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By J. F. Wright

Introduction Previous to 1924 the mining fields of Manitoba and adjoining territory had not been prospected in detail, and the reports of the exploration of the mineral discoveries to that date had been discouraging. As a result of the apparent failure of all the mining operations, some considered that geological conditions in the country westward from lake Superior extending across western Ontario, eastern and northern Manitoba, and northern Saskatchewan, were different from those in the northeastern part of Ontario, where large gold mines had been developed. Discoveries of importance thus were necessary to renew interest in the mining possibilities of this part of the Canadian Shield, and the successful operations at Flin Flon and Howey in large part were responsible for the beginning of the present activity in what may be described as the part of the pre-Cambrian Shield within central Canada. In Manitoba, the more important developments at present are in the Central Manitoba, Gods Lake, and Knee Lake fields. The large area from west of Flin Flon east to Herb Lake, also, is being explored carefully for gold deposits of merit. A number of properties in Red Lake, Woman Lake, and Pickle Crow areas are being drilled and explored underground. Many of the mines of the Lake of the Woods area, that were producing gold 30 years ago, are re-opened, and new prospects in this field and in the country to the east are being explored. The recent development of Little Long Lac mine in an area near the railway, and considered by some to have been thoroughly prospected years ago, has stimulated interest in the areas formerly prospected. In the autumn of 1934, the belts of greenstone and sediments in the country east of lake Nipigon were staked, and deposits in these fields will be explored in detail this year. This paper is presented to discuss the general features of the geology and gold deposits of the various prospecting fields in Manitoba and adjoining territory. Details of a number of the areas and mines will be presented at this meeting in papers by Barton on Little Long Lac, Tanton on Sturgeon River, Baker on Gods Lake, and Brownell and Kinkel on Flin Flon. Although mining was not active in most of this territory previous to 1930, geologists of the various government departments continued field studies and interesting reports were issued.

Jan 1, 1935

By Eric D. Monrad

Supply chain simulation modeling is taking on a more prominent role in mining project planning and decision making. Transportation costs for the supply chain can form a significant component of the overall cost to provide product to the end customer. In recent years, computing power has increased, simulation software has advanced, and simulation specialists have become even better equipped to provide sophisticated analysis and recommendations. This has led to a virtuous cycle of owners expecting and supporting data-driven analytics, which drives further advancement. This paper discusses developments in supply chain planning and two case studies from recent simulation modeling analyses.

May 1, 2013

By Mikael Ramström

The IREDES Special Interest Group (SIG) for Drill rigs has been active since its inception at MineExpo 2000, in Las Vegas USA. The SIG for drill rigs is responsible for the development of a IREDES Drill rig profile. This includes the exchange of production planning, performance and quality reporting data between various kinds of drill rigs and the databases used by the operating mine. During year 2001 a first draft of the drill rigs profile was jointly prepared by drill rig suppliers, mining companies and third party suppliers and reviewed during several SIG meetings. In mid 2002 the profile was released for prototyping projects and since then, feed back received from these projects has been used as input to the first official IREDES release. LKAB and Atlas Copco decided in 2002 to start an IREDES prototyping project using the Simba L6C production drill rig as target equipment. The goal was to verify the drill rig profile and identify possible problems prior to the official release. This was done by implementing the IREDES prototype version in the LKAB?s production planning system and Simba rig control system. The Simba rig control system was designed to handle drill plan and logging information coming from the mine planning system. In parallel to this the mine production system was adapted for drill plan export and logging data import on IREDES format. This paper presents the most recent results of this prototyping project. Result from late 2002 show that the basic architecture of the drill rig profile works and that a common language for data exchange, IREDES will be a central issue for future mine automation. As a result from this and other IREDES prototyping projects the official IREDES release will be available in 2003. Soon after that release IREDES compliant products can be expected. This will include drill rigs and mine production planning systems.

