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By Paul Weir

PRODUCTION METHODS in the bituminous coal mines in the United States are undergoing many changes. Although the primary object of these changes is the production of a better product at a cheaper cost there are other considerations such as the improvement of conditions under which miners live and work. The almost complete unionization of the manual workers in the industry during the past four years has 'brought with it a stabilization of wages on a relatively high basis and of hours of work per day and per week on a relatively low basis. With differentials in wages between producing districts firmly established, and with a nation- wide and uniform application of in-

Jan 1, 1937

CONTENTS [The Nature of Strain Markings in Alpha Brass (paper by J. E. BURKE and C. S. BARRETT, Met. Tech. Feb. 1948. TP 2327). ......................... 2 X Ray Studies of Twinning and Untwinning in Magnesium Alloys (paper by J. B. HESS and R. L. DIETRICH, Met. Tech. Feb. 1948. TP 2328) ................ 11 ]

Jan 1, 1948

THOSE MARKED THUS * ARE MEMBERS, MARKED THUS t ARE ASSOCIATES THESE SIGNS DOUBLED INDICATE LIFE MEMBERS AND ASSOCIATES RESPECTIVELY THE FIGURES AT THE END OE THE ADDRESS INDICATE THE YEAR OE ELECTION HEAVY FACED T1 PE SIGNIFIES HONORARY MEMBERSHIP *ABADIE, EMILE R , Min Engr P 0 Box 83, Berkeley, Cal '76 *ABBE, CLEVELAND, JR, Geol Aid, U S Geological Survey, Washington, D C '00 *ABBOTT, AI ARTHUR, Cerro de Pasco Mining CO , Cerro de Pasco, Peru, So America '95 *ABBOTT, ARTHUR V , Electrical Engr , Westinghouse, Church, Kerr & Co , 8 Bridge St, New York, N Y '82 *ABBOTT, CLARENCE E, Chief Min Engr, Care Fayal Mine, Eveleth, Minn '04 *ABBOTT, JAMES W , Min Engr , Special Agent, Rocky Mountain and Pa¬cific Coast Division, U S Dept of Agriculture, "Tile New Markham," Denver, Colo '94

Jan 1, 1910

By T. L. CONDRON

DURING the past fourteen months, this committee has had under consideration and study the subject of the licensing or registration of engineers. The fifteen members of the committee as appointed by Council, were selected from thirteen states, viz., Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Georgia, Louisiana, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, Colorado, California and Washington, and therefore represent practically all sections* of the United States, as well as mechanical, electrical, mining, hydraulic, municipal, sanitary, railway and' structural engineering, and also colleges of engineering. The first work of the committee was to investigate the general subject and to collect, so far as possible, avail¬able material bearing upon the subject in hand,. in-' eluding opinions from many engineers as to the need or desirability of legislation, as well as copies of all state laws passed and proposed, having to do with licensing or registration of engineers, architects and surveyor, This preliminary investigation disclosed that very pronounced views were held by engineers throughout the country, both for and against state licensing or registration. The general sentiment one year ago was more opposed to such measures than it is today. The older members of the profession did not as a rule favor licensing nor did they feel there was need for state regulation of engineering practice, while among the younger men there was a feeling that licensing or registration by the states would add prestige to professional engineers and in many ways benefit -the profession, as well as individual engineers.

Jan 1, 1920

By Scott Turner

HOSTS of friends will rejoice that T. A. Rickard has been given honorary membership in the Institute. It might well have been done long ago, since, when one reviews distinguished services rendered by individuals to our organization and our profession, it is at once apparent that his name ranks high and that he has merited this distinction for more than three decades. Our by-laws restrict this list to twenty names; "T.A." becomes the sixteenth living member. Young engineers should particularly be pleased; Mr. Rickard has had a career rich in human interest, and full of useful suggestions to the younger men; he has given them good advice and set them a notable example; he, more than anyone else, has shown them how technical writing can be clear and concise; he has inspired youngsters to do their best; he has been their friend. No one has more first-hand knowledge of these facts than the writer of this appreciation:

