. [MoS2MoS2.14Mo1.002S2 ?c mNm-126.029.031.0 dR/d?8.95.23.0]]

Jan 1, 1985

By W. F. Durfee

In the year 1862 the author of this paper was called upon to design and superintend the erection and working of the machinery of an experimental works for the production of steel by a process

Jan 1, 1884

By C. S. Barrett, D. F. Clifton

THE transformation that occurs in lithium and its solid solutions containing magnesium1,2 is similar in many respects to other diffusionless transformations of the martensitic type. This general similarity makes it desirable to investigate the transformation curves in detail. The current interest in the phenomenon of stabilization in martensitic transformations has created a need for a careful appraisal of possible stabilization effects in both cooling and heating transformations in lithium alloys. The effect of prior heat treatment on the temperature at which transformation begins and the effect of various temperature cycles in partially transformed alloys also merit attention. Limited data on some of these features were presented previously,' but the present studies have been made with improved apparatus, in which erratic fluctuations were smaller than in the earlier work, and include many independent determinations of certain critical observations. Material and Methods Geiger counter X-ray spectrometers were used: a Norelco instrument, original model, and a General Electric XRD-3. The low-temperature specimen holder has been described elsewhere." Specimens 10 mm in diam and 1.5 mm thick were held in firm contact with a copper block which was attached to the lower end of a stainless steel tube that extended up to a reservoir of liquid nitrogen. A heating coil on the tube permitted a controlled temperature gradient along the tube, so that desired temperatures and rates of heating and cooling could be obtained by controlling the heating current. The specimen was surrounded by an atmosphere of evaporated nitrogen in an insulated chamber having double cellophane windows. The temperature of the specimen was read by a thermocouple imbedded in it close to the irradiated area; the specimen could be held at constant temperature within 1°C for long periods. The body-centered cubic 200 reflection near 8 = 26" was used as the index of the amount of b.c.c. material present; occasional checks were made using the most suitable line of the low-temperature phase, the close-packed hexagonal 110 line near 8 = 29". Copper radiation was used throughout. A continuous record was made of the reflected intensities on a strip chart recorder, both when the peak intensity of a line was being followed and when the lines were being scanned at constant temperature. On the continuous recordings of peak intensity, periodic checks were made on the background intensity between the lines, and on the setting of the spectrometer for maximum intensity. The lithium-base solid solution containing 12.4 atomic pct Mg (33.3 wt pct) that had been used previously' was chosen, as it had a transformation range at relatively high temperatures, so as to permit wide temperature cycling within the range. Just prior to use a pellet was cut from the ingot,

Jan 1, 1951