May 1, 2003

By Karl J. C. Harries

"9.1. INTRODUCTIONIn Chapter 5 of Volume I royalties are dealt with and several topics would appear to be duplicated in this Volume. However, Volume I may be looked upon as a general guide, whereas this Volume is a reference volume. It deals in considerable detail with specific provisions and concepts relating to royalties between private parties. This does not, however, mean that Chapter 5 can be ignored. It should be looked upon as a source of general information concerning royalties between private parties and as a negotiating aid intended to give an overview of various topics. You may well find that in its general approach it will lead you to ask a question which, hopefully, will be dealt with in this Volume .It should be remembered that royalty agreements are agreements with a particular focus, and so the concepts set forth in Chapter 1 apply to them. This chapter addresses a few considerations specific to royalties that will usually form part of an agreement rather than a stand-alone agreement.9.2. FORMAT FOR ROYALTY PROVISIONSIn many of the cases where royalties arise, they are adjunct to, or part of, other arrangements. For example, a royalty may form part or all of the consideration to be given to an owner upon purchase of his property, or it may arise if a joint venturer ceases to contribute to the venture and has his interest converted to a royalty.1 It is with such situations that this section primarily deals; if the royalty is contained in an agreement that is singularly, or primarily, concerned with creating it, then it is just a normal agreement.Commonly, by the time the right to receive the royalty arises, at least some of the other provisions of the agreement have been performed and/or become redundant. For example, in an option agreement the royalty will be a continuing obligation of the optionee, usually arising only after the option has been exercised.2 In a joint venture agreement, a royalty will often arise where the interest of a non-participating venturer has been diluted and converted to a royalty, in which case the recipient will usually become a passive party, entitled only to his royalty, and most of the rights that he enjoyed as an active venturer will cease to be effective."

Jan 1, 2003

CAT offers three different methods to accomplish crowd & retract on an electric rope shovel Rack and pinion Rope crowd HydraCrowd The presentation will compare the three systems and introduce the benefits of the Hydracrowd

May 1, 2013

By Mark Rantapaa

Measurable improvements in throughput have been documented at Barrick Goldstrike due to increased ore fragmentation through efficient drilling and blasting techniques. A decrease in throughput at the Autoclave, due to increasingly hard ore, was identified in early 2002. A team of individuals from the Open Pit and Process areas worked closely on the Drill-to-Mill (D2M) Continuous Improvement initiative to ensure that it would address the needs of both groups, with the target of actually improving throughput in future years, despite the projected harder ores. A series of tests were conducted to determine if adjustments to drilling and blasting could positively influence throughput. Better fragmentation and a subsequent increase in mill throughput were achieved through the use of: 1) Electronic caps for more precision and flexibility, as well as for allowing extremely fast shots. 2) Explosives with a higher velocity of detonation (VOD), to provide for improved shock energy. 3) Improved distribution of the explosives by decreasing pattern spacing. Early tests indicated a significant increase in throughput when processing identified harder ore. It is anticipated that the total process throughput (hard and soft ore) will increase by six tph in 2003 due to the improved fragmentation of the hard ore. Barrick Goldstrike?s D2M initiative includes roaster ?hard ore? (BWI >17), as well as autoclave ?hard ore? (BWI >15). Approximately six million tons of D2M material is expected be shot in 2003, a relatively small amount compared to the 150 million tons to be mined. The benefit of additional ounces produced should far outweigh the additional drilling and blasting costs.

May 1, 2003

By A. L. Irwin

THE disposal of tailing or waste material, which is generally a very large proportion of the ore treated, is a major problem in the location and operation of any concentrating enterprise and especially so where the life of the operation is expected to continue for many years. Many factors need to be taken into consideration in the selection of a tailing site, chief among which are economical handling of the material, subsequent re-treatment of the tailing, and precaution against stream pollution by waste water. The final location of many mill sites bas been governed largely by the selection of a sui table area for tailing storage. The Sullivan concentrator of the Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company is situated about three miles from the Sullivan mine at Kimberley, B.C., and one of the deciding factors in its location at this distance from the mine was the availability of a suitable area in which tailing could be deposited. In view of the indicated long life of the property, a far-sighted policy bad to be adopted in the matter of tailing storage, for not only would it be necessary to accumulate a huge tonnage of finely ground material, but also reclamation for iron recovery at some future date bad to be considered. Some idea of the extent of the problem may be grasped when it is noted that, by the end of 1938, over 18,000,000 tons of tailing bad been impounded in an area of some 200 acres.

