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By Robert E. Barieau

In the design of plants to separate helium from natural gas, it is necessary to estimate the enthalpies of the various streams at various positions in the process. This Bureau of Mines report surveys the various methods that have been used to determine enthalpies and gives information on the organizations with such capabilities. The minimum information required for developing an enthalpy diagram is presented, and the relative merits of the various methods are discussed. It is concluded that methods that require no mass flow rate or energy measurements are to be preferred.

Jan 1, 1965

Applications of helium in aerostatics, cryogenics, space, and undersea work are described in papers from the Helium Applications Symposium. Specific subjects include investigations of X-ray sources by means of balloon-borne instruments, meteorological soundings by balloons, powered lighter-than-air flight, tethered balloons, refrigeration techniques, large superconductive magnets, electronic devices, superconducting transmission lines, high-precision thermal conductivity analysis, He3-He4 dilution refrigerators, uses of helium in the atomic energy program, helium-cooled nuclear reactors, power- plant applications for high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, helium welding of stainless steel tubing and pipe, development of helium-shielded arc welding, helium as a diluent in spacecraft atmospheres, helium utilization in the Saturn-Apollo program, and helium utilization in diving environments. Papers from the Helium Centennial Symposium at the national meeting of the American Chemical Society cover the history of the discovery of helium, the history of its development by the Bureau of Mines from a laboratory curiosity to an important item of commerce, the source of helium in natural gases, the world of liquid helium, and liquid helium-3.

Jan 1, 1969

By Kenneth Wardell

Those flat lying, bedded or replacement, non-fossil fuel deposits which exist within the U.S.A., and which are amenable to longwall mining, are identified by reference to three principal factors associated with their physical/geological environments. These are their depth, extent and structural continuity. Technical feasibility is assessed in relation to the likely cutting speeds which can be achieved in the identified minerals with existing longwall shearer machines. Economic comparisons are made between traditional mining operations in those deposits for which technical feasibility is demonstrable. Continents are made concerning those technical deficiencies which appear to preclude the application of existing longwall equipment to the identified deposits and suggestions are made regarding the lines of research aimed at improving longwall technology.

Jan 1, 1978

By Robert J. Shanley

The computer program, HYBMODE, has been developed to meet the need for a fast and economical method for clustering data points on the sphere. The algorithm used in this development is an extension of D. Wishart's one-level mode analysis. The program can be used to cluster either vectorial or axial data; it is currently being used by the Bureau of Mines to cluster fracture orientations.

Jan 1, 1974

By Lawrence G. Houk

In modern warfare mica is truly indispensable. The coordination of combatant units necessitates maintenance of intricate communications equipment, in the construction of which high-grade sheet mica is essential. Scrap, ground, and the poorer qualities of block mica, which are less essential to the military program, are not considered in this paper. Furthermore, as the paper is designed primarily to assist mica miners, mica derivatives such as splittings and films are also excluded from discussion. The paper therefore relates solely to block mica of strategic quality.

Jan 1, 1942

By D. Harrington

When the word "gas"' is mentioned in connection with mining almost invariably it is inferred that the explosive gas, methane, is in mind and that the reference is to coal mining. Although methane is likely to occur in any coal mine the metal mines of the world contain by far a greater variety of gases than do the coal mines. Often the gases in metal mines are as dangerous as the gases likely to be found in coal mines, and sometimes are even more deadly. A coal mine is more likely to contain methane than a metal mine. In rare instances it may contain high percentages of nitrogen or carbon dioxide or it may be deficient in oxygen where the air is confined in a blind end or in a sealed region. Much more rarely relatively small percentages of ethane or other hydrocarbons with an odor of ether, gasoline, or kerosene, or minute percentages of hydrogen sulphide are found in a coal mine. During a coal-mine fire or explosion carbon monoxide content is likely to be high (4 per cent or more), and if the coal contains much sulphur the high fumes may contain some sulphur dioxide.

Jan 1, 1931

A compilation of papers presented at The Second WVU Conference on Coal Mine E1ectrotechnology in Morgantown, West Virginia on June 12 -14, 1974. Papers cover areas of electric power, electronic communications, detection and location of trapped miners, and electronic sensors and monitoring systems.

