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Recent analysis of backfilling material has shown that a finer size distribution is preferable for stope filling. In order to increase crusher throughput and pit productivity, a reassessment of the quarrying operation was conducted. Part of that reassessment was a review of blasting practice. Six means of reducing the average muckpile fragment size were examined. Different blast initiation and charging options were compared, and patterns using smaller hole sizes were designed, analysed with the JKMRC 3x3o software, then drilled and fired. The ground vibration and face movement was recorded and compared. To determine whether the Kuz-Ram model could be used in an economic analysis of the quarry operation, the fragmentation distribution of the small diameter hole blasts was determined. Photographs of the muckpiles were taken and digitised. However subsequent analysis indicated that a satisfactorily large photo sample was only obtained from the smallest diameter hole blast. The Kuz-Ram fragmentation model prediction was found to be within the confidence limits of those results. An engineering and cost comparison between the blasts was made.

Jan 1, 1995

By Tooley S. M

An experimental investigation of the hydraulic cuttability of coal from the Theiss Dampier Mitsui mine near Moura, Central Queen land illustrated the ability of established cutting equations to describe the behaviour of the coal during cutting. The experimental equipment developed for the work proved reliable. The results of the experimental programme are consistent with accumulated experience from overseas.

Jan 1, 1985

By A Suwandhi, H Utama

PT. Indo Muro Kencana (PT.IMK) is a gold mine that is located in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Drilling and blasting activity is applied in order to support mining production. Drilling and Blasting (D&B) planning is conducted by its engineers. A drilling and blasting contractor conducts drilling and blasting activity. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the implementation of the scaled depth of burial (Chiappetta and Treleven, 1997) in explosive charging sheet application to increase blast efficiency. The function of the scaled depth of burial is to maintain stemming height above explosive charge in order to prevent the ‘over energy’ condition, to reduce the excessive fly rock possibility, to maintain rock fragmentation (digger’s productivity) and to increase blast efficiency. The focus of this paper is to implement the scaled depth of burial as a reference in D&B planning and practice, especially in designing stemming height. The purpose of this paper is to validate that the scaled depth of burial can be used as an engineering tool in D&B practice in PT.IMK. However, scaled depth of burial cannot applied as an engineering tool to determine stemming height above explosive charge for trim blastholes and secondary blasting area. In general, the implementation of the scaled depth of burial in PT.IMK is applicable for production blastholes (ore and waste blasting). In conclusion, it is clear that scaled depth of burial can be used as an engineering tool to create explosive charging sheet and also to increase blast efficiency (ore and waste blasting) in PT.IMK.

Jun 22, 2022

By P J. Howard

Atlas Iron Limited’s McCamey’s North project lies at the eastern end of the Hamersley Basin, approximately 50 km east of Newman, Western Australia, and 3 km northeast of BHP Billiton’s Jimblebar Mine. The presence of significant surface iron mineralisation identified during field reconnaissance, has subsequently been further defined by detailed mapping and RC drilling.The project area is dominated by outcrops of moderate to steeply north and south dipping banded iron formation, cherts and shales of the Boolgeeda Iron Formation overlying rhyolites and rhyodacites of the Woongarra Volcanics. In lower lying areas recent colluvium and alluvium mask the Archaean geology. Drilling and downhole geophysics has allowed a composite stratigraphic section to be compiled through almost the entire Boolgeeda Iron Formation.Surface orientations and subsurface stratigraphic correlations using natural gamma logs indicate large scale open folding about east-west trending fold axes across the project area; while small scale tight to isoclinal folding with similar fold axis orientations are visible at the outcrop scale. These folds are cut by a number of moderate to steeply south-dipping normal faults defining a series of north-dipping fault blocks which repeat the stratigraphy across the project area.Bedded iron mineralisation consists mainly of haematite-martite and goethite ores with best results of 78 m @ 60.5 per cent Fe. Vitreous goethite is observed at the surface of the mineralised horizons. The mineralisation exhibits a strong stratigraphic control and extend down-dip up to 120 m below surface. The strike extent of the mineralisation is still to be determined. An inferred resource of 39 Mt at 58 per cent Fe has been defi ned to date (ASX: AGO 3 February 2011).The fi ndings at McCamey’s North indicate that there is potential for economic iron mineralisation to exist in other areas of Boolgeeda Iron Formation within the Hamersley Basin.

Jul 11, 2011

By D Craw

A glasshouse experiment was set up to investigate arsenic uptake in rye corn grown in different arsenic rich substrates. Sods of material were taken from various locations and planted with rye corn seeds. The plants grew for 13 weeks after which time the above ground biomass was harvested. Analysis of the rye corn plants showed a narrow range of arsenic concentrations, which did not reflect the arsenic contents of the soil. Comparison of the results from this study with previous work showed the glasshouse rye corn to have lower arsenic concentrations in above ground biomass than rye corn grown in field conditions. The environmental conditions present on the tailings and water-rock interactions were considered the main factors involved with the difference in arsenic uptake between field studies and the glasshouse study. This suggests that bioavailability processes are influenced by a variety of factors and cannot necessarily be predicted by the use of soil factors or glasshouse trials alone as is often done when planning phytoremediation work and mine shut down.

Jan 1, 2007

By Cliff D, Harrison P. Hester C

During 1997 two different types of coal mine inertisation equipment were trialed in separate underground coal mines in Queensland.In April 1997 tests of the Polish developed GAG-3A inert gas generator were carried out at the Collinsville No 2 Coal Mine. These demonstrations indicated that the GAG-3A device was applicable in underground coal mines and that with respect to inertisation rate the device outperformed all other currently available techniques. The unit was assembled rapidly and operated safely during surface and underground trials and no mechanical problems were encountered with the device. The GAG-3A is not suitable for every fire scenario particularly if large volumes of fresh air are being drawn into the mine(where multiple units may be required), but with respect to the selection criteria developed by the Moura Implementation Process Task Group 5 criteria, the unit performed up to the specifications required.

Jan 1, 1998

By T Baumgartl, B Richards

The association of specific plants and plant communities with soils developed over underlying superficial orebodies and mineralisation has been long recognised. It has given rise to the use of plant indicators for geobotanical exploration as a regular component of primary minerals reconnaissance where there is an undisturbed vegetation cover. That the chemical composition of indicator plants is a measure of their soil environment has further led to biogeochemical prospecting methods for minerals and its use in the mapping of underlying ore deposits. Where there is a strong surface expression of metal and metalloid anomalies, concentrations of potentially phytotoxic elements may reach a level at which they have strong selective impacts on plant populations. In such circumstances, natural selection has operated in the development of a unique flora composed of plant species and individuals with genetically-based tolerances to the stressed environment in which they continue to survive. These plants are called metallophytes. Metallophytes occur globally on all metalliferous sites, both in pristine undisturbed environments and in areas of mineral workings, ancient and modern. However, the best-developed primary metallophyte vegetation is found in the most ancient areas where there has been a long-term evolutionary impact of the underlying geology through ore weathering and dispersion of metals into the rhizosphere zone. Natural selection of metal-tolerant races of plants in these largely undisturbed areas can eventually lead to speciation and the development of an endemic regional metallophyte flora (Baker et al , 2010). Mineral wastes resulting from mining activities also allow colonisation by metal-tolerant individuals leading to the establishment of metallophyte communities. The distribution and extent of such communities is determined by regional and local factors relating to climate and substrate conditions and the availability of suitable plant resources on which natural selection can operate (Baker, 2009).The ability of metallophytes to tolerate extreme metal concentrations commends them as the optimal choice for ecological restoration of mineral wastes and metal-contaminated sites. Metallophytes have recently also spawned several novel phytotechnologies, including phytoremediation and phytomining (Chaney et al, 2000, 2005; Baker and Whiting, 2008). Action towards conserving the global metallophyte resource base is imperative because many species are under threat of extinction from new and extensive mining activities (Whiting et al, 2004). This has been identified as a priority in the Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development (MMSD) Project of the Global Mining Initiative in 2002 but positive responses from the minerals industry have been slow. The last decade has, however, seen an ever-increasing interest in metal-tolerant and metal-accumulating plants, both from an academic standpoint and their use in revegetation and phytostabilisation (Tordoff et al, 2000; Baker and Whiting, 2008; Baker, 2009). Few studies have highlighted the need to conserve and develop these unique plants (Whiting et al , 2004). This presentation identifies future research needs for the conservation and exploitation of the global metallophyte biodiversity and its potential in sustainable mine closure. CITATION:Baumgartl, T and Richards, B, 2012. Evaporation and salt transport under variable climatic conditions, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2012 , pp 179-186 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 10, 2012

