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By Akira Ishikuro, Masamichi Shintaku, Futoshi Kusumoto, Takeshi Kudo

"The Bankei-Kitanosawa tunnel that is located in Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan includes a 450m long section near the arrival point where mudstone which can liquate out natural hazardous materials such as arsenic and selenium exceeding the tolerance stipulated by country as well as weathered mudstone and unconsolidated sedimentary rocks with small overburden and the competence factor less than 1.0 are present. The mucks containing hazardous materials were disposed into the waterproof branch tunnels created from the inside of the main tunnel. The full face early ring closure method was employed to ensure the stability of the tunnel in the low strength rock masses having no stand-up time. As a result, the waterproof tunnels branching off the main tunnel can manage water tightness so as to ensure safety and relief against environmental risks of the hazardous materials. It is also demonstrated that the full face early ring closure method enable construction of the tunnel with a small overburden in the low strength rock masses. INTRODUCTION The Bankei-Kitanosawa tunnel includes a 450m long section near the arrival point where mudstone which can liquate out natural hazardous materials such as arsenic and selenium exceeding the tolerance stipulated by country as well as weathered mudstone and unconsolidated sedimentary rocks with small overburden and the competence factor less than 1.0 are present. In order to overcome the restrictions, the hazardous materials were designed to be disposed into large cross section waterproof tunnels which were newly designed and constructed in high strength and hazardous material free Andesite. The lining for the tunnels was composed of with shotcrete. In addition, full face early ring closure (Sato et al., 2013) was employed to stabilize the tunnel so as to enable safe tunnel excavation in low strength rock masses where a ground arch is deemed unachievable. This paper presents the safe disposal method of mucks which are likely to liquate out natural hazardous materials as well as the full face early ring closure method and its mechanical characteristics."

Jan 1, 2016

By Jaime Adasme, Héctor González, Benjamín Celada

"INTRODUCTION Santiago de Chile is a 7 million inhabitant city which has a 103 Km long subway network operated since 1975 by Metro S.A. This network is used on a daily basis by 2.3 million people. In 2012 Metro S.A. started the biggest enlargement of the network in its history, through the design and construction of the new Line 3 (21.7 Km) and Line 6 (16.5 Km). The detailed engineering contract for civil underground works of Line 6 (L6) was awarded to the Consortium integrated by ZAÑARTU Ingenieros Consultores and GEOCONTROL S.A., in which Geocontrol was in charge of the design of 11 stations and 14.5 Km of tunnel. L6 crosses L3 in Ñuble and Ñuñoa Station, L2 at Franklin Station and ends, intersecting L1, at Los Leones Station as shown in Figure 1. LOS LEONES STATION DESIGN Location and Characteristics Los Leones Station is placed at the North end of the L6, next to the same named station of the L1 and it has four construction units, as is shown in Figure 2: I. Access Shaft (49 m x 47 m). II. Access Gallery (34 m long). III. Station Tunnel (120 m long). IV. Connection Gallery with L1 (104 m long). A singular feature of Los Leones is that the western section of the station tunnel, built from the access gallery, is located below an underground parking lot which is located in Providencia Avenue, as shown in Figure 3. It is important to highlight that the distance between the vault of Los Leones Station Tunnel and the foundations of the underground parking lot is only 6 m."

Jan 1, 2016

By Michael Loken, April Montera

"The process of blending consistent and predictable feed for the roasters is critical to optimizing product quality and controlling production costs. To assist in this process, Online PGNAA Slurry Analyzers have been installed and evaluated at a Sudbury Ontario smelter. They are used to measure 100% of the full process stream to obtain elemental composition data in real time. This paper explains the application details at Sