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By James E. York

THE honor so fairly earned and so incompletely and tardily paid to Henry Cort, the inventor of the puddling-furnace and the, rolling-mill, has been fully set forth by Mr. Charles H. Morgan,1 and needs no further emphasis here. In view of the importance of the rolling-mill in the treatment of iron and steel, the paucity of information concerning it is surprising. With the exception of a hook, written about 35 years ago, by Peter Bitter von Tunner, an Honorary Member of this Institute, and of desultory articles on simple sections, which have appeared in technical journals, I know of no pub¬lication attempting to treat this subject, although volumes have been written on the scientific theory and technical manipulations involved in other branches of the iron- and steel-industry. This strange anomaly may be due to the fact that roll-turning cannot be called a scientific business. It does not ordinarily come within the range of an educated engineer; yet it cannot be performed by an ordinary mechanic. It demands some of the qualifications of an engineer, in designing, and those of a mechanic, in execution. The men who have followed this trade have controlled the training of their successors. In many cases the technical knowledge required bas been handed down from father to son, and there has been a motive of private interest to prevent its public dissemination. Moreover, the statement of the various principles involved in the process would require, besides manual experience, a degree of scientific knowledge which roll-turners do not usually possess; and, finally, any book on the subject, in order to possess real, practical value, would have to be so fully illustrated as to make it very costly to publish. Regarding my own experience, I may say that I served a six-

May 1, 1906

By A. KROENLEIN

THE Cromwell 'Pool has been the outstanding development in Oklahoma during the year 1924. . Tonkawa contributed the deep "Slick Sand" bit apparently its 'peak has been reached and like other pools producing from below the Mississippi lime its decline' mill be rapid. After reaching a daily production of 67,000 bbl., the Cromwell Pool is declining because of a lull in -new completions, but a mile extension has revived activity and an area equal to that of the present producing' area is under development and will cause an increase in the present production of 38,000 bbl. This pool is seven months old, has three dry holes in one hundred twenty completions and is actually defined only on the southern extremity. This area has been one of the chief contributors to the .over-production of high gravity oil in the Mid- continent fields and will be such' for the remainder of ' the year. 1924 and first part of 1925.

Jan 1, 1924

By Simon D. Strauss

The world appetite for minerals in the, third quarter of this century grew at a higher rate than had been anticipated. To illustrate, consider the experience of four, commodities. Excluding the Communist bloc, sometimes referred to as the centrally planned economies, demand for aluminum increased at a compound rate of 8.6% between 1950 and 1975,; copper rose by 4.4%; iron ore by 5.5%; and tin, the laggard in the group, by 2%. Except for tin, the figures are substantially greater than growth rates anticipated in 1950 in the Paley Commission report and other studies. The growth rate was not evenly distributed in geographical areas. Professor Wilfred Malenbaum of the University of Pennsylvania did an interesting study breaking these figures down as among three principal sources of demand -- the United States, other industrialized nations (which he referred to as the "rich lands"), and the developing world (which he referred to as the "poor lands").

Jan 1, 1982

By GLENVILTE A. COLLINS

(Presented at a Meeting of the Spokane Local Section of the Institute, Feb. 17, 1912, and accepted for publication in the Bulletin. ) WHILE I am not at the present time engaged in active mine-management, my duties permit of extensive study and examination of many mines, mills, and reduction-works in various places throughout the United States. Being much interested in efficiency-work in general, and an ardent reader of writings on this subject by Frederick W. Taylor and others, as applied to manufacturing-plants, and having served my apprenticeship from mucking to the engineering design of ore-dressing and underground plants, I hope that this paper will lead others to investigate the field more fully, to the improvement of general mine- and mill-operations, as well as the advancement, intellectually, physically, and financially, of the employee and his relations with the employer. If a man who is prepared to look closely and observe broadly starts in Canada and zig-zags from camp to camp to southern Mexico, taking time casually to inspect mines, mills, and smelters, he will be pitifully impressed by the great difference in customs, and the general waste of labor, time, and money throughout the country. He will so seldom observe a dollar's worth of results given in exchange for a dollar spent that he will form a poor opinion of operating-efficiency and management. This highly-scientific department, requiring an amount of skill and executive ability equaled in few, if any, of the professions, certainly falls short of the standard established in our greater manufacturing industries. It is easily said that this is due to the diversity of conditions in mining, milling, and smelting. But on second view it must be admitted that there is room for tremendous improvements in nearly every mining-organization. The proposal of such improvements is often met by the argument that any mine

Sep 1, 1912

By W. S. Ayres

I. INTRODUCTION. THIS cavern was discovered Oct. 22, 1904, by Mr. Charles H. Deutschman, in company with whom I made, May 29 to June 3, 1905, at the request of Mr. Howard Douglas, Superintendent of the Canadian National Parks, the first exploration of it for the Canadian government. The results were stated in a paper, orally presented, with lantern-views from my photographs, at the British Columbia Meeting of the Institute, Victoria,, B. C., July 5, 1905.* The present paper embodies also the results of a second examination, made Oct. 25 to 29, 1905. The accompanying map, Fig. 1, will serve as a guide to the following description. II. LOCATION. The cavern is situated at snow-line, at the head-waters of Cougar creek, on the west slopes of the Selkirks, about 2 miles north from Ross Peak water-tank, and 5.5 miles west from Glacier House, on the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was then reached by an arduous climb from the water-tank, up the ravine of Cougar creek, for 8,000 ft. (2,000 ft. of altitude) over rock- and snow-slides, and through a thick tangle of alders. But an easy and very picturesque trail has, during the past summer, been opened by the government from Glacier House. Figs. 2, 3 and 4 represent views, not heretofore published, of the grand scenery of this region, so rapidly becoming the-object of attraction to thousands of tourists from all parts of the world. These views, as well as those shown in. Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8

Jan 1, 1907

By C. L. HUNTZINGER

THE mine here described is in the Witbank district, a coal area of the Transvaal, about 100 miles north- east of Johannesburg. and is owned by the Witbank Colliery, Ltd. The plant has a capacity of 4000 tons per eight hours, and prepares five sizes of coal. The coal seam lies at a depth of about 200 ft. below the surface, and is reached by an inclined shaft sunk at an angle of 18° with the horizontal. Although the thickness of the coal seam varies from 10 to 14 ft. or more, only about a 7-ft. bench is mined. Mining is by the hord and pillar system. Bords are driven 18 ft. wide, with pillars measuring 18 ft. square. The mine is laid out into four sections, each sewed by a main haulage way from the shaft. Arc-wall machines are used for cutting the coal. but all loading is done by hand. Native labor is employed under the supervision of white miners, who do the required blasting. The workings are practically free from gas and water, and very little timber is needed.

Jan 1, 1931

By B. E. Field

Cobalt is a silvery white metal with a slight bluish cast. It strongly resembles nickel in its appearance and properties, notably its resistance to corrosion, although its alloys with other metals differ decidedly in their properties from those of nickel. The name "cobalt" was derived from the German Kobold, meaning goblin, and this came to be applied to the cobalt minerals which, although they resembled ores, did not readily yield metal when smelted by the primitive processes available in the Middle Ages. Cobalt minerals were used as pigments by potters and glass workers before the Christian era. Cobalt blue glass was found in the tombs of the Egyptians and in the ruins of Troy, and many colors used by the ancient Greeks and Romans contained cobalt. The ancients were entirely unaware that the colors they used were caused by cobalt and the metal itself was not isolated until about the middle of the eighteenth century, by Brandt, although the preparation of cobalt compounds had been carried on in a small way ever since the opening of the silver-cobalt deposits at Schneeberg, Germany, in 1470.

Jan 1, 1935

By Wm. E. Milligan

LEAD stocks at the beginning of 1943 were comfortable when compared with those of other base metals such as copper, zinc and tin. This situation was early recognized by W.P.B. and other Governmental agencies and every effort was made to encourage the substitution of lead for these latter metals in all essential uses. Despite this apparently healthy condition, lead was not denied participation in the various measures inaugurated by the Government to relieve metal shortages. Thus in the Mexican trade agreement, effective Jan. 20, the tariff on two important classes of lead importss was halved. Similarly, in the setting up of B quota premiums, a B base was allotted to lead, with all pro¬duction above this figure receiving an additional payment of 2.75c. per lb., or a total payment of 11.75c. per lb. At about the same time it was announced that all quota transactions would be based upon the lead content as shown by the smelter settlement sheets. This basis was 86 percent of the lead content for all ores shipped to custom milling plants and 95 per cent for ores and concentrates shipped to custom smelting plants. The importance of this action can be appreciated when in the Coeur d'Alene it was estimated as equivalent to a 5 per cent increase compared to the previous base.

