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By Mary E. Cocklan-Vendl

Regulatory processes associated with development of major mining operations in Alaska and British columbia were evaluated using specific case studies. Included were one hard rock mine in Alaska (Red Dog Mine), one hard rock mine In British Columbia (Snip Mine), and one offshore gold dredging project in Alaska (WestGold SIMA). Based on a comparison of the three case studies, it became clear that the primary incentives for cost effective permitting are: 1) early and continuing coordination of proposed project plans, designs and schedules with key regulatory agencies and local area residents and 2) development of a sufficient level of baseline information on air quality, water quality, wetlands, endangered species, fish and wildlife, and socia-cultural conditions to support the required permit application. The U.S. permitting process worked in much the same way as the Canadian permitting process. Disincentives of mine permitting include high initial costs for baseline data gathering. However, a relatively high early investment resulted in more efficient permit acquisition and reduced long-term monitoring requirements. A common problem Identified was the inadequate supply of trained agency personnel with the requisite technical and permitting experience. This sometimes resulted in poor decisions and unnecessary changes in project plans and schedules.

Jan 1, 1993

By Richard A. Allwes

This Bureau of Mines report presents a procedure for the design of an arch canopy for use in rehabilitating a high-roof-fall area. Only dy-namic line loading of an unbackfilled arch canopy at its crown is considered, and the procedure does not account for an asymmetrical loading condition. The evaluation of whether an arch canopy is suitable for a particular installation depends on many variables, including in-mine conditions and the engineering properties of the structure. However, a general evaluation can be based on a comparison of the arch's maximum crown deflection and a prescribed allowable crown deflection. The design procedure is based on the concept that when an arch canopy is sub-jected to impact loading at its crown and deflects from its unloaded state to maximum crown deflection, the structure absorbs strain energy, both elastic and plastic. As a result, this strain energy can be calculated from a static load-displacement diagram for the structure. The significance of this design procedure is that it gives mine personnel an analytical tool to select an arch canopy to meet the dimensional and functional requirements of a mine entry and a prescribed allowable crown deflection.

Jan 1, 1987

By Sidney Katell

The present report, a continuation of the series of Bibliography of Investment and Operating Costs for Chemical and Petroleum Plants, is concerned with articles published from January 1958 through December 1958. The periods covered in previous reports are as follows: January 1930 - August 1948 I. C. 7516 September 1948 - June 1952 I. C. 7705 July 1952 - June 1954 1. C. 7751 July 1954 - December 1956 I. C. 7847 January 1957 - December 1957 I. C. The following sources were used to obtain the references to and the abstracts of the published articles included in this report: 1. Bureau of Mines Information Circulars. 2. Bureau of Mines Reports of Investigations. 3. Chemical Engineering. 4. Chemical Engineering Progress. 5. Coal Age. 6. Coal Utilization. 7. Cost Engineering. 8. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. 9. Nucleonics. 10. Oil and Gas Journal. 11. Petroleum Engineering. 12. Petroleum Refiner. 13. World Oil.