Jan 1, 1974

By Joseph M. Kurtak

The Bureau of Mines (Bureau) and the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) conducted a 4-year (1979-1982) mineral assessment study of the Chugach National Forest (CNF), Ak, as part of the Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II) Program. The USGS remapped the geology and distribution of mineral resources. The Bureau investigated mines, prospects, and mineral occurrences. This report describes the results of Bureau work in the central 790,880 acres of the Forest. Copper, with by-product zinc, silver, and gold, has been the major metal produced from the study area as well as from the entire Chugach National Forest. The majority of the copper deposits are concentrated within basaltic rocks on Knight Island but the major producers are hosted by sedimentary rocks on Latouche Island. Approximately 182.6 million lb of copper, 1.5 million oz of silver, and an unknown but substantial amount of gold were produced during a 30 year period. Currently no mines in the area are producing. Inferred, indicated and measured reserves having mineral development potential total 4.6 million tons, with weighted average grades of 1.6% copper, 0.30 oz silver/ton, and 0.04 oz gold/ton.

Jan 1, 2011

By Everard Leland

This paper, describing the mining practices at the Pilares mine, Pilares de Nacozari, Sonora, Mexico, is one of a series being prepared by the Bureau of Mines on mining practices, methods, and costs in the various mining districts. At present (1930) practically all the mineral production from the Nacozari district is from the Pilares mine of the Moctezuma Copper Co., a subsidiary of the Phelps Dodge Corporation. The ore is mined for its copper but contains associated silver in small quantities.

Jan 1, 1930

In October, the Aluminum Company of America restarted the fourth of seven pot-lines at its Point Comfort, Tex. primary aluminum smelter. The price of primary aluminum ingot, as quoted by American Metal Market, was increased from a range of 60.5 to 63.0 cents per pound at the end of September to a range of 66.0 to 66.5 cents per pound at the end of October. BERYLLIUM On October 15, Brush Wellman, Inc., of Cleveland, one of two U.S. producers of primary beryllium products, announced a planned $6 million expansion of its extraction plant at Delta, Utah, increasing the plant?s capacity to extract beryllium from bertrandite ore by 25%. Another $5 million will be spent on two mine expansion programs in Jaub and Millard Counties, Utah. Other mineral claims and 1 eases he 1 d by The Anaconda Company will be taken over by Brush Wellman through lease or purchase. This expansion, when completed in 1981, will decrease U.S. dependence on imported beryl ore.

Jan 1, 1979

By Arthur Matzick

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Jan 1, 1966

By L. G. Marshall

This report presents a cross section of the sand and gravel operations in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. The study covers individual operations, economic problems peculiar to the industry, glacial geology of the area and its effect upon the grades and types of products, and past, present, and future trends of the expanding population and its effect upon the industry.

Jan 1, 1963

By L. G. Marshall

This report presents a cross section of the sand and gravel operations in the Minneapolis-St. Paul area. The study covers individual operations, economic problems peculiar to the industry, glacial geology of the area and its effect upon the grades and types of products, and past, present, and future trends of the expanding population and its effect upon the industry.

Jan 1, 1963

1. Domestic Production and Use: In 1977, 12 companies operated 31 primary aluminum reduction plants, with 3 firms accounting for 65% of production capacity. Washington, Oregon, and Montana accounted for 31% of the total capacity; Gulf Coast States 23%, Northern States 26%, and other Southern States 20%. Based on estimated producer prices output of primary metal in 1977 Has valued at $4.6 billion. Aluminum consumption by 25,000 firms was centered 'in the East Central United States. Of aluminum consuming industries in 1977, building accounted for about 25%; packaging 22%; transportation 21%; electrical 11%; consumer durables 9%; and other uses, 12%.

Jan 1, 1978

By A. N. Baldwin

This report documents work performed under Bureau of Mines Contract J0265029 to study and develop two innovative mining systems: ? An underground auger capable of augering into the right and left ribs without repositioning the machine ? A conventional mining system employing recently developed innovative machinery. The report is separated into two volumes to document the two studies separately. Volume I describes work performed and the recommended concept for a bidirectional auger. Volume II describes the studies of mining equipment performance and mining plane developed to determine a conventional mining plan offering improved productivity.

Jan 1, 1977

By William O. Vanderburg

[This circular is one of two papers on the tungsten industry in the United States end contains general information on the subject. The second paper which will be issued in the near future deals with the methods ailed costs of mining and milling tungsten ores. These two papers are abstracts from the general bulletin on tungsten which will be issued at some future time Modern civilization and progress depend largely on tools wherewith the forces of nature are brought under control and directed toward human comfort. These tools are made chiefly from metals derived from the earth's crust. During the present century powerful tools have been made available through the development of ferrous and. nonferrous alloys containing such elements as molybdenum, vanadium, titanium, tantalum, and tungsten, which were little used before 1900. One of the most important of these so-called rare elements is tungsten; its use ins alloys for high-speed cutting tool is partly responsible for the era of mass production. So widespread has the use of alloys become that the period may be termed an "Alloy Age".]