By S-C Shim, H-R Lee, Y Kang, H Shin

Since iron oxide and silicon oxide are major gangue components in various types of ore, FeO-SiO2 base slag, ie fayalite slag, has been often encountered in pyrometallurgical processes of non-ferrous metals. During most matte production processes such as the smelting of Cu, Pb, and Ni, the FeOSiO2 based slag is inevitably formed and plays an important role in refining crude metal as well as engineering aspects. Recently, similar pyrometallurgical approaches have been attempted in the recovery of valuable metals (Ni, Co, Cr) from wasted secondary batteries. Thus, the viscosity of the FeO-SiO2 based slag has great significance in properly controlling smelting processes. However, when molten metal or matte does not coexist with the slag during the measurement, there has been a serious difficulty in maintaining Fe valance and consequently, the slag composition. In the present research, the viscosity of molten FeO-SiO2 slag was measured in 1573~1673 K using a rotational viscometer. In order to keep the state of iron oxides, the oxygen partial pressure was controlled using CO/CO2 gas mixture. The optimised ratio of CO/CO2 could be calculated using Fe/Fe2+ and Fe2+/Fe3+ equilibria at each temperature. The composition of the slag, particularly Fe valance, after the measurement was analysed with the aid of an inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and an automatic potentiometric titrator. The measurement showed that the FeO-SiO2 slag has considerably low viscosity values in the molten state, and it sharply increases as the temperature decreases. In spite of the careful oxygen partial pressure control, a part of Fe2+ was found to be oxidised to Fe3+, with a maximal case reaching about 20 per cent. The increase in viscosity of FeO-SiO2 at low temperatures can be attributed to the composition change due to an unavoidable Fe2+ oxidation. In addition, the relationship between the change in the viscosity and the liquidus temperature of FeO-SiO2 based slag was discussed to understand the composition dependence of viscosity.

Jun 19, 2024

By G MacDonald, B Forsyth, D Corkery, T

An investigation was carried out at Diavik Diamond Mines Inc (DDMI) to identify and quantify the mechanisms through which ammonium nitrate (AN) was entering the mine discharge water. The goal was to develop and complete an investigation of the potential AN loss mechanisms in order to assess their contribution to ammonia in the mine water system. The initial phase of the project involved the collection and analysis of blasting and water quality data that were used to determine the mechanisms by which the ammonia enters the mine water system and to establish a baseline data set for comparison with results from future trials designed to reduce AN loss. Three potential options for reducing AN loss were identified through the first phase of the project. The second phase of the project involved conducting a series of monitored trials with changes made to the drilling and blasting process. The results of these trials were compared to the baseline data set to determine if the changes introduced for the trials had reduced AN losses while producing satisfactory blast results. This paper describes the process for the collection of the baseline data, provides an analysis of the resulting data, discusses the changes made to blasting operations in order to minimise AN loss and describes the results observed subsequent to these changes.

Jan 1, 2007

By H Jones

Closure cost estimates may be generated at any stage of a mining operationÆs life; commencing with the initial prefeasibility studies and continuing through to the final decommissioning cost estimates. However, not all mine closure cost estimates are necessarily the same. Cost estimates will vary depending on the purpose for which they are prepared, the organisations requiring or undertaking the estimate and the stage of the mining operation. Different organisations can legitimately arrive at disparate cost estimates for closing the same mine because the organisations have different reasons for requiring the estimates. Another, equally valid, reason for potentially wide variations in cost estimates by different organisations on the same mine site is the different definitions of æclosure costsÆ used by different estimators. This paper considers the different approaches by different organisations including operating companies, government authorities and financial organisations and uses a hypothetical example based on practical experience to illustrate some of these differences in estimation methods.The paper suggest that a more consistent approach to closure cost estimating in the Australian mining industry would assist mining companies, governments, the accounting industry and the broader community to better understand this complex component of mine planning. One possible approach to closure cost estimating is briefly outlined.CITATION:Jones, H, 2012. Closure cost estimation - All things to all men?, in Proceedings International Mine Management 2012, pp 115-124 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 20, 2012