Jan 1, 1935

Aamot, Olav Crone, Chem. Engr., Norsk Elektrokemisk, Kongensgt. 18, Olso. Norway. '29 Abadilla.-Quirico A., Dir., Bureau of Mines Manila, P. I. '38 Abbott, Clarence E., V.P., Charge of Raw Materials, Tennessee Coal, Iron & R.R. Co., 1212 Brown-Marx Bldg., Birmingham, Ala. '04 Abel, Raymond L., Prof., Dept. of Pet. Refin., Univ. of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pa. '29 Abel. Walter D., Cons. Engr 1839 Holmby Ave., W. Los Angeles. Calif. '32 Abele, Louis T R. F. D. 5. Susquehanna Trail, N., York. Pa. '31 Abell, Leo M., Ore Dressing Investigator, School of Mines Adelaide, S. Australia. '31 Abenius. Hakan V., Mine Supt., Bolidens Gruvaktiebolag Boliden, Sweden. '37 Aborn, Robert H., Asst Met., Research Lab., U. S. Steel Corp. Lincoln Highway, Kearny, N. J. '19 Abraham, W. E. V., East India United Service-Club, 16 St. James' Sq., London, S. W. 1, England. '28 Abrams. Charles Jackson 1624 17th St., Denver, Colo. '36 Abstein, Henry T., Engr. & Mgr., Profile-Tamarack Mines Co Yellow Pine, Idaho. '27

Jan 1, 1938

By G. C. RIDDELL

THE metallurgist, chemist, and physicist are blazing trails that lead far afield. Pushing on into an "Alloy Age" they see a non-ferrous era over- taking iron and steel. Delving into the nature of the physical world, they break down a supposedly indivisible element, hydrogen. Not content with terrestrial problems, they peer back along the cosmic ray into iaterstellar space, glimpsing forces that are, apparently, still busy with the task of atom-making. Mastering and organizing the material and physical, they advance steadily toward that borderland of science where the concept of matter itself seems abandoned, and force is the substance left.

Jan 1, 1930

Prospectors were digging silver in the Ray mine area in 1873, and by 1880 high-grade copper ore was feeding a 30-ton copper furnace. In 1910, D. C. Jackling and his associates organized the Ray Consolidated Copper Company, known in mining circles as Ray Con, to exploit the Ray orebody. For 50 years, all mining was underground and the Ray mine was known the world over for innovations in mining methods. It was the first to mine important tonnage (8,000 tpd) by block caving methods. The mill at Hayden, 26 miles (41.6 km) from the mine, kept pace with the new mining methods developed at Ray and in the early 1920's flotation replaced gravity concentration by the vanner machines. First mining by open pit methods began in 1950 and in January 1955 all underground mining was discontinued. The new primary crushing plant, installed in early 1967, featured design simplicity with a low capital cost. The 54 in. gyratory crusher was installed within a total height of 6 1 ft (18.65 m) from the truck dump road bed to the floor beneath the feeder-conveyor under the surge pocket. The crusher is fed by 120-ton trucks dumping from one side only into a 200-ton hopper equipped with a horizontal splitter bar to protect the crusher spider. The crushed ore pocket, of 120 -ton live capacity underneath the crusher, discharges to a 0 to 200 fpm (61.2 mpm), variable-speed, 72 in. by 80 ft long (1.83 m by 24.4 m) sloped belt feeder, probably a first in the industry. Wood-picking stations are provided on either side of the belt so that old mine timbers and tramp iron can be removed from the crushed ore and the wood can be dropped into Dempster containers located below the belt. Counter-weighted finger gates control the bed depth on the belt at 14 in. (356 mm) and a low- level radiation unit automatically maintains a minimum of a 3 ft bed (900 mm) of material on the belt directly under the surge pocket. The conveyor is skirted for its full length and is approximately 60 in. (1.52 m) wide inside its metal skirt liners. Ten impact idlers at 12 in. (305 mm) spacing are provided under the loading pocket and remaining idlers are spaced at 18 in. (457 mm). The belt is 1 ¼ in. (31. 8 mm) thick; and, while it has occasionally been damaged by tramp material, belt life averages 11 million tons. When the belt is changed, the coiled new belt is lowered into position onto one of two belt stands mounted over the feeder, the old belt is cut, and one end is attached temporarily to the new belt. The other end of

Jan 1, 1978

By Arthur Notman

THE mineral industries in this country have now had about a year of national planning. Al. though the period is short, the volume of activity and legislation designed to make that planning effective has been nothing short of enormous. Those who have been privileged to see and study a few of the codes to regulate our mineral industry, such as those for oil, coal, steel, and copper, are driven to the conclusion that nothing was really known about the proper way to conduct those industries in this country prior to June, 1933; or if anything was known, nobody in actual practice made use of that knowledge. And yet those industries, in days gone by, helped to make this country the most prosperous in the world, and to maintain a standard of living even today higher than that of any other country. Without wishing to assume any first-hand knowledge of the Russian standard of living, I must confess that the evidence seems to indicate that even with dictatorial authority, national planning encounters unexpected difficulties. Perhaps what really wants