Jan 1, 1959

By Frank K. Cameron

"The DepositsThere are two large deposits or groups of deposits of potash salts which, at the breaking cut of the great world war in 1913 and for several decades preceding, were practically the only commercial sources of supply for the entire world. In both cases the origin of the deposits was sea water, the potassium salts being deposited by desiccation, but there were modifying factors which were not entirely the same in both cases so that well defined and important differences exist in these deposits. The larger and better known group, called the Stassfurt Deposits, are in Germany in the region about or adjacent to Magdeburg and Halberstadt. The general character of these deposits and the methods for recovering potash from them have been frequently described, not only in technical publi¬cations, but in the non-technical propaganda long maintained by the Kali Syndikat, an organization founded on a ""cartel"" with the supervision and support of the late Imperial German Government.Less well known are the smaller though nevertheless extensive deposits in the neighborhood of Mulhouse in Upper Alsatia, which were also under the control of the Kali Syndikat at the breaking out of the war but have now passed to French control, with the reentrance of Alsace into the French Republic.The Alsatiaa deposits, while less extensive than the German deposits, are, nevertheless of great magnitude. They occupy a large part of the area between the Vosges Mountains and the River Rhine, from Col¬mar on the North to Mulhouse on the South. Indeed a few borings on the East bank of the Rhine indicate that the deposits may extend under the river and to some distance beyond Buggingen Linken, Baden, though it has not been Shown as yet that this extension is of commercial significance.As is well known, the Stassfurt potash occurs as potassium chloride or potassium sulphate or both salts, intimately mixed with salts of sodium, magnesium eau& calcium (lime) and contaminated with substances. insoluble in water such as ferric oxide, clay etc. The potash salts are segregated in more or less extensive 'pockets' throughout the salt mass, these segregations departing usually from the horizontal. But the main ""potash region"" is a stratum varying from 30 to 150 feet in thickness and at a depth requiring shafts 5000 feet."

Jul 1, 1919

By H. E. Heide

The serious shortage of domestically produced asbestos during the war prompted the Bureau of Mines to investigate reported asbestos deposits in Alaska. The most promising' appeared to be these in the Cosmos Hills and Jade Hills areas along the Kobuk River in northwestern Alaska. The deposits along the west side of Shungnak River, a tributary of the Kobuk River, were the first to be investigated by the Bureau, in the summer of 1944. Four bulldozer trenches were excavated, from Which a 2-ton sample was taken. This sample was shipped to Rolla, Mo., for testing in the Bureau of Mines laboratory. In the summer of 1945 an investigation of asbestos deposits on Cosmos Creek, also a tributary of the Kobuk River, was begun; the work was completed during the field season of 1946.

Jan 1, 1949

By A. E. Raddatz

The Bureau of Mines is investigating methods for recovering tungsten from domestic resources. A calcine-quench-leach (CQL) technique was developed for the extraction of tungsten from the Golconda, Nev., hot springs ores. The deposit contains disseminated tungsten that cannot be beneficiated by conventional techniques and must be treated by hydro-metallurgical methods. The CQL procedure consists of calcining the ore at 900° C for 3 hours, quenching in a solution containing 1.5 parts of Na2C03 and 1.5 parts of NaOH per part of WO3 in the ore and at a solution-to-ore ratio of 3 to 1, leaching at 200° C and at 250 psig for 3 hours, and filtering and washing the residue. A series of closed-circuit batch tests showed that 92 pct of the tungsten was extracted from a sample containing 2.32 wt-pct W03. The pregnant solution contained 11 g/l W03.

Jan 1, 1982

By W. W. Agey

The Bureau of Mines examined and tested the rhodonite deposits of the Silverton lead-zinc district, San Juan County, Colo., as a possible source of domestic manganese. Exploration and development work by several mining companies and preliminary reconnaissance of the area by Bureau of Mines engineers indicated the presence of extensive manganese resources in the form of rhodonite. This report summarizes the results of laboratory beneficiation tests made on samples of different type and grade material obtained from surface and underground exposures of seven veins in the district. Surface and underground examinations revealed the presence of several prominent veins that could be traced up to 2 miles for a single vein along the surface. The principal veins average about 50 feet in width and apparently carry rhodonite to considerable depth. Underground samples were taken from the Sunnyside, Silver Queen, Washington, Independence, and Scotia veins. Samples also were taken from surface exposures of the Sunnyside Extension and Hidden Treasure veins.

Jan 1, 1962

By William J. Campbell

This report describes a Bureau of Mines study undertaken to determine the applications and limitations of solution techniques as a general method of fluorescent X-ray spectrographic analysis. Systematic errors due to variations in particle size, surface preparation, and sample inhomogeneity are eliminated by the use of solutions. The range of applicability of fluorescent X-ray spectrography is increased in two ways: (1) Samples in the form of wire, filings, turnings, etc., can be analyzed as solutions, and (2) samples submitted as solutions can be analyzed as received 0 The lower limit of detectability varies from 0.14 gram per liter for sulfur, atomic number 16, to 0.0015 gram per liter for strontium, atomic number 38. Most elements have limits of detectability between 0.02 and 0.002 gram per liter.