Jan 1, 1939

By M. W. Bartley

"The Steep Rock iron mine is 141 miles west of Port Arthur, Ontario, and 50 air miles north of the Vermilion iron range in Minnesota. The property lies 27'2 miles north of the village of Atikokan on the south line of the Canadian National railway.The orebodies underlying the bed of Steeprock lake, since de-watered, were known to exist 60 years ago. References to the possibility of iron ore at this location were made in early geological papers and reports. In 1937 the locations of the orebodies were determined by dip-needle surveys, and from 1938 until 1943 diamond and churn drilling were carried on to prove their extent and configuration. It was found that the ore, in addition to being associated with definite types of wall-rock, was controlled by structural features, such as faulting and brecciation. From this geological knowledge the presence of other deposits has been inferred, and these are now being explored and developed.Production at the property commenced in October 1944. During that season 17,000 gross tons of ore was shipped. In 1945, 506,000 gross tons and in 1946, 830,000 gross tons was mined and shipped. In 1946, 164,000 gross tons additional was placed on stockpile for future shipment.TYPES OF 0REBODIES AND MINERALIZATIONThe orebodies at Steep Rock iron mine are tabular. They have an average width of 250 feet, lengths up to 5,000 feet, and persist to known depths of 1,200 feet. They are replacement deposits in brecciated carbonate rock at the contact of underlying pseudo-limestones and overlying volcanics. The ore is composed of hematite and hydrous hematite in the form of goethite, turgite, and limonite. These minerals replaced the brecciated host rocks metasomatically as a result of hydrothermal action. The replacement followed a definite structural pattern along the unconformable contact between the sediments or other rock (now replaced by carbonate) and the volcanics, subsequent to disturbances in the form of minor faulting and shearing. The faulting and shearing provided the channels through which the replacing solutions percolated. It is believed that the late basic intrusions outside the ore zones were genetically responsible for the introduction of the ore-bearing solutions."

Jan 1, 1954

By J. Ellis Thomson

For many years the value of qualitative microscopic investigation has been recognized in both of the fields of pure and applied science. In particular, its aid has been invoked in the determination of rock specimens in thin section, and some at least of the interrelations of minerals present in any one section have been observed and, to a limited extent, applied for the solution of different problems. During the past decade this form of research has also been diverted to the determination of ore minerals in polished section, with some observation of their structural relations. Microscopic research of a quantitative character, on the other hand, while started nearly one hundred years ago, has found but a limited application in petrography and has scarcely been used at all in the more modern science of mineragraphy. This is very largely due to the methods employed, since most of them consumed too much time and were, in addition, too laborious to encourage many workers in their use. The details of procedure for these earlier methods will be found in another paper by the writer, and will be omitted from this discussion as being of small interest to practical mining men.

Jan 1, 1930

By H. W. McGerrigle

The St. Lawrence Valley of Quebec lies in an earthquake danger zone, the main centers of which appear to be Murray Bay, Montreal and Quebec City. This paper compares conditions in this "earthquake zone" with those of other, currently more active, earthquake zones of the Earth, deals briefly with the mechanics of earth movements and outlines the means by which earthquakes are re-corded. An account is then given of the earthquakes which have occurred in the Province of Quebec -from that of 1534-35 to the earthquake of 1925. A 50-year frequency cycle is implied. The general conclusion is that the 11robability of future earthquakes should be given more consideration in the construction of buildings in the St. Lawrence Valley region.

Jan 1, 1966

By I. M. Marshall

SOME years ago the writer had the opportunity to plumb a number of mine-shafts, each of which presented various conditions and difficulties. This afforded the chance to compare several methods of shaft plumbing in the light of ease and rapidity. This comparison led to the development of an adaption of the Weisbach, or approximate alignment, method, to three wires in a single shaft. Professor Weisbach, some time prior to 1850, introduced his method of shaft plumbing by triangulation on but two wires, and was the first to show that a triangle of very narrow shape is the best for this purpose. THE WEISBACH METHOD The two-wire method, using a Weisbach triangle, is described in several .English text-books on mine surveying and is used frequently in various parts of the world, but in Canada it is almost unknown. The writer has described an example of this two-wire method (1), but a brief resumé here may clarify the explanation of its application to three wires. In this two-wire method, instead of endeavouring accurately to align the instrument with the wires, it is set only in approximate alignment, and the small angle formed at the instrument is measured. This is expressed graphically in Figure l, where C represents the position of the instrument and A and B the positions of the wires. The sides of the triangle are measured as well as the angle ACB, and the angles at B and A are found by applying the Sine Rule or the formula