Jan 1, 1935

[Trans. No. Place Date Vol. Page 1, Wilkes-Barre, Pa.* .... May, '71.. 1 3 2. Bethlehem, Pa Aug., '71.. 1 10 3 Troy, N. Y Nov.,'71.. 1 13 4. Philadelphia, Pa Feb., '72.. 1 17 6. New York, N. Y •.... May, '72.. 1 20 6. Pittsburgh, Pa..:.Oct., '72.. 1 25 7. Boston, Mass Feb., '73.. 1 28 8 Philadelphia, Pa.' May, '73.. 2 3 9. Easton, a Oct., '73.. 2 7 10. New York, N. Y Feb., '74.. 2 11 11. St. Louis, Mo.* May, '74.. 3 3 12. Hazleton. Pa Oct.. '74.. 38 13. New Haven, Conn Feb., '75.. 3 15 14. Dover, N. J.' May, '75.. 4 3 16. Cleveland, 0 Oct., '75.. 4 9] [ ]

Jan 1, 1925

By Ira B. Joralernon

THREATS of a coming metal famine in the United States have filled many columns in magazines and newspapers in the past three years. This asserted menace has diverted attention from the actual results of recent exploration. Because no one had bothered to look into the facts, the statistical experts assumed that little ore was being found. They often subtracted the staggering tonnage of metals produced during the war from earlier published reserves, and assumed that the difference was all we had left. Naturally, they shuddered, with all possible publicity. For their figures showed an imminent lack of nearly all the metals needed for an industrial civilization, as well as for mechanized war. They concluded that only wholesale imports and development and production of metals by Federal agencies could avert the famine.

Jan 1, 1948

By R. M. Raymond

RECENTLY one of the Welsh coal companies, which has an excellent plant of up-to-date ma-chinery both on the surface and underground, operated under modern methods, sent one of its engi-neers to the United States to study actual operations in the mines. He visited several of the most important and best conducted collieries, went back, and reported that the greatest difference between operations in England and in the United States was. the closer con-tact between management and workmen. By manage-ment he meant management all the way through; close cooperation between office management, superintend-ents, foremen, shift-bosses, etc., and the workmen. A visit to some of the coal mines in that country by the writer made this fact rather impressive. The feel-ing on this side of the water that the methods in use in the coal mines in England are not up-to-date was found in many cases to be quite erroneous. Many mines, particularly those with very thin beds, in which profitable operations are doubtful under the best con-ditions, have necessarily had to adhere to old methods instead of making mechanical improvements. The Powell-Duffryn mines, in the center of the South Wales district, are certainly operating successfully, and have planned their business excellently. Sufficient areas of contiguous land have been leased for extended opera-tions. Mine plants are laid out in the valley, for work-ings on both sides, on a reasonable tonnage of 1500 to 3000 tons to each operation. The beds are from 30 to 48 in. thickness, and a 3-ft. seam is considered an ex-cellent thickness of coal; in fact, the miners prefer to work on the thinner beds rather than the thick ones, where they consider it more difficult to control the backs. This company is making use of its fine coal for produc-ing electric power, which is distributed to its own operations, and for use in the communities adjoining. For this purpose methods of cleaning the fine coal are being put into use. Compressed air is generated at the central power plant and is transmitted over long dis-tances to various mines in each valley. A byproduct coke plant uses more of the fine coal and gives further returns from non-commercial coal. The long-wall system applied in sections of limited size is popular in working the small seams, and me-chanical cutting is used, also handling either by shaking chutes or belt conveyors, or a combination of both. In some mines mechanical cutting is not necessary. The backs are so handled that in the softer or somewhat crushed seams hand cutting can be carried on effec-tively.

Jan 10, 1927

By Edward H. Robie

THE registration badges gave out, there were not enough programs, the Pioneer Hotel's rooms were insufficient, and some hundred applicants for banquet tickets had to be turned down at the Institute's Regional Meeting in Tucson, Nov. 1-5. Minor inconveniences these, however, occasioned by the fact that, optimistic as they are in Arizona, about half again as many partook of the week's activities as were expected. For this, the local program committee can be blamed-both the technical and social features were too attractive in quantity and quality. Seriously speaking, though, the Institute has probably never had a more successful Regional Meeting than this one. It being the first that has been held in Arizona in 22 years, no effort was spared to make it the distinctive gathering that it was.