The Marvel Loch Operations (MLO) plant was treating ores from up to six MLO sources and in addition needed to blend externally sourced ores with its own ores. This presented a metallurgical accounting dilemma, which was subsequently addressed by the design, implementation and testing of an automatic sampling system. The MLO automatic sampler was well designed and has been the subject of previous internal and external reviews. The sampling action is fully automated and the unit is essentially self cleaning particularly when sampling primary ores. The purpose of this paper is to document the rationale behind the design, the specific details of the sampling station, its use for ore purchase purposes and an assessment of the sampling system to meet the needs of the operator.

Mar 1, 2010

By B McFadzean, N P. Lima, D A. Deglon

The reverse flotation of Itabirite iron ore is typically performed after a desliming step in which most of the sub-10 µm particles are removed. This is done to limit processing problems such as poor flotation recovery of SiO2 due to slime coatings and increased slurry viscosities, unmanageable froths and increased losses of hematite particles due to entrainment. However, the rejection of ultrafine particles contributes to large losses in iron recovery and may contribute to the instability of tailings dams. The aim of this study is to decouple the effects of ultrafine particles in the pulp and froth phases to better understand the processing capabilities of the fines fraction. The flotation test work was performed in a special-purpose continuously operated laboratory flotation cell that has a deep froth section to simulate plant-scale froth conditions. Five conditions of fines addition were investigated at three different froth heights and a solids concentration of 50 per cent. The behaviour of the pulp and the froth were decoupled using froth stability and froth recovery tests. This showed that, even though there is an exponential increase in froth stability at increasing fines quantities, the performance of the pulp has the overriding effect on the overall SiO2 recovery. Pulp zone, froth zone and overall SiO2 recoveries showed that overall recoveries increased by about 3.6 per cent for every 1 per cent decrease in fines content. This meant a large increase of 20 per cent in SiO2 recovery when going from undeslimed to deslimed feed. This was driven largely by increases in the pulp zone recoveries, which were about 4 per cent for every 1 per cent decrease in fines content. The froth recoveries, on the other hand, decreased by between 0.75 per cent and 2.5 per cent for every 1 per cent decrease in fines content, depending on froth height. This paper explores further insights into iron ore flotation processing at different slimes concentrations.

Aug 24, 2022

By C E. Loayza, R M. Pinto, J G. G=mez

The Yanacocha District is located 20 km north of the city of Cajamarca, in the Northern Andean Orogenic belt of northern Peru.Gold production may have occurred as early as Incan times (Paverd, 2000), but modern exploration that began in the 1960s targeted only copper and silver. Newmont Mining Corporation, BRGM and Compa±fa de Minas Buenaventura began exploring for gold in 1983, with Newmont as operator.Initial drilling took place in 1985. By 1992 a reserve of 1.28 million ounces was reported (Teal et al, 2002).Production began at the Carachugo deposit in 1993.Current reserves are 31.7 million ounces at $US 325 per ounce at a grade of 1.03 ppm (Newmont Annual Report, 2003).The operating company, Mineral Yanacocha SRL (Newmont 51 per cent, Buenaventura 44 per cent and International Finance Corporation five per cent) produced 2.85 million ounces in 2003, making Yanacocha one of the largest gold mining operations in the world. The district is made up of a series of epithermal, high sulfidation style gold deposits and one gold-rich gravel deposit (La Quinua), aligned in a NE trend.La Quinua is not discussed in detail in this paper. The bedrock deposits are hosted in a Miocene volcanic package, the Yanacocha Volcanic Complex that also trends NE.Re gional NW striking Andean faults intersect the NE striking Trans-Andean Chicama-Yanacocha structural corridor (Turner, 1997), localising the district mineralisation. These two structural orientations dominate the district, controlling breccia and intrusion locations, and gold mineralisation. Discontinuous EW oriented fracture zones are interpreted as extensional and locally are important in controlling gold mineralisation.