Jan 1, 1935

By Katherine A. Klein

Refuge chambers may potentially save the lives of miners during a mine emergency. For this reason, it is crucial that miners know how to operate them. Unfortunately, because refuge chambers provide so many services, they can be very complicated and difficult to operate. Therefore, NIOSH has created this document with suggestions for developing manuals and educational materials. A multidisciplinary team comprised of NIOSH engineers, sociologists, psychologists, health communication professionals, and geologists developed the recommendations contained in this document. These recommendations are based on an evaluation of manufacturers? instruction manuals from both the U.S. and globally, interviews with over 20 mining and safety experts, and an extensive literature review. This research, focused on the best practices for refuge chambers, led to the formulation of this document. It is intended to offer suggestions to manufacturers and mine operators on how to create effective and easy-to-understand training manuals for miners as well as tips to create the most comfortable and usable refuge chambers. It should be noted that these recommendations are not meant to substitute for manufacturer-supplied materials but rather to be used in conjunction with manufacturer?s materials. Manufacturers should always be consulted for up-to-date information about their chamber. Although different states and different mines refer to underground refuges by different names, this guide will simply refer to underground refuges nearest to the face as refuge chambers, whether inflatable from a skid or constructed from steel. Other popular terms for refuge chambers are rescue chambers, rescue shelters, and refuge shelters. Refuges that are nearer to the shaft, whether a prefabricated refuge chamber or one built into a crosscut, will be referred to as outby refuges because of their location in the mine. Outby refuges can be permanent, semipermanent, or portable and are usually located at every other SCSR cache. Outby refuges are sometimes called hardened rooms, outby shelters, and in-place shelters. When discussing outby refuges and refuge chambers collectively, this guide will refer to them as underground refuges. Other terms for underground refuges include refuge alternatives, locations of safety, and safe havens. This document is designed to be read either cover to cover or by specific section. It is recommended that on first read, this guide be read cover to cover. In subsequent readings, manufacturers and mine operators may find it easier to use the table of contents page to locate specific information on parts of the refuge chamber.

Jan 1, 2009

1. Domestic Production and Use: In 1975.12 companies operated 31 primary aluminum reduction plants, with 3 firms accounting for 67% of production capacity. Washington, Oregon, and Montana accounted for 37% of the total production; Gulf Coast States 21%, Northern States 29%, and other Southern States 13%. Output of primary metal in 1975 was valued at $3.0 billion. Aluminum consumption by 25,000 firms was centered in the East Central United States. Of aluminum consuming industries in 1975, building accounted for about 21%; transportation 19%; electrical 14%; packaging 18%; and consumer durables, 9%.

Jan 1, 1976

By Donald F. Reed

During the first 6 months of 1948 the Bureau of Mines investigated the titania, deposit on the Wynn 0. Christy property in northern Hot Spring County, Ark. The property is situated in Magnet Cove, about half a mile north of the Magnet Store and U. S. Highway 270 (fig. 1). The purpose of the investigation was to determine the extent and grade of the ore body and to obtain a representative sample of the ore in as nearly natural condition as possible for use in metallurgical testing. All of the titania that has been marketed from Arkansas mines has been in the form of rutile from a deposit about 2 miles west of the Christy property. The titania in the Christy property occurs principally as brookite, which, with fragments of novaculite, quartz, and limonite, is imbedded in red clay. It is difficult to recover a core of the material. Three types of drills - a diamond drill, a bucket drill, and a Baker cable-coring tool operated on a churn rig - were employed in an effort to procure proper samples in their natural state. The Baker tool was found to be the most efficient and to be capable of drilling to a depth of 150 feet, making 80 to 100 percent core recovery (fig. 8). Total footage drilled was 1,536.9 in 21 holes, of which 7 were diamond-drill holes, 13 were bucket drill holes, and one was drilled with the Baker tool. The ore body was found to be 900 feet long, 500 feet wide, and more than 141 feet deep and contained 5.8 percent TiO2 and 0.52 percent 1720. Most of the deeper drill holes bottomed in ore, and there is a possibility that the ore may persist to a depth of several hundred feet. The Metallurgical Division of the Bureau of Mines is conducting experimental work at the Mississippi Valley Experiment Station at Rolla, Mo., for the purpose of developing methods of concntrating and utilizing the ore.

Jan 1, 1949

By Robert E. Barieau

In the design of plants to separate helium from natural gas , it is necessary to estimate the enthalpies of the various streams at various positions in the process . This Bureau of Mines report surveys the various methods that have been used to determine enthalpies and gives information on the organizations with such capabilities . The minimum information required for developing an enthalpy diagram is presented , and the relative merits of the various methods are discussed . It is concluded that methods that require no mass flow rate or energy measurements are to be preferred .

Jan 1, 1965