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By K. V. Lindell

Introduction This paper describes a recent innovation in the design and construction of mine headframes. A reinforced concrete headframe was built by using sliding forms. A concrete headframe of conventional design was originally considered, but investigation of this project showed that it was doubtful if the bearing strength of the soil was sufficient to support the great weight of a structure of this type. In addition, the slope and the fractured condition of the serpentine bed-rock did not permit satisfactory piling. A conventional steel headframe with storage bins was then designed, but, due to the steel situation, delivery promises were set back many months. The concrete headframe was again investigated, and a design was adopted incorporating a circular headframe lower in height than that first considered, with skips discharging into a smaller surge bin. The upper section of the shaft collar was strengthened to result in a stable structure which would be supported by bed-rock, as well as by the concrete and steel lining of the shaft itself.

Jan 1, 1948

By T. W. Wlodek, Zygmunt Kowalczyk

In the period from 1946 to 1964, the annual output of co al from Polish mines increased from 4 7.3 to 117.35 million tons. In this paper, the methods of bringing about this increase in productivity through the building of some twelve new collieries (producing some 15 million tons annually) and the modernization, reconstruction and extension of some thirty-six older collieries are discussed.

Jan 1, 1967

By R. C. Wallace

In the early explorations of the Northwest, the search for minerals played a not inconsiderable part. The first episode had its disillusioning sequel. Sir Martin Frobisher, in 1576, sailed up that bay in Baffin land now known as Frobisher bay, thinking that he had the coast of Asia on his right hand. He brought back from this expedition a piece of 'black earth' from Hall island, from which an alchemist by coaxing nature, or his own conscience, obtained gold. A second expedition of three ships was fitted out in 1577, and a third of fifteen ships in 1578. The ships were loaded with this 'black earth', which on subsequent investigation was found to be worthless, and interest in minerals for the time being ceased. In 1612 Hall and Baffin went in search of a gold mine near the Arctic circle on the west coast of Greenland, reported to be worked by the Danes. They found old workings, but no ore. To come nearer the Hudson Bay area, it is noteworthy that the charter granted by Charles II to the Hudson Bay Company in 1670, as a result of the explorations of Radisson and Groseillers, was given "-in consideration for their having at their own cost and charges undertaken an expedition to Hudson bay in the northeast parts of America, for the discovery of a new passage to the South sea, and for the finding of some trade for furs, minerals and other considerable commodities, and of their already having made by their undertakings such discoveries as did encourage them to proceed farther in pursuance of the said design, by means whereof there might probably arise great advantage to the King and his Kingdom - ".

Jan 1, 1925

By Z. I. Zaki

Synthesis of TiC /A1203 Composite from TiO2, Al and graphite using combustion technique has been investigated at different initial temperatures; room, 400 and 600 °C. The effect of initial temperature on the composition of the product, wave velocity and combustion temperature of the reaction was studied. The measured combustion temperature and wave velocity were increased with increasing the initial temperature of the combustion reaction. The maximum wave velocity obtained was 5.9mms-1 when conducting the combustion reaction at initial temperature of 600 °C. Oxidation resistance of the obtained composite was also studied at the temperature range 300-800 °C. No oxidation is detected before 400 °C while it takes place effectively at 700 °C forming different titanium oxides. Wave velocity measurements method was used to calculate the activation energy of the reaction between the starting materials. It was found to be 316.34 kJ mol 1 at the temperature range that was studied.

Jan 1, 2007

By A. M. Girodo

"Dorbyl Heavy Engineering has been manufacturing winders since 1949 mostly for the South African mining industry.Table 1 shows that the vast majority of winders have been double drum winders. At the greater depths with larger ropes being employed, it became apparent that multi-rope winders would be needed. The high stress variation in Koepe winder ropes at great depths especially beyond 2000 m, ruled out this possibility. Thus the original concept was borne for the Blair multi-rope winder where the stress level variations in the rope would be as per the well known, tried and tested double drum winder. The Blair multi-rope was also devised to increase payload by using multiple ropes.With the increasing costs of transporting men and material coupled with fact that orebodies are getting deeper, various feasibility studies have been carried out by South African mining houses. For this reason Dorbyl Heavy Engineering has done conceptual design work of both double drum and Blair multi-rope winders with diameters up to 8.5 m dia (still well within our manufacturing capabilities). These feasibility studies have looked at depths approaching 4000 m*.This paper covers the typical duties leading to the choice of single drum, double drum, Koepe and Blair multi-rope hoists on South African gold mines. A brief synopsis of Dorbyl hoists in use in the South African mining industry, with some indications of future trends, will be discussed.With current installed depths of wind approaching 2500 m, the Blair multi-rope hoist has been used extensively for the heavier payloads.Some of the main considerations pertinent to the design of the Blair multi-rope hoist are illustrated together with the implications of using this type of hoist to winding depths of3000 m to 4000 m in the foreseeable future."