Jan 1, 1959

By Patrick J. Cain

The fatigue-failure characteristics under high-frequency (10 KHz) cyclic loading were determined for a marble, granite, and quartzite. The rock speci-mens were cyclicly loaded (using a high-power piezoelectric sonic transducer) at a constant strain amplitude generated by forming a longitudinal standing stress (strain) wave in the cylindrical test specimen. The number of load cycles required to fail each rock type at a given strain amplitude was deter-mined. The fatigue fractures were tensile in nature and the fracture load amplitudes were as low as 30 pct of the static tensile strength. Also the internal heating of the rock caused by the material damping (internal friction) was measured. The damping and internal heat generation in the specimens was analyzed to show that nearly all of the power input can be accounted for as a change in enthalpy in the specimen. Using these results the thermal strain in the rock was calculated to evaluate its contribution to fatigue failure. The thermal strain was found to range up to 30 pct of the dynamic strain amplitude depending on the load amplitude and the number of load cycles. The specific energy required for failure was determined and possible applications of the high-frequency fatigue fragmentation process are discussed.

Jan 1, 1975

By G. H. Keith

Electrowon tungsten powders were investigated with respect to consolidation, fabrication, and mechanical properties. Sheet, 0.03 inch thick, was produced and its tensile strength measured between 250° and 1,935° C. The large particle size of electrowon tungsten effectively precluded sintering to a density sufficient to allow hot working to sheet or bar. The powders were consolidated by die pressing to 70-percent density, sheathing in molybdenum, and high-energy-rate extruding to either round or sheet bar of 100-percent density. The material was then rolled conventionally to sheet. The mechanical properties of the sheet prepared from the electrowon powders compared favorably with those reported in the literature for sheet prepared from commercially produced hydrogen-reduced powder.

Jan 1, 1970

By G. C. Price

This study traces the development of the bucket-wheel excavator, points out the differences in the German- and American-type wheels, and gives the major design criteria and the advantages and disadvantages of bucket-wheel operations. A computer program, written in FORTRAN IV for use with an IBM 360 computer, simulates the operation of the digging components of a bucket-wheel excavator. By supplying certain mining dimensions, soil characteristics, and machine design specifications, this program will print out a time study of the various components of an operation, power calculations for the operation, and production data. This program, when combined with a truck, belt, or rail program, should be helpful in planning a complete mining system In material suitable for a bucket-wheel excavator operation.

Jan 1, 1973

By NEFE AEWFW

Changes in the 1980 quantity and value of the sales of various natural abrasives, compared with the data for 1979, were of a mixed nature. Output of garnet and special silica stone products increased in both tonnage and value during the year, while emery and tripoli-type materials production decreased in both tonnage and value. The reported quantity and value of sales of manufactured abrasive material-fused alumina and alumina-zirconia, silicon car-bidet and metallic iron and steel shot and grit-also decreased for 1980. [ ]

Jan 1, 1981

By H. S. Auvil

[The shrinkage of coke after formation is one of the variables that affects the net expansion of the change in both industrial and test ovens. Various test results have been interpreted as indicating that cokes from certain coals shrink to a marked extent and that other cokes show very little shrinkage; out no comprehensive experimental study of the shrinkage of coke after its formation and of the factors influencing this shrinkage has come to the attention of the authors. While investigating the reactivity of cokes made by the BM-AGA method,6/ Reynolds7/ found that granular low-temperature cokes shrink considerably then reheated to higher temperatures. This shrinkage was large enough to influence the behavior of the charge (net expansion or contraction) in a coke oven to a marked extent. Since that time the Bureau of nines has investigated the shrinkage of coke different methods, all of thick had one common objective - the elimination of the effect of other factors, such as swelling in the plastic range, which could either partly or completely mask the shrinkage of the coke. Only parts of these studies have been published8/9/ in abbreviated form in]