Jan 1, 1938

By D. L. Babbitt, Sniezek

"This paper deals with the varions methods for the rapid Joading of unit trains which are being: used by ore procossors to move their product to dock-s1de storage facilities or their ultimate customer. Some of the techniques that have been used include (1) volumetrie loading, both in motion and static, (2) batch weighing into moving cars and (3) batch weighing into cars that have been stopped. Particular emphasis shall be placed on the two systems now in use at the Adams Mine facility of Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation and at Cliffs of Canada's Sherman Mine. Typical ""turnaround"" times, loading rates, types of cars, weighing accuracies, material handling concepts and maintenance considerations shall be discussed."

Jan 1, 1969

By F. Czerwinski

Mechanically fragmented chips of an AZ91D magnesium alloy were transformed into a semisolid slurry within the Thixomolding® system. Microstructural analysis of a material at various processing stages revealed that the cold deformation of the alloy, experienced during chipping, led to the recrystallization and growth of equiaxed grains which were subsequently converted to the globular structures by melting the grain-boundary network.

Jan 1, 2004

By Forrest A. Kerr

The subject of the Coast Range batholith and its eastern contact zone needs no introduction to British Columbia mining men. Because of its reputed potentialities, this zone has aroused much interest. Because it has touched the pockets of the people by actually producing dividend-paying mines, it has been able, more particularly in certain isolated sections, to retain and accentuate that interest. However, the Stikine River section of the zone has never had the good fortune to have a mine developed, which, through profits or lack of profits, could create such interest. The Cassiar district, beyond the Stikine River area, has been a lure to the prospector for over half a century and was still strong enough in the last few years to attract close to a million dollars in capital and labour. All of this has passed through the Stikine river area, has looked at it, and ignored it. Sufficient interest has never been aroused in the area to bring forth an effort to see what is there, in spite of the fact that it belongs to the same zone in which some of our richest mining camps are located. Because the contact zone of the Coast Range batholith has long been recognized as an ore producer of considerable potentiality, the Geological Survey some years ago formulated a plan to map as much of this area as possible in order to assist in promoting its development. This plan has been furthered during the last fifteen years whenever opportunity presented itself, until today a fairly large part of the area has been covered. The work which has been done on the Stikine during the last two years is the beginning on what is the largest remaining gap in the general plan.

Jan 1, 1928

By J. L. Jambor, E. J. Reardon, E. C. Appleyard, J. A. Cherry

Since the 1957 initiation of deposition of mill tailings at the Heath Steele mine, New Brunswick, periodic detailed studies of the tailings geochemistry and mineralogy have been conducted, thereby providing a unique opportunity to examine the geochemical evolution of a sulfide rich mine>tailings impoundment. When deposited, the tailings contained about 85 wt% sulfide minerals, 1 wt% to 3 wt% carbonate minerals, and 12 wt% to 14 wt% alumino silicate minerals. Mineralogical examination of samples of the tailings from deep in the impoundment indicates that little oxidation occurred prior to tailings deposition. The mill process-water deposited with the tailings was neutral to slightly basic and contained low concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn and As. Sampling of the tailings five years after deposition indicated that sulfide-oxidation reactions, occurring near the tailings surface, had decreased the tailings-water pH and increased the concentrations of Fe, S042-, Cu, Zn and Pb (up to 10 000 mglL, 25 000 mg/L, 2.5 mg/L, 200 mg/L, and 4.5 mg/L, respectively). In 1975, ten years after decommissioning, the tailings could be divided into three zones: an upper oxidation zone in which sulfide oxidation is actively occurring, a hardpan layer, 15 cm to 20 cm thick, composed of tailings cemented by secondary Fe minerals, and an underlying reduction zone in which the tailings are relatively tin oxidized (Boorman and Watson, 1976). Chemical analyses indicated the presence of low-pH waters containing very high concentrations of SOi-, Fe, and other metals (up to 63 600 mg/L SO42-, 28 600 mg/L Fe, 10 mg/L Pb, 600 mg/L Cu and 4000 mg/L Zn), suggesting that there was a period of intense sulfide oxidation between five and ten years after tailings deposition. More recent sampling, conducted some 20 years after the end of tailings deposition, indicates that relatively little change has occurred in the last ten years, thereby suggesting that the hardpan layer has provided an impediment to the downward movement of dissolved constituents. Analyses of the tailings solids show increased accumulations of many metals at or near the depth of the hardpan layer. Evaluations of the long-term evolution of the tailings can be enhanced by comparison of descriptions of the tailings with descriptions of the gossan that overlay the massivesulfide orebody prior to mining. At Heath Steele, this comparison suggests that many of the mechanisms controlling the distribution of metals in the tailings will probably persist over geologic time.

Jan 1, 1992

By Theo. Koulomzine

"The property of Consolidated Central Cadillac Mines, Limited, consists of 1,103 acres formerly held by Central Cadillac Mines, Limited, and Wood Cadillac Mines, Limited. Both mines have been partly developed to depths of 565 and 1,000 feet respectively, and from 1939 to 1943 they produced gold, with small amounts of silver and tungsten, having a total value of $2,208,528 from 377,489 tons of ore. The average grade of the ore was $5.85 a ton . Less than 10 per cent of the ore hoisted was discarded by sorting. New development work, carried out since the former Wood property has been purchased by Central Cadillac, has shown that the tonnage indicated by mine workings and diamond drilling exceeds 2,000 tons per vertical foot.The property lies between the claims of Kewagama Gold Mines, Limited, and Pandora Cadillac Gold Mines, Limited, and straddles the Cadillac 'break' for a length of nearly 1 ½ miles. The main workings are 1 3/4 miles east of the well-known O'Brien gold mine.GEOLOGYOutcrops are very scarce, with none at all of the most important horizons, so that the general geology shown in Fig. 1 is deduced mostly from underground workings and diamond drilling. Fig. 2 is a vertical cross-section and Fig. 3 a longitudinal section through the ore zone.The ore lies within a belt of Blake River volcanics which is approximately 600 feet wide and is flanked on the north and south, respectively, by Cadillac and Kewagama sediments. All the formations have a nearly vertical attitude. The Blake River belt consists essentially of well sheared volcanic tulfs, but associated with these in the northern part are a number of bands of iron formation and the central part, to a width of 100 feet, is occupied by talc schists, making the Cadillac fault proper. Intruding the volcanics south of the Cadillac shear zone are dykes of two types- finegrained aplite or quartz albitite, and porphyry; both consist essentially of albite and quartz and are distinguishable only by the grain size. They have the general east-west trend of the formations they intrude."

Jan 1, 1954

By Robert D. Brown

"Important tax changes, many of them of direct interest to the mining industry, were contained in the budgets brought down by federal and provincial finance ministers across Canada this spring. This month, Tax Notes presents a brief summary of important tax changes introduced at the federal and provincial levels in the last few months.IntroductionIn the March 1980 issue of the CIM Bulletin, Tax Notes surmised that the short-lived 1979 budget proposals of the former Conservative government offered a unique glimpse of budgetary changes that might be unfolded in 1980. Scene II of this ""now you see it-now you don't"" drama opened on April 21, 1980, when Finance Minister Allen MacEachen, in an ""economic statement""' reintroduced a selection of tax proposals taken from the ill-fated Conservative' budget of December 11, 1979, but refused to bring forward major new proposals in tax and finance.Mr. MacEachen proposed a 5% surtax on federal corporation income tax to apply in the 2 years from January 1, 1980 to December 31, 1981, as a slightly modified version of the same surtax proposed by former Finance Minister Crosbie in his December budget address. Mr. MacEachen also reintroduced a number of technical amendments which would affect the taxation of mining income in certain instances. In addition, a large number of other tax proposals suggested in the previous Conservative budget were also reintroduced, although there are some notable omissions."