Jan 1, 2004

By E R. Ramanaidou, M Wells

The aim of this paper is to summarise all known Phanerozoic ooidal ironstone deposits worldwide, including Australian deposits such as the well-known channel iron deposits (CID). Nearly 400 occurrences have been catalogued based on stratigraphy, geographical coordinates, facies, grade, tonnage and iron bearing ore minerals. The description also includes details on the geochemistry, genetic models and main references. Brief statistical analysis provides an overview of the variation between these deposits. This compilation offers a basis for better understanding of the ooidal ironstone deposits and a global evaluation of this important resource worldwide.

Jan 1, 2009

Over the past 12 years screening of materials has undergone a dramatic change in both the types and materials used in screen mats and the quality requirements of the finished product. With the main thrust now on quality and a cleaner product a different approach was needed in the operation of sizing screens. New screen mats with many different aperture configurations have been developed using rubber and plastics.to replace the traditional screen mat of woven wire or punched plate.

Jan 1, 1984

By S T. L Harrison, J-P Franzidis, M Becker, N Dyantyi, J L. Broadhurst

Gold mining is a major contributor to the South African economy, but is associated with several environmental issues such as acid rock drainage (ARD). ARD is due to the oxidation of sulfides in gold tailings and is characterised by low pH, high sulfate content and elevated concentrations of heavy metals that contaminates scarce water resources and subsequently limits the use of such waters without treatment. Treatment strategies can only be implemented if the acid-generating potential of mine wastes is effectively predicted using common static and kinetic acid prediction tests. The choice of test performed is usually a trade-off between the number of samples, speed of the test, cost of the analysis and level of information obtained. Often the results of these various tests are not consistent with one another. This study uses mineralogy to analyse biokinetic test results of a Witwatersrand gold sample in order to improve the understanding of behaviour of mine wastes under different ARD prediction test conditions.All ARD prediction testing methods investigated in this study showed that the gold sample is considered to be potentially acid forming with net acid generation (NAG) pH of 2.5 and net acid producing potential (NAPP) of 36 kg H2SO4/t. Results of biokinetic test showed that ANC was consumed within four days confirming acid producing potential of the sample with low neutralising potential as observed from acid base accounting (ABA) (4.7 kg H2SO4/t) and mineralogy (4.9 kg H2SO4/t). Results generated in this study demonstrated importance of mineralogy in both understanding the controlling reaction mechanisms playing key role in ARD formation and its capability as a prediction technique. Future work will focus on the application of mineralogy in interpreting the behaviour of mine waste under different static test conditions with a view to assessing their applicability and reliability in estimating potential acid generating characteristics of gold tailings.CITATION:Dyantyi, N, Becker, M, Broadhurst, J L, Harrison, S T L and Franzidis, J-P, 2013. Use of mineralogy to interpret laboratory-scale acid rock drainage prediction tests - a gold case study, in Proceedings World Gold 2013, pp 519-526 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Sep 26, 2013

By K Jupp, T J. Howard

Cliffs Natural Resources Pty Ltd (CNR) operates iron ore mines in the Koolyanobbing region of Western Australia. Ore is mined from three locations, separated by many kilometres. The ore is stockpiled at these locations, according to an in-house ore classification system (based on grade and source) and then trucked to the crushing and screening plant at Koolyanobbing. Lump and fines products are railed to Esperance for ship loading and export to Asian customers. CNR prides itself on the relatively low inter-shipment grade variability of the products. The Koolyanobbing crusher is fed using a daily blend plan, generated to maintain lump and fines product grades within acceptable tolerance ranges around targets. Achieving low variability requires predicting lump and fines grades as accurately as practical from the estimated head grades of the ROM ores potentially going into the blend. The grade prediction model may be either a direct prediction of crushed lump and fines grades and lump percentage, or be split into two stages: the bias between blasthole estimated head grade and crusher head grade and then the lump-fines algorithm for splitting the head grade between lump and fines products. The lump-fines algorithm comprises the percentage of lump and the difference between the lump and fines grades. We describe a weighted least squares (WLS) regression model for predicting crusher grades and lump proportion from the estimated head grade for Fe, P, SiO2, Al2O3, Mn and S. The method is applied to CNR production data, where the regression model explains approximately 60 per cent of the variance in the crushed ore grade, for both lump and fines. A further small but significant improvement in prediction can be achieved by including the ore classification data in the model. The regression errors exhibit strong positive serial correlation, indicating trends in grade error across multiple blend records. To compensate for the longer-term error, an exponentially smoothed model was developed and applied to the daily grade blend errors. This gave an increase in the longer-term variance explained and therefore an improvement in grade prediction.