Jan 1, 1938

By James E. Harding

AT just about the geographical center of the peninsula of Lower California is the El Arco gold mine. It is small and spotty, and three separate attempts to operate it in the past have failed. The only reason the present operation is possible is because of the higher price of gold and because the previous operators had spent about $300,000 developing the property with shafts, four levels, machinery, and a complete mill, all of which was acquired at a bargain price. All the known ore in the mine, to say nothing of the cost of recovering it, is

Jan 1, 1937

[NORTH AMERICA UNITED STATES ALABAMA ADAMSVILLE U. S. Steel Corp. Neason, James E. ALBERTVILLE Thompson Floral Co. Loudermilk, E. L. ANNISTON No Data Supplied Bonnichsen, Bill BESSEMER U. S. Steel Corp.-TCI Div. Beck, Adolph W., Jr. Boyle, James R. Cofield, William H. *Evans, James D. F., II *Guyton, Jesse C. Johnson, Leland H. Tetley, Albert L. No Data Supplied Crockard, F. H. Fisher, Joe T. Griffin, Joseph M. McFarland, E. A. Mohr, Henry E. Neal, George M. Walker, Wilber D.]

Jan 1, 1961

By E. S. Wheeler, M. W. Murphy

A LARGE part of the molybdenum produced in Colorado is converted and consumed in the Eastern States. As the raw materials and the power needed for the conversion of the Colorado concentrate are also accessible in the Eastern States, the conversion plant has been installed some 1500 miles east of where the ore is mined and milled. When concentrate was first produced at Climax in 1918, a custom smelter converted the product into ferromolybdenum. By 1924, the Company had decided to produce calcium molybdate and rented a building and installed equipment for that purpose at Langeloth, near Burgettstown, Pa., about thirty miles west of Pittsburgh. For the first few years the plant was a simple one of small capacity. A small hand-rabbled roaster was used, the product of which was made iota calcium molybdate by a conventional method; then an eight hearth mechanically rabbled roaster was installed to increase and speed up production. The output was considerably less than a million pounds of contained molybdenum annually until 1928, when a small part of the produc-

Jan 1, 1946

By C. W. Goodale

I. INTRODUCTION. In the summer of 1909 the Boston & Montana reduction department of the Anaconda Copper Mining Co. completed a new flue system, at a cost of about $1,100,000, and -is this includes the largest and highest chimney in the world, and some new features of flue construction, a description will be of interest. At the Spokane meeting of the Institute in September, 1909, a brief mention was made of this flue system, in discussing Mr. Brunton's presidential paper on the Progress of Metallurgy in the West, and a promise was given that when a long enough time had elapsed, so that operating results could be given, a paper would be offered. The smelting plant includes blast furnaces, MacDougall roasters, gas-fired reverberatories, and converters.

Jan 8, 1913

By C. H. Snyder

Tlie paper deals with details of construction of the Colmol, including improvements in design that will be incorporated in new models. These improvements are results of problems encountered and worked out in experimental operation with the unit. Also included is a descriptive plan of operating where roof and air conditions are of the worst. A summary of production results from the machine is presented. THE various units used in conventional mining are well-built. Generally the universal under -cutter, driven by approximately 50 hp, weighs approximately 25,000 lb, and is a very strong piece of machinery. The drilling machine is not as husky as an undercutter, generally is driven by approximately 15 hp, weighs about 9000 lb, but is a well-constructed, sturdy mechanism. The loader, usually 60 hp, weighs approximately 24,000 lb, and certainly is a strong, rugged unit. The working parts of all three of these sturdy conventional units have been made of tough steel alloys for some time. With the use of three machines having a combined horsepower of approximately 125, with a combined weight of approximately 60,000 lb, and with the possible inherent advantage of single purpose machines performing a single function, the use of considerable explosives has been required to complete the conventional mining cycle. It was therefore our thought, upon conception of the first Colmol,* a machine which was to do the work accomplished by the three conventional units plus explosives, that it must be a rugged mechanism. Now, after building several units, after going through many and varied experiments, and after the expense of some million-odd dollars, we find we have observed and learned nothing that contradicts our original thinking. A continuous miner, if it is to give satisfactory performance, must be a rugged piece of machinery. Ruggedness has been, and is constantly, in the minds of our engineers in designing the Colmol. Improvements where they have been required have been in the direction of more weight, more horse power, better alloys, bigger hydraulic pumps and motors; in short, always, toward more torque, greater strength, more ruggedness. Now not only the finest steel alloys are utilized but more than 100 Timken roller bearings are used. The following is some pertinent data on models being built and to be built: The low unit: Cutting height, 30 to 42 in. By changing the upper gear case the maximum cutting height can be increased to 61 in., giving a variable cutting height of from 30 to 61 in. Width of cut, 9 ft 6 in. Width of body, 75 in. over tracks. Height of body, 271/2 in. Overall length, 23 ft. Driven by three 50-hp motors or a total of 150 hp. Weight, 26 tons. The intermediate unit: Cutting height, 451/2 to 72 in. Width of cut, 9 ft 8 in. Width of body, 77 in. over tracks. Height of body, 43 in. Overall length, 26 ft. Driven by three 70-hp motors or a total of 210 hp. Weight, 35 tons.