Jan 1, 1995

By K. G. (Ken) Thomas

"This paper gives an insight into the various processes available to treat gold ores. A brief overview is given of the various types of refractory gold ores. Particular emphasis is given /0 comparing the costs of oxide vs refractory gold ore processes, inclusive of grinding through to dore bar.HistoryThro ugh time gold has been recovered from the earth's crust by various mean s. Five major historical steps can be identified for metallurgical processing as shown in Table I .Gravity concent ration started with, for example, river bed panning and developed to more sophisticated processes such as the Johnson concentrator, belt concentrator and jigs. The South African gold fields were a major developer of gravity concentration processes during the first half of the twentieth century.As coarse free gold became depleted, stamp milling, in conjunction with amalgamat ion , was developed. Basically, rock was crushed under large mechanical hammers an d the gold collected in mercury . The mercury was then evaporated in a retort to leave sponge gold for further fire refining.As deposits became deeper and gold finer, the gold became more difficult to recover ; fine grinding was required to liberate the gold. In the 18905, MacArthur and the Forrest Brothers of Glasgow, Scotland, introduced the cyanide pro cess for dissolution of gold and its subsequent precipitaiton by means of zinc. This process, in vogue until the early 1970s, was commonly referred to as the Merrill-Crowe process for recovering fine gold .Activated charcoal was used as a means of recovering gold from solution in the 1880s, especially in chlorination plants in Australia( l). Two factors probably retarded the development of carbon instead of zinc-based processes during those year s. First , there was no satisfactory procedure for the elution of carbon to allow its recycling and, second, the development of the Merrill-Crewe process for gold recovery by zinc cementation probably discouraged any further work on the use of carbon"

Jan 1, 1991

By V. I. Lakshmanan

Recycling helps to save energy and is good for the environment. It is also important for preserving the limited natural resources. In addition, recycling creates economic benefits and frees up space at the landfill sites. Process Research Ortech Inc. (PRO) has conducted extensive testwork in the area of waste processing and recycling. A process was developed for the recovery of Zinc from galvanized steel by alkaline leaching followed by solvent extraction and electrowinning. Extensive testwork has been conducted at PRO to obtain a useful by-product from rice husk. Rice husk was combusted in a gas/solid reactor to obtain an environmentally acceptable amorphous silica ash suitable for use in high strength concrete. In another development, vanadium was recovered from fly ash by separating carbon first, followed by alkaline pressure leaching, solvent extraction and precipitation. PRO has also developed an environment friendly process for treatment of industrial wastewater for its reuse to obtain zero or minimal effluent discharge. In this paper, four case studies related to recycling of zinc scrap, controlled combustion of rice husk, processing of fly ash, and reuse of waste water will be discussed.

Jan 1, 2011

By J. P. Harrison, N. Bozorgzadeh, M. Dolowy-Busch

"It is common in rock engineering practice to characterize the triaxial strength of intact rock by using only data samples of small size. Practical guidelines such as ASTM support such sample sizes. In this paper, we investigate the reliability of the Hoek-Brown strength criterion estimated from such samples. For this purpose, we use an unusually large published set of triaxial strength data to randomly select a large number of data samples of small size to simulate the situation that frequently encounters in practice. The samples are generated with different arrangements with regards to the confining pressure. We fit the Hoek-Brown criterion to each of these samples, obtain estimates of strength parameters and compare them to those obtained from the complete data set. Our analysis suggests that estimates based on small samples are not reliable and can lead to both over- and under-estimation of strength.Additionally, we use these small samples to investigate the statistical methods for obtaining design values of strength as suggested by limit state design standards such as Eurocode 7. We show that, if used in conjunction with small samples, these methods do not guarantee a safe estimate of strength and in many cases lead to highly over-conservative estimates.We present a potential solution to this problem by augmenting the small data sets with Bayesian informative priors to give much more reliable estimates of strength. We conclude with suggestions for the development of informative prior distributions."