Jan 1, 2009

By D M. Brady

Underground coal mines in Australia have embraced the use of various inertisation techniques both proactively and reactively. The use of such techniques can have a significant influence on ratios and trends used to monitor the status of the underground environment. Whilst control strategies should never be ignored in favour of preserving the integrity of ratios, the influence and significance of the changes likely to be seen should be anticipated and understood for reliable interpretation of the situation. This paper looks at the influence inertisation techniques can have on results and subsequent interpretation.CITATION:Brady, D M, 2013. The influence of inertisation techniques on gas interpretation, in Proceedings The Australian Mine Ventilation Conference , pp 259-264 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 1, 2013

By G Byrne

Long-term water management is typically ignored in mine closure planning. A review of 73 mine closure plans dating from 2007 to 2013 shows that, on average, relinquishment is proposed to be achieved in 11 years. A separate review of 57 mines in actual closure shows that only five have so far achieved relinquishment with an average closure period of 14 years after production cessation. The remaining 91 per cent of sites in closure have an average closure duration to date of 21 years - and still going.A common issue among those sites in closure is water management, with a further common issue being acid and metaliferous drainage (AMD). Of the closure plans that were reviewed only one site had allowance for long-term (>50 years) of water treatment. Of the sites in actual closure 25 per cent have reported that they expect such long-term water treatment, with many acknowledging that in perpetuity treatment is probable.Clearly there is a gap between what is being allowed in closure plans and the reality of closure. There are a number of factors leading to the optimism of the closure plans, including unrealistic assumptions, pressures to reduce closure cost provisions and the technical complexity of many AMD issues.Long-term water management is a reality that needs to be acknowledged and addressed. If addressed early in the mine life cycle the impacts for mining companies can be reduced.CITATION:Byrne, G, 2013. Long-term water management - the forgotten legacy of mine closure, in Proceedings Water in Mining 2013 , pp 163-168 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 26, 2013

By G Malherbe, J Gonzalez, D C. Franklin, J Bassan, C T. Farrelly

To respond to ever-increasing challenges, mining companies have been experimenting with new business models and technologies in order to speed mine development, production, processing and transport. The various experiments involve mobile access to data, intelligent sensors, advanced analytics, virtual collaboration, virtual reality, automated equipment, remote operations centres and strategic partnerships. A synthesis of all these components creates a ænetwork effectÆ that can dramatically improve the overall effectiveness the entire operation. The concept of the Network Centric Mine borrows from a variety of industries, including defence, aerospace, aviation, petroleum, utilities and manufacturing. Central to the concept are improvements to the way we connect people, process, information and technology, resulting in a more highly collaborative business model, with roles and processes designed to take advantage of new technology. The components of the mining operation act as a connected network aimed at a common goal, regardless of the boundaries of organisation and location.The design of this new organisational ecosystem needs to take into account the recent advances that enable the æplug and playÆ integrated collaborative environment, including cloud computing, mobile devices and social networking, as well as advances in augmented reality, robotics, geo-location, digital labelling, simulation and analytics. However, the most consistent lesson from other industries is the need to properly enable the behaviour and process changes necessary for success.Benefits from adopting a network centric approach include the more effective use of scarce expertise, improved data and information analysis, reduced process variance, and more informed and faster decision-making. The future of mining will see more technology savvy workers who will drive the adoption of new processes. The operations will shift from a relatively static and disparate set of functions, to a digitally aware, dynamic, automated, integrated and interactive environment, with increased agility, lower operating costs, higher productivity and improved safety.CITATION:Farrelly, C T, Malherbe, G, Gonzalez, J, Bassan, J and Franklin, D C, 2012. The network centric mine, in Proceedings International Mine Management 2012, pp 143-160 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Nov 20, 2012