Jan 1, 1980

By W. L. Stuewe

The Dominion Steel and Coal Corporation requires enormous quantities of bricks each year for its Sydney steel plant operations. Clay brick of all types are purchased, while silica brick is made in the Company's plant at Sydney. A description of this plant was given in a paper presented by H. B. Gillis and F. C. Morrison at the 1938 Annual General Meeting of the Institute. The rock used to make silica brick was for years obtained from a quarry at Leitches Creek, about eighteen miles from Sydney. Due to the gradual deterioration of this deposit, the Corporation was forced to look for other sources of supply. In 1945, the problem was presented to the Nova Scotia Department of Mines and, through the efforts of Dr. A. E. Cameron and Mr. J. P. Messervey, an examination was made of a silica-rock deposit some six miles northwest of Yarmouth, N.S. Preliminary samples proved satisfactory, and arrangements were made with the Department of Mines to ship to the steel plant at Sydney a fifty-ton car load for the purpose of further testing. Brick made from this sample shipment stood up very well in the furnaces. At the same time, two hundred and fifty tons of silica rock from a deposit at Lac Bouchette, Que., were purchased from the Industrial Silica Corporation, and brick made from this rock also was found suitable for our requirements. Comparative transportation costs, however, led to a decision to open the Yarmouth deposit. The silica rock, or quartzite, of this deposit outcrops at Chegoggin point along what is known as the 'Pembroke shore', a northerly trending section of the coast-line at the extreme southwest of the Province, in Yarmouth county. The country here is fairly flat, with elevation averaging about twenty feet above high tide, and is for the most part mantled by a growth of brush and some scrub trees, chiefly small fir. Bed-rock is generally concealed beneath three to four feet of clayey soil, but scattered outcrops of the quartzite indicated that a band of this rock, some 260 feet wide, extended inland in a northeasterly direction from Chegoggin point at least to Utleys lake, a distance of about three miles.

Jan 1, 1947

By A. F. Laurin, A. L. Dorr

"Because of its wide areal extent, its numerous lithological facies and its high degree of metamorphism, the Quebec portion of the Grenville province has only partly been explored and prospected. Rock types that are economically among the most interesting in the Grenville are those of mafic and ultramafic compositions, because of their great potential for coppernickel and chromium-platinum. The peculiar mode of occurrence and the distribution of these igneous masses in which copper-nickel mineralization is known to occur indicate' two common geological features: (1) aerial photographs and/or topographic maps strongly' suggest close spatial (and possibly temporal and genetic) association of most of these mineralized mafic and ultramafic intrusions with circular structures; (2) when plotted on a large-scale map comprising the Quebec portion of the Grenville, these circular structures fall along two lines which could correspond to major tectonic features. Even though the genetic links among the mineralized mafic-ultramafic masses, the circular structures and the linear features are not yet fully understood, their associations are believed to be empirically valid and should therefore be used as geological tools by those interested in exploring the Grenville for copper-nickel and possibly chromium-platinum deposits. It should be noted that these mafic and ultramafic bodies do not appear to be spatially related to anorthosite complexes."

Jan 1, 1971

By A. McEachern

At the Annual Meeting of this society, held in Halifax last year, a paper entitled "Closed System Breathing Apparatus" was read by I. C. Mackie, metallurgist, British Empire Steel Corporation. Coming from such an authority it was most instructive and illuminating. The purpose of the paper was to emphasize the necessity of a full supply of oxygen and the danger of oxygen shortage in the use of rescue breathing apparatus. In connection with this he pointed out: "In times of emergency, when life is at stake, rescue men cannot be restrained from using their utmost endeavor, and unless the apparatus is adequate to meet the heaviest load, the result may be fatal to the wearer. The body's demand for its oxygen requirement is absolutely imperative and must be granted at once. We can do without food for many days and without water for many hours, but we cannot do without full requirements of oxygen even for a few minutes. Furthermore, the victim of oxygen shortage gets practically no warning. He may fall helpless or unconscious before realizing that he is in a serious condition." Hence the necessity for expelling all the nitrogen from the breathing-bag and filling it with pure oxygen; also filling the lungs of the wearer with oxygen before he begins to use the breathing apparatus. This practice is general at all the collieries under the British Empire Steel Corporation.

Jan 1, 1924