Jan 1, 2015

By M. Greyling, C. Panaou, M. Bellino

Commonly the most frequent method of calculating the overall mass balance of a multi mineral platinum-group metal (PGM) concentrator circuit in Southern Africa has been through the use of spreadsheets, typically Microsoft EXCEL®. While there are some advantages in using spreadsheet based mass balances during the conceptual design phase of the project, their use becomes limited in the detailed design phase of the project. This paper discusses the successful application of METSIM® for mass balancing of a PGM concentrator and highlights the benefits gained during the conceptual and design phase of the project.

Jan 1, 2005

By A. I. A. Salama, M. W. Mikhail

"The existing methods of block diagram manipulation and vanishing variable for flowsheet simplification used in coal and mineral processing circuit evaluation and optimization cannot be easily implemented on digital computer.The signal flowgraph technique is proposed to represent and simplify determination of the relationship between intermediate or end variable and the feed in the flowsheet. Typical and existing circuits are used to demonstrate the application of the proposed technique which can easily be implemented on digital computers.IntroductionRecently there has been much interest in the analysis and optimization of coal and mineral processing circuits to assist in the pre diction of coal and mineral processing plant performance. The block diagram and the vanishing variable were introduced and utilized in the analysis of plant flowsheet. Although the block diagram approach is useful, it requires manual manipulation of the circuit block diagram which may present difficulties in the situation of complex circuits. Moreover, it may not be easy to implement on a digital computer.In this paper, the signal flowgraph technique is proposed to represent the circuit flowsheet and to simplify the determination of relationships between intermediate or end variables (fractional mass) and the feed for any coal and for any mineral processing circuit comprising size and density separators. These relationships are utilized in the analysis and/or optimization of the circuit. The proposed technique is illustrated by considering typical and existing circuits."

Jan 1, 1987

By Alan G. Galley

"Advances in our knowledge of the petrochemical attributes of deposit environments and of the character and extent of hydrothermal systems associated with certain deposit types has resulted in increased application of lithogeochemistry to exploration programs. Lithogeochemistry can be used to vector an exploration program toward an area of high potential through the use of a series of collapsing scales of analysis from a tectonic subprovince down to a particular stratigraphic segment. In the case of volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposits this involves the recognition ofsuitable volcanic domains, and the identification of subvolcanic intrusions and cogenetic felsic extrusive complexes. The recognition of chemical vectors within regional-scale alteration zones and associated chemical sedimentary rocks allows the geologist to identify the stratigraphic units with the most potential for hosting a base metal deposit.An integrated lithogeochemical program requires the judicious use of major, trace and rare-earth element and isotopic analysis. Standard discriminant plots may be employed to identify suitable tectonic and lithologic environments. Analysis of the chemical and mineralogical variations in broad-scale, semi-comfortable alteration zones provides a useful set of vectors to VMS mineralization. These may include contouring raw data, element ratios on XY plots, normalizing data against known rock values, or calculating mass changes in alteration zones."