Jan 1, 1940

This report briefly describes the broad program of research and technologic work conducted by the Bureau of Mines on coal and related subjects during 1966. In addition to n description of investigations on mining, preparation, and utilization of coal, an account is given of the Bureau's work in mine health and safety, coal resources, mine explosives, and environmental conditions relating to coal mining and utilization. Details of most of the projects are reported in publications cited throughout this report. Centers and laboratories conducting the coal research and related investigations appear in appendix A; organizations, institutions , and companies contributing to the Bureau's coal research and technologic program are listed in appendix B.

Jan 1, 1967

By R. F. Chaiken

The Bureau of Mines has carried out experimental and theoretical studies with prilled and pulverized ammonium nitrate-fuel oil (AN-FO) mixtures containing varying amounts of fuel oil in an attempt to quantify the effects of stoichiometric composition, nonideal detonation behavior, and expansion volume on the production of CO, NO, and N02 fumes. Experimental fume measurements were obtained in the Bureau's large closed gallery facility (7.2 X 104 liter expansion chamber) and in the standard Crawshaw-Jones apparatus (90--liter expansion shamber) using a prepackaged charge configuration containing about 450 g of explosive.4 The theoretical calculation of toxic fumes was achieved with an equilibrium detonation code called "TIGER,," Contrary to initial expectations, the NOx (= NO + N02) fumes from the large gallery test were found to be in essential agreement with the Crawshaw-Jones results. It was also concluded that (1) "TIGER" calculations offer a good approach to the prediction of toxic fumes; (2) there is a basic problem in extrapolating laboratory measurements of CO fumes to mine conditions--this being due to postdetonation oxidation of CO to CO2; and (3) the detonation velocity decay rate of an explosive is a useful experimental parameter for correlating toxic fumes production with nonideal detonation behavior.

Jan 1, 1974

By V. R. Spironello

The Bureau of Mines is involved in research directed toward the utilization of municipal solid waste. One of the primary objectives is the recycling of the magnetic fraction of municipal solid waste (raw refuse). This is consistent with one of the Bureau's goals, which is to minimize the requirements for mineral commodities by maximizing metals recovery from secondary domestic resources, In this investigation, cupola trials were made using combinations of refuse scrap with shredded automobile scrap under basic and acid slag practices. Furnace operating information and the behavior of alloying and tramp elements was obtained. The research showed that it is possible to utilize up to 60 percent refuse scrap in the cupola under basic practice and 30 percent under acid practice, Aluminum in refuse scrap, present in bimetallic cans, increased the recoveries of silicon and manganese charged to the cupola. Increased use of refuse scrap provided iron of lower sulfur. The alumina resulting from oxidation increased the slag volume. The aluminum and tin contents of the iron increased with increasing levels of refuse scrap in the charge. Lead was not a problem with respect to contamination of the iron. In basic practice, operation of the cupola was satisfactory since all slags were adequately fluid. In acid practice, operation became troublesome above the 45-percent level. Under both practices, the cupola iron melting rate decreased. Particulates in scrubber water and stack condensate samples contained lead, zinc, and tin, and the dust load increased. The tensile and transverse strengths of the iron produced under both practices are reported.

Jan 1, 1980

By Homor N. McDonald, G. Dale Coe, Will H. Coghill

"INTRODUCTION Sporadic beneficiation tests have been made on the Birmingham (Ala.) red iron ores for the last 55 years. Now, gravity-concentration plants are in operation, of tables are in use. A major problem, as seen by the present writers, is to obtain a coarser concentrate and add to the recovery without increasing the quantity of slime. The oily practicable solution found so far is to recover, by means of concentration (hydraulic) classifiers, the coarse concentrate normally lost in the table middling and, by a similar method, to recover middling particles from the table tailings The size and shape of the coarse concentrate Particles combine to cause them to report in the table middling rather than in the table concentrate. Similarly, mineral is lost in the tailing. Because of this, the nature of the ore, the deportment jerking table, plant tests on classifiers and tables, and the suitability of small concentration classifiers to treat table zonal middlings are discussed herein.The work was done by the Southern Experiment Station, Bureau of Mines, in cooperation with the University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Ala."