Jan 1, 1944

By C. C. Harris

This article presents a general equation describing the xYt surface in batch grinding. This equation contains as special cases most of the relationships which have been deduced from kinetic studies. In an earlier paper an analytical solution of the integro-differential equation of batch grinding was proposed1 as a first approximation of the xYt surface.' A more general equation will be presented here, which appears to combine in a single statement many conclusions reached by experiment. A possible underlying mechanism is that the changing product fineness leads to changes in the particle crushing strength and in the probability of encounter with the crushing media.

Jan 1, 1969

By Robert Linton

M ETHODS by which Americanization is developed among the foreign workers at the mines in the United States, with particular reference to mines of the Pennsylvania coal region, were discussed in a most constructive way at the Wilkes-Barre Meeting of the Institute. Arthur Notman, of the Phelps Dodge Corpn., as chairman, guided the discussion. Americanization was defined by E. E. Bach, !chairman of the Institute's Sub-committee on Americanization, who said: "Americanization applies either to the native-born or foreign-born and is that process of assimilation which guarantees the full functioning of American citizenship. Naturalization papers merely entitle one to the privileges of citizenship."

Jan 1, 1921

By AIME AIME

The 102d meeting of the Institute was held at the Institute headquarters in the Engineering Societies Building, New York, N. Y., on Feb. 19, 20 and 21, 1912. A Bureau of Information, in charge. of Mr. George Buckman, was maintained during the meeting. The proceedings opened with an informal social meeting on Monday evening, Feb. 19, in Assembly-Room No. 1, on the

Mar 1, 1912

By Arno C. Fieldner

METALLURGICAL coke and the by-products of the carbonization of coal continue in strong demand. Nearly 500 new by-product ovens were constructed in 1943. Output of by-product coke in the first ten months of the year was about 2 1/2 percent higher than in the corresponding period of 1942, but beehive production remained on approximately the same level as last year and constituted about 11 per cent of the total coke output.

Jan 1, 1944

By R. E. Reed-Hill

The shear continuity conditions under which one mechanical twin may cross another are considered. Twin intersections usually involve various types of slip deformation in addition to twinning. Because the shear of the crossing twin may be partly transmitted through the crossed twin by slip mechanisms, continuity of the twinning shear vectors is not required at a twin intersection. It is concluded that analyses based on twin intersections should not he used as an independent method for deducing twinning elements in newly observed twinning modes. WHEN one mechanical twin passes through another, a twin intersection is said to occur. In the simplest form of intersection, Fig. 1, the crossing of one twin by another is accomplished with the aid of a second-order twin induced, in the twin that is crossed, by the crossing twin. The subject of twin intersections is significant to the field of deformation studies because it has been postulated by cahn1 that twin intersections should occur only under the following continuity conditions: 1) the traces of the primary and second-order twin must be parallel to each other in the plane of the crossed twin; 2) the direction 771 and magnitude, S, of the twinning shear must be identical in the crossing and second-order twins; also, the sense of shear must be the same. If these postulates are valid they constitute a valuable tool for determining twinning elements of newly observed twinning modes in metals. In his classic paper in 1953 on the plastic deformation of a uranium, Cahn1 used these continuity conditions to deduce twinning elements for several uranium modes. However, in the same year, pratt2 showed that both of Cahn's continuity equations were violated for (1012) twin intersections in zinc. Later, Kiho and Maruyama3, 4 showed that Cahn's second postulate was violated in {301) and (101) twinning in tin and (101) twinning in bismuth. In spite of this documentation that Cahn's second postulate is often violated, several recent papers5'6 have been published which have attempted to use the condition of continuity of twinning shear vectors for the evaluation of twinning elements. The primary purpose of this paper is to call attention to the possible ambiguity inherent in applications of Cahn's postulate, and to present additional information concerning the nature of twin intersections.

Jan 1, 1964

By T. H. Weldon, L. V. Whiton, R. R. McNaughton, J. H. Hargrave

Oxygen enriched air is being used quite extensively in the metallurgical plants of The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Co. of Canada, Limited, at Trail, B.C. The oxygen used for this purpose is a by-product from the Company's chemical plants located in the area. Most of the ore treated in the Trail metallurgical plants comes from Com-inco's Sullivan Mine at Kimberley, B.C. At Kimberley the ore is milled to produce lead and zinc concentrates which are shipped to Trail for further treatment to metal. One section of this paper deals with the use of oxygen enriched air in the suspension roasting of the zinc concentrates. In this process the concentrate is calcined for leaching preparatory to electrolytic recovery of the zinc. A second section of the paper describes the use of oxygen enriched air in operations at the lead smelter. There oxygen enriched air is used in the blast to the lead blast furnaces and in the slag fuming furnace which recovers the lead and zinc contained in lead blast furnace slag. The final section of the paper outlines the precautions necessary for the safe use of oxygen enriched air in any plant operation. The Use of Oxygen Enriched Air in the Suspension Zinc Roasters The suspension roasting of zinc concentrate developed at Trail, B.C., has been described in AIME Vol. 121, "The Electrolytic Zinc Plant of The Consolidated Mining and Smelting Company of Canada, Limited" by B. A. Stimmel, W. 11. Hannay and K. D. McBean. Since the publication of that paper, the use of oxygen enriched air in suspension roasting has been introduced as regular practice with marked advantage. The relative importance of a specific advantage may vary with changing conditions, but, in general, it may be stated that improved operation has been achieved at increased capacities. Suspension roasting is carried out at Trail in converted standard 25 ft diam Wedge roasters. The 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th roasting hearths have been removed and the drying hearth covered over. Drying of the concentrate is done on the drying hearth and the 1st roasting hearth. The dried concentrate, after any lump's have been broken up in a ball mill, is fed to a single burner located in the upper part of the combustion chamber. Oxygen is introduced at the burner fan along with the gases from drying, returned combustion gases from the waste heat boiler outlet and the required amount of new air. Up to 60 pct of the concentrate settles out on the 6th roasting hearth, the rest passilig out of the roaster. The product collected in the waste heat boiler is finished calcine, but the dust collected in the cyclones after the boilers is returned to the base of the combustion chamber where the sulphate is decomposed. Gases from the c'yclones go to a Cottrell precipitator. The discharges from the 7th roasting hearth and the waste heat boiler are combined with the Cottrell dust to give the finished calcine. Following small scale tests started in 1933, oxygen enriched air has been used continuously in the suspension roasting of zinc concentrate in Trail, beginning in 1937. A significant factor in promoting its use in this operation was the availability of by-product oxygen from the Company's near-by Chemical and Fertilizer Division. To-day it is standard practice at Trail to use oxygen enriched air for zinc concentrate roasting. The most important requirement in roasting a zinc concentrate for an electrolytic plant is that the zinc in the calcine should have maximum solubility. It is also desirable at Trail that the gas produced for the manufacture of suhhuric acid should have a ~naximum concentration of SO2 and that a substantial recovery of waste heat from the gas be achieved. High solubility of zinc requires that the sulphide sulphur and zinc ferrite in the calcine be kept low. These are both functions of temperature and time, with formation of zinc ferrite also dependent on contact between the iron and zinc particles. One of the inherent advantages of suspension roasting is that minimum time and contact are achieved. The limit on temperature is imposed by the fusion point of the concentrate and not by the need to control zinc ferrite formation. Operating temperatures are normally maintained within the limits of 1725" and 1850°F. A relatively low zinc sulphate in the calcine is required at Trail, and this results from discharging the calcine from the high sulphur dioxide atmosphere at a temperature above 1600°F.

Jan 1, 1950

By G. H. Tausch, T. A. Huber

Very encouraging progress has been made ill the develop-ment of the permanent-type well completion which decreases considerable the cost of completions and workovers and aid-in the acquisition of reliable reservoir information at low cost. Completion and remedial operations are performed with tool,; which pass through the well tubing. Perforating and plug-hack operations can be done with the tubing in place and do not require pipe-handling equipment. Because of the many advantages afforded by this method, development work is going forward in anticipation of ultimately being able 10 use it to perform all usual well completion and workover operations. Effort is also being directed to the development of a more permanent type of lift equipment suitable for use with the permanent-type well completion. INTRODUCTION The permanent-type well completion in one in which the tubing and well-head are set in place only once in the life of the well and the completion or remedial work is performed through the tubing with a tubing-type perforator. a retrievable tubing extension. and other wire-line tools. This new type completion has made possible the saving of one to two days' rig time in the completion of each of several hundred wells During the last two years, and use of equipment developed for this type of completion has resulted in a 75 per cent reduction in cost. of certain types of workovers. In addition. the more reliable indication of the commercial value of a reservoir and the more accurate general reservoir information made Possible promise to be of even greater value in oil recovery than the reduction of costs for completions and workovers Recently. several well.. were worked over by using the retrievable tubing extension suspended on a swab line to plug back with cement and then perforating a higher producing interval with the tubing-type perforator, thus opening the way for complete through-the-tubing workovers which may be performed without pipe-handling equipment or mud. Those items attendant to the use of pipe-handling equipment and mud. such as hoard matting rig substructure. and pits. were also eliminated. There are indications that the elimination of drilling mud during completion and workover operations will frequently give increased well productivity, as plugging of the perforation. will not occur. It ii now possible to perforate selectively small sections of the producing interval and to test a well through these sections prior to perforating more interval. The perforating of additional interval will not entail the costly operations of killing the well and pulling tubing, nor will the old or the new perforations be plugged. The productivity of .mall sections of a reservoir and the actual gas-oil or oil-water contacts may now be determined economically under flowing condition.. Selective completions can be made in this manner to delay gas and water problems and bring about maximum oil recovery. At the present time, gas lift appears to offer the greatest potentialities for artificial lift in the permanent-type well com"letion since it can provide full-open tubing to accommodate the through-the-tubing tools and it may be ultimately developed into a fairly permanent type of lift. With precent-day pas-lift equipment. valve or mandrel failure necessitates occacio11al removal of the tubing. thereby reducing to some extent the permanence of the completion. New gas-lift valves are now

Jan 1, 1953

By R. I. Jaffee, J. G. Dunleavy, W. Hodge, H. R. Ogden

Jan 1, 1949

By R. S. Handy

THE properties of the Patiño Mines and Enterprises Consolidated, Inc., a New York corporation, are near Llallagua in the department of Chayanta in the west central part of Bolivia, South America, about 80 miles southeast of Oruro and 250 miles southeast of La Paz, the largest city in Bolivia and its virtual capital. The properties are accessible by railroad from three points on the west coast-from Mollendo, Peru, across Lake Titicaca, from Arica by way of La Paz, and from Antofagasta, Chile. The latter route, although the longest, is recommended by the companies as affording a more gradual introduction to the high altitudes; the mine being 13,000 ft. above sea level. The company operates its own railroad from its properties at Uncia to Machacamarca on the Chile & Bolivia R. R., a distance of 60 miles. This railroad is well equipped and well operated, and its location among the mountains surrounding Uncia represents excellent engineering skill. In fact all of the railroads, although they are of only a meter gage, are remarkable for the excellence of their construction, the arrangement of their dining and sleeping cars and the precision of their operation. There is only one drawback to rail- road and hotel accommodations and that is the absence of heating facilities, which does not seem to affect the natives but keeps a tenderfoot's teeth chattering continually. The company is a consolidation of the Patiño company, owning properties at Uncia, with the Compafiia Estanfera de Llallagua, a' Chilean corporation owning contiguous properties at Llallagua. Before the consolidation these companies were deadly enemies, and there still remain at the surface plant at Uncia the fortifications and underground defences provided during the warfare between the two factions. Also, in the Azul, or "Blue" tunnel at the junction line between the two properties is a strong steel barricade still bearing marks of the bullets fired during the various armed tilts between the workmen of the two companies. The headquarters for the mining operations and the milling plant have been moved since the consolidation from the original location at Uncia to the Llallagua side of the mountain, where the Chilean company's operations were carried on. The historic old town of Uncia, with its massive stone buildings of Spanish design, is a wreck, while the Llallagua side is being rapidly built up with modern structures.