Jan 1, 1995

By P. E. Weidmark

"CANMET InformationPART 1-Published PapersAsmis, H. W., ""The dynamic response of caverns in discontinuous rock""; Proc 22nd U.S. Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Cambridge, Mass, June 1981, 272-277; 1981.Austin , M.W., Bray, J.W. and Crawford, A.M., ""A comparison of two indirect boundary element formulations incorporating planes of weakness"" ; Technical Note; Int J Rock Mech Min Sci Geomech Abstr; 19:339-344; 1982.Barrett, J. R., ""Applying geotechnical theory to underground metalliferous mining""; Proc 1st Intnl Conf on Stability in Underground Mining; Vancouver, BC, August 1982; SME of AIMMPE; 210-222; 1983.Barron, K., Wright, P.L. and Smales, T., ""Guideline s for the design of coal pillars in the No .4 seam at Mclntyre Mines Ltd ., Grande Cache, Alberta""; Proc 1st Intnl Conf on Stability in Underground Mining; Vancouver, BC, August 1982; SME of A IMMPE; 559-578; 1983.Bauer, A., ""Wall control blasting in open pit mines""; Mining Engng; 34:155-158; 1982.Bieniawski, Z.T., "" Improved design o f room-and-pillar coal mines for U.S. conditions""; Proc 1st Intnl Conf on Stability in Underground Mining; Vancouver, BC, August 1982; SME of AIMMPE; 19-51; 1982.Blackwell, G.H. and Calder, P.N., ""Practical aspects of wall stability at Brenda Mines Ltd., Peachland, BC""; 3rd Intnl Conf on Stability in Surface Mining; Vancouver, BC, June 1981; SME-A1ME; 3:573-608; 1982.Blake, W., ""Microseismic monitoring for underground stability "" ; Proc 1st Intnl Cont on Stability in Underground Mining; Vancouver , BC, August 1982; SME of AIMMPE; 272-294; 1983.Brawner, C.O., ""Stabilization of rock slopes"" ; 3rd Intnl Conf on Stability in Surface Mining; Vancouver, BC, June 1981; SME-AIME; 3:289-310; 1982.Bridges, M.C., ""Review of open stope mining in Australia""; Proc 1st lntnl Conf on Stability in Underground Mining; Vancouver, BC, August 1982; SME of AIMMPE; 813-828: 1983."

Jan 1, 1983

By A. Desbiens, R. del Villar

"This two-part paper summarizes the design and implementation of a distributed PIbased control strategy installed at the B grinding circuit, at the Kidd Creek Division of Falconbridge Ltd. Part I details the design of the control strategy using a grinding circuit dynamic simulator (DYNAFRAG). The first step consisted of sampling campaigns and data processing to calibrate DYNAFRAG. Then, several control alternatives were designed and tested with the simulator. The main feature of these strategies is their ability to regulate or keep within an upper and lower limit five output variables (circulating load, rod mill density, cyclone feed and overflow densities and pump box level) with only three manipulated variables (rod mill water, pump box water and rod mill tonnage). By simulation on DYNAFRAG, it was possible to discriminate among several control structures. The preferred control strategy uses a saturation algorithm, which allows the adequate regulation of two measured variables with only one actuator. Controllers located in interacting loops are appropriately tuned, taking into account the existing process coupling. Part II will present the implementation of the selected control strategy.IntroductionSteady state simulators are used to predict the stationary state of a given process under specific operating conditions. Tradi - tionally, steady state simulation has been applied for process flowsheet design, for evaluating process modification benefits or for determining key operating parameters in process operation optimization. Dynamic simulators add a new dimension to process simulation since they allow the prediction of the process transient behaviour, resulting from the application of a different set of operating conditions and/or from natural disturbances or equipment failure. Dynamic simulators can also be used for the training of new operators or for the design of control strategies."

Jan 1, 1997

By Shawn Harvey

HIGHLIGHTS of STAR DIAMOND PROJECT Initial underground bulk sample 4,048 ct / 25,253 tonnes: US$135/carat: 3,050 ct March 2005 $116 million financing: Newmont takes 9.9% SGF Prefeasibility study commenced on Star Merger with Kensington: 42.245% FALC-JV Voting agreement with Cameco in FALC-JV November 2005 $120 million financing: Newmont maintains 9.9% SGF Diamond valuation: 5,950 ct/ 36,529 tonnes: US$135/carat

May 1, 2006

By Daniel Lachapelle, Nuri Hmidi, Turgut Yalcin

"Simulation can serve as a convenient tool in studying the behaviour and performance of grinding circuits by facilitating the evaluation of various scenarios and identification of optimum operating conditions. This technique was applied to the St Andrew Goldfields Ltd.’s Stock Mine Mill which is a 1300 tpd gold milling facility, offering custom milling services as well as processing the Company’s own ores. Lack of adequate instrumentation in the mill poses a challenge in attaining optimum performance especially with changing ore types and characteristics. The grinding process is monitored essentially by manual measurement and adjustment of pulp densities at various streams. A simulation program was designed to assist in the effective implementation of this mode of grinding control. Product sizes from both the primary and secondary grinding circuits were correlated empirically to relevant process variables using a database formed from the results of past sampling campaigns. The simulator was created in Microsoft Excel whose data analysis and optimization tools coupled with its Visual Basic Programming capabilities were found to provide an excellent environment for the development of a cost-effective, efficient and user-friendly simulation program.INTRODUCTIONGrinding is often a very costly unit process in milling operations, mainly due to the excessive energy consumption associated with it. For example, for a Canadian copper-zinc flotation mill, grinding was listed as being the most costly item taking up 30.4% of the total milling expenses, followed by the flotation cost at 2 1 .O% (Kidd Creek Mines Ltd., 1982). A survey on 45 copper flotation mills around the world showed the average grinding cost to be 34.5% of the total milling cost (Weiss, 1985).Overgrinding aggravates the cost issue, while insufficient grinding either causes loss of valuable minerals to tails or results in low-grade concentrates. Therefore, it is essential that grinding circuits be carefully controlled and monitored. To this end, a great deal of effort has been devoted over the years to the modelling and simulation of grinding systems in order to assist in the efficient running of these processes."

Jan 1, 2001

By W. Curlook

"A review is presented of a growing number of imperatives, some self-imposed, some imposed by society, which the mining and metals industry faces in carrying out its business. These imperatives bear on all activities from the exploration phase, through engineering, design, plant construction and operation, to decommissioning.IntroductionThe mining and metals industry must learn to cope with, i.e. manage, a growing number of imperatives. Some of these, such as the need for responsible stewardship of natural resources, the requirement to respect laws and regulations, the need to provide for safe and healthy workplaces, and the need to provide appropriate returns to investors of capital , have been with the industry for a long time (fable I). But the industry now faces additional imperatives that are growing in number and in importance (fable 2):• There is the growing concern about the impact of operations, not only on the workplace environment and the external environment, but also on the need to monitor not only the chemical concentrations in various effluents but to also monitor the effects of such emissions on the environment; i.e. there is a growing concern about the ""net"" consequences of operations.• There is the need for on-going improvement in productivity and safety to compete and survive in a global economy. The global business environment has become paramount.• There is the imperative to failsafe all designs, equipment and operational procedures, and having done that to provide for containment of unavoidable spills, and to have ready and in place systems for emergency response.• There is the need, indeed the imperative, to involve all employees in various quality improvement programs.• There is the imperative to face up to ""virtual elimination/zero emissions""; and• One must have waste management plans in place to cope with the need to reduce, reuse, and recycle; and• There is the need for decommissioning plans for all operations, for the restoration of business habitats to their original states (or better). Indeed, one must engage in the decommissioning exercise from day one, i.e. right from the time of design and commissioning."

Jan 1, 1992

By Xiaoqiong Wang, Daobing Wang, Fanbao Meng, Jianbo Wang, Hongkui Ge

"Shale gas has become an important unconventional oil and gas resources. Its effective development relies on comprehensive and accurate understanding of shale gas reservoirs. Rock mechanical properties is one of the important components of reservoir evaluation. Two adjacent black shale samples, which are cored from the depth of 1145 meters in Chongqing, southwest China, are subjected to acoustic emission(AE) test under uniaxial stress and compared with coarse grained granite. The results of synchronous AE, stress-strain and ultrasonic velocity experiments show that shale has weak anisotropy. Compared with granite sample, two shale samples are similar, but their strength, velocity and brittleness are quite different, indicating that shale has strong microscopic heterogeneity. TOC, XRD, SEM microstructure analysis show that total organic content, mineral composition and natural fractures are the main impacting factors for mechanical heterogeneity. INTRODUCTIONShale gas is a typical low-grade marginal resource, which is characterized by ultra-low matrix permeability and small single well control volume. In order to enable commerical development, complex hydraulic-fracture networks must be created in the shale to allow gas to escape from the micro/nano-pores and natural fractures where it is trapped in the rock (C. Clark et al.,2013; Ge et al., 2013). The development of shale gas requires accurate evaluation methodologies to evaluate shale reservoir properties and predict production. (Jarvie et al., 2007). Rock mechanical properties are an important part of the reservoir evaluation. It is significant for efficient drilling, completion and hydraulic fracturing to understand mechanical behavior of shale gas play (John, 2011; Wei, 2013).Rock mechanical properties mainly include heterogeneity, anisotropy, brittleness and acoustic emission activity (Lockner et al., 1992; Jerome et al., 2009; He et al., 2010; Liang et al., 2012). Shale mechanical properties are evaluated from laboratory tests following a complex workflow that covers tasks from sampling to testing (Md. Aminul Islam et al., 2013). It is common to include various experimental methods such as stress-strain curves, ultrasonic velocity and acoustic emission when evaluating the mechanical properties (Rao et al., 2006). Because of the presence of organic-rich matter, mineral composition orientation and natural fractures, shale tends to have strong anisotropy and heterogeneity (Deng et al., 2004; Wang et al., 2013; Hathon et al., 2013)."

Jan 1, 2015

By D. S. Hines

The purchase of mechanical equipment for mines is not unlike the purchase of other materials or supplies in general principle, but on account of the major part such equipment plays in the operations, and of the fact that life and valuable property are at stake, the matter demands the most careful attention on the part of the purchaser. The problems and difficulties encountered are dealt with below in their sequence in the purchasing procedure. Requisiting Although it is quite a common practice to submit a tentative specification of requirements to recognized manufacturers of equipment- soliciting alternative propositions or recommendations for study in the selection of certain equipment-as a rule the first step in purchasing procedure is the requisition. Primarily, it is the form that carries to the purchasing department the record of equipment wanted. A full and complete description or specification, and accuracy of record, are the important points to be insisted on in a requisition. Too much attention cannot be given to this detail, as this is one of 'the most important phases of purchasing work. Incomplete information, either in specification or detail, leads to delay in handling the requisition, and, if not detected in the purchasing department, may mean receipt of material which cannot be used for the purpose intended. In addition to description of material or equipment to be ordered, the requisition should also show where or what the equipment is for, whether for operating or new work. If for capital account, the number of the authority for expenditure should be given for record and distribution purposes.

Jan 1, 1930

By R. E. G. Caines, P. Alport

"Operating heavy equipment in Labrador, where the winters are 8 months long and the temperature frequently drops below -40°F (-40°C) for days and sometimes weeks presents unique problems in both the operation and maintenance junctions. Winterization programs must be well designed and implemented at the proper time. These programs must include the proper selection of fuel oil, engine oil, hydraulic oils, greases, cooling system fluids, etc. More often than not, modifications have to be made to the original equipment in order that it can be operated safely and economically in the Canadian North. Manufacturers usually design equipment for a less harsh environment and the user makes adaptations by trial and error.Operators have to be trained for the proper operation on ice- and snow-covered roads in an open-pit mine. Special emphasis must be put on haulage road conditions. In this paper, the authors will cover some specific maintenance procedures, equipment modifications and operator training problems experienced by the Iron Ore Company of Canada in its open-pit operation in Labrador.IntroductionT he Iron Ore Company of Canada is engaged in open-pit mining , concentrating and pelletizing of iron ore. The company operates in two provinces, Quebec and Newfoundland (Fig . 1) . The Knob Lake operation "", based in Schefferville, Quebec, has mine sites located both in Labrador and Quebec . The Caro l Lake Project is situated in Labrador, 25 kilometres east o f the Quebec border at Labrador City. The Carol operation mines, concentrates and pelletizes it s o re before rail transportation to the seaport o f Sept-lies via the Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway."

Jan 1, 1984

By E. O. Reinbold, J. H. Johnson, D. E. Keski-Hynnila

A field laboratory for use in monitoring underground mine air quality has been developed and proven in underground service. The laboratory includes two separate monitoring systems and data analysis computer programs. One is the Mine Air Monitoring Laboratory (MAML). This is an enclosed trailer-mounted laboratory capable of monitoring CO2, CO, NO, NO2 particulate matter, S02, NH3, temperature and air velocity in the mine drift. The MAML can be up to 1000 feet away from the area being monitored. The second system is the vehicle data system, mounted on the load-haul-dump (LHD) vehicle, which monitors engine speed, engine fuel rack position, exhaust gas temperature, ambient temperature, vehicle speed, CO2 concentration near the operators' breathing zone and the mode of operation of the vehicle. The two computer data analysis programs and the two field instrument systems comprise a complete Mine Air Quality Laboratory (MAQL) for underground pollutant studies. Data from the systems have been used for studying vehicle duty cycles, ventilation systems, exhaust after-treatment devices, vehicle exhaust system design and portable instrumentation. Descriptions of the laboratory are presented along with a summary of some of the experiments performed. The capabilities of the lab are discussed, along with future potential uses.

Jan 1, 1981