Jan 1, 1935

By R. L. Rough

Photoelastic, wire resistance, and borehole-deformation gages were used to measure the in situ strains when an outcropping Black Hand Sandstone Formation in Hocking State Forest, Hocking County, Ohio, was overcored to stress-relieve the surrounding sandstone. Strains transmitted to the photo-elastic gage did not produce isochromatic patterns suitable for quantitative analysis. Strain readings from the wire resistance gage indicated tensile-strain loading during overcoring; readings from the strain-gage bridges in the borehole-deformation gage indicated compressive-strain relaxation during overcoring. The magnitude and orientation of the computed stress fields obtained from both gages were comparable when the corresponding tensile and compressive elastic moduli were applied. Stresses computed from deformation and resistance gages at depths to 5 feet showed the maximum stresses to range from 1.042 to 2.121 times greater than the minimum stresses. The bearings of principal stresses calculated from the deformation gage readings varied between N 61° E and N 83° E; the wire resistance strain gage bearing computations varied between N 68° E and N 82° E. Measurements of in situ strain in sandstone were shown to have promise but to require further development in field technique that could likely be achieved through experience.

Jan 1, 1971

By E. C. Lane

[This is the tenth in a series of retorts on properties of commercial motor fuels, made in accordance with a cooperative agreement between the Cooperative Fuel Research (C.F.R.) Committee e end the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior. The first report rave data on motor gasolines sold during .e winter of 1935-36.3/ The present report presents analytical data for 1,732 samples, representing the products of approximately 50 companies, which, as in previous surveys, include both lame and stall suppliers. In addition, the Pacific coast is represented by data that were averaged by the Pacific Coast Technical Group before being submitted and are published exactly as they were received. As in previous surveys, the data are divided into the three groups of samples of regular-price, premium-price, and third-grade gasolines, and each group has been averaged separately. he number of samples, items, and brands comprising each groan), exclusive of those of the Pacific coast, are as follows: Regular price, 934 samples, 230 items, and 50 brands; premium price, 465 saris samples, 184 items, 40 brands; third-grade gasolines, 360 samples, 177 items, and of these terms as used in the surveys are follows: Sample: The individual supply of gasoline obtained at the filling station and analyzed in the laboratory.]

Jan 1, 1941

By E. C. Lane

["_&apos;_-is is t`-e tenth in a series of retorts on proferties of cornmerci-al motor fuels, m,-_de in accord^nce ::ith a cooper: tine aSreement between the Cooperative Fuel scorch (C.F.R.) Committo e ^nd the. PPure__u of Mines of the United_ States De_nartr.ent of the Interior. Zee first report rave data. on motor gs.solir_es sold. during .e winter of 19,-"1-3b. e are ent report presents an^..lytico1 data f&apos;i&apos;r samples, rerrerentin_E, t:-.e products of apyroximately 90 conr.anies, hich, as in previous surveys, include both lame and stall surnliers. In ?_"dition, the Pacific coast is represented by data that were avera,;el ty the Pacific Coast Technical Group before bein submitted and are rublisi,ed exectly zis they were received. As in previous s?nrve,rs, the data r~Lre divided into the three groups of samples of regular-price, premiu::--trice, and third-grade gasolires, and each group has been averaged sel c~r~.tely. he number of nmtles, items, and brands comprising each groan), exclusive of those of the Pacific coast, are as folio:;s: Reg<.~-lar price, 934 ca.^rnles, 2c0 i to s, and ~0 brands; premium price, 460 saris les, lPitems, an&apos;. -C` brat&apos; i _~ t__ rd grade gaseline, 360 samples, 177 i te.^..s, and of these terms as _ised in the surveys are a:: follows:]

Jan 1, 1941