Jan 1, 1929

By G. R. Leverant, C. P. Sullivan

To evaluate the effect of a dispersion of nondeform-able, incoherent, second-phase particles on high-strain cyclic deformation and fracture, recrystallized TD-nickel (Ni-2ThO2) and a commercially pure nickel, Ni-200, were fatigued under strain control at total strain ranges varying from 0.009 to 0.036. Relative to the Ni-200, the slip at the surface of the TD-nickel was more wavy and discontinuous due to the presence of the thoria particles. This made crevice formation (incipient cracking) within slip bands more difficult in TD-nickel than in Ni-200. Both materials cyclically hardened to a constant (saturation) flow stress which increased with increasing plastic strain amplitude. Cellular substructures were developed in both materials during cycling. The cell size in TD-nickel was controlled by the thoria particle distribution and was independent of plastic strain amplitude over the range investigated. The cell size in Ni-ZOO was larger than that in TD-nickel at similar plastic strain amplitudes and was a function of plastic strain amplitude. These results, together with the cyclic stress-strain curves for both materials, are discussed in terms of a model for fatigue strain accommodation at saturation recently proposed by Feltner and Laird. NUMEROUS fatigue investigations have considered the interrelation of slip character, dislocation substructure, and cracking in pure metals and solid-solution alloys. However, except for the studies of the low-strain fatigue of internally oxidized copper alloys1 and cast, dispersion-strengthened lead,&apos; little is known about the effects which small, incoherent, nondeform-able, second-phase particles have on cyclic deformation and cracking processes. Effects due to the particles alone are often obscured by a dislocation substructure introduced during thermomechanical processing of dispersion-strengthened metals. In the present study, recrystallized TD-nickel and a commercially pure nickel, Ni-200, were employed to evaluate the effect of a thoria dispersion on high-strai fatigue deformation and cracking at room temperature. I) MATERIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The TD-nickel was supplied by DuPont as a 5/8-in.-thick stress-relieved plate which had been subjected to a proprietary schedule of thermomechanical treatments, and the Ni-200 as 3/4-in. bar which was subsequently annealed for 2 hr at 850°C in argon resulting in an average grain diameter of 0.05 mm. The compositions of these materials are given in Table I. The microstructure of the TD-nickel consisted of elongated grains parallel to the primary working direction with an average width of 0.16 mm, Fig. l(a). Many fine annealing twins were present indicating that the starting material was in a recrystallized condition; this supposition was confirmed by the absence of of any extensive dislocation substructure, Fig. l(b). Sheetlike stringers parallel to the rolling direction were occasionally seen both within grains and at grain boundaries. Some approximately spherical particles about 2 in diam, which may correspond to exceptionally large thoria particle aggregates, were also present. The average Young&apos;s modulus of the plate material in the rolling direction was 21.8 X 106 psi which is consistent with a {100}<001>recrystalliza-tion texture3&apos;* being prominent. In transmission microscopy, the 2.3 vol pct of thoria particles generally appeared to be uniformly distributed although some clusters, 0.1 to 0.3 in diam, of larger particles were observed as previously reported for TD-nickel sheet,5 and stringering of particles was present in some areas as welt. The average diameter of the thoria particles was 450A with a calculated mean planar center-to-center spacing of 2100A, as determined by quantitative metallographic analysis.= The 0.2 pct offset yield stress was 36,000 psi which agrees with the value predicted by the modified Orowan relation7 for edge dislocations bowing between thoria particles of the size and spacing observed in the present investigation. Fig. 2 illustrates the specimen design employed for the axial high-strain fatigue testing. Adapters were screwed onto the threaded portions of each specimen so that testing could be performed in the same manner as that reported for buttonhead specimens.8 Stressing was coincident with the working direction for both materials. The gage section of each specimen was electropolished and lightly etched prior to testing. The total strain was controlled, being varied between zero and a maximum tensile strain ranging from 0.009 to 0.036. In addition to these tests, a circum-ferentially notched TD-nickel specimen was cycled over a total strain range of 0.0075. The same strain

Jan 1, 1969

BENEFICIATION AND CONCEN&apos;TRATION; FROTH FLOTATION U.S. 4,069,144 - In the froth flotation beneficiation of phosphate rock using at least an acid flotation step and an amine flotation step, the crude ore is dried either during transport or storage or by air circulation immediately prior to classification, and the dried ore mixed with water and classified prior to flotation The preliminary drying substantially eliminates the usual problems with clay slimes G. C. Johnson and A. E. Schweizer, assigned to Mobil Oil Corp. Jan 17. 1978. 4 pp (209- 11) . Filed 1 1-19-75 (633,535).

Jan 1, 1979

By Herbert Hoover

THE Federation of Engineering Societies has been created for the sole purpose of public service. This initial meeting surely warrants some discussion of a few of the problems to which this organization, for expression of the --. engineering mind, can quite well give consideration. Some of the greatest of the problems before the country and, in fact, before the world, are those growing out of our industrial development. The enormous industrial expansion of the last fifty&apos; years has lifted the standard of living and comfort beyond any dream of our forefathers. Our economic system under which it has been accomplished has given stimulation to invention, to enterprise, to individual improvement of the highest order, yet it presents a series of human and social difficulties for the solution of which we are groping. The congestion of population is producing subnormal conditions of life. The vast repetitive operations are dulling the human mind. The intermittency bf employment due to the bad coordination of industry, the great waves of unemployment in the ebb and flow of economic tides, produce infinite wastes and great suffering. Our business enterprises have become so large and complex that the old personal relationship between employer and worker has to a great extent disappeared. The aggregation of great wealth, with its power of economic domination, presents social, economic ills which we are constantly struggling to remedy.

Jan 1, 1920