Jan 1, 1951

By C. H. Snyder

Tlie paper deals with details of construction of the Colmol, including improvements in design that will be incorporated in new models. These improvements are results of problems encountered and worked out in experimental operation with the unit. Also included is a descriptive plan of operating where roof and air conditions are of the worst. A summary of production results from the machine is presented. THE various units used in conventional mining are well-built. Generally the universal under -cutter, driven by approximately 50 hp, weighs approximately 25,000 lb, and is a very strong piece of machinery. The drilling machine is not as husky as an undercutter, generally is driven by approximately 15 hp, weighs about 9000 lb, but is a well-constructed, sturdy mechanism. The loader, usually 60 hp, weighs approximately 24,000 lb, and certainly is a strong, rugged unit. The working parts of all three of these sturdy conventional units have been made of tough steel alloys for some time. With the use of three machines having a combined horsepower of approximately 125, with a combined weight of approximately 60,000 lb, and with the possible inherent advantage of single purpose machines performing a single function, the use of considerable explosives has been required to complete the conventional mining cycle. It was therefore our thought, upon conception of the first Colmol,* a machine which was to do the work accomplished by the three conventional units plus explosives, that it must be a rugged mechanism. Now, after building several units, after going through many and varied experiments, and after the expense of some million-odd dollars, we find we have observed and learned nothing that contradicts our original thinking. A continuous miner, if it is to give satisfactory performance, must be a rugged piece of machinery. Ruggedness has been, and is constantly, in the minds of our engineers in designing the Colmol. Improvements where they have been required have been in the direction of more weight, more horse power, better alloys, bigger hydraulic pumps and motors; in short, always, toward more torque, greater strength, more ruggedness. Now not only the finest steel alloys are utilized but more than 100 Timken roller bearings are used. The following is some pertinent data on models being built and to be built: The low unit: Cutting height, 30 to 42 in. By changing the upper gear case the maximum cutting height can be increased to 61 in., giving a variable cutting height of from 30 to 61 in. Width of cut, 9 ft 6 in. Width of body, 75 in. over tracks. Height of body, 271/2 in. Overall length, 23 ft. Driven by three 50-hp motors or a total of 150 hp. Weight, 26 tons. The intermediate unit: Cutting height, 451/2 to 72 in. Width of cut, 9 ft 8 in. Width of body, 77 in. over tracks. Height of body, 43 in. Overall length, 26 ft. Driven by three 70-hp motors or a total of 210 hp. Weight, 35 tons.

Jan 1, 1951

By Eugene McAuliffe

AS this is written, the probability A is that the bituminous coal out- put for 1936 will approximate 420,000,000 tons (of 2000 lb.) with an average working time for all mines of 205 days. The results for 1935 approximated 369,224,000 tons, with the mines working about 185 days. The increase in production of 14 per cent is heartening. In anthracite, it is probable that the preliminary figures covering output for 1935, 51,- 003,000 tons, will be exceeded this year although the percentage of in- crease will almost certainly be small. The substantial tonnage of anthracite illegally mined, estimated to be 3,600,- 000 tons in 1935, with a similar large Lonnage in 1936, is in addition to the figure given above; it represents an open and flagrant disregard of law and property rights. It is hard to understand why the officials of the State of Pennsylvania do not enforce the laws against theft and brigandage, more so when the legitimate employees of the established producing proper-

Jan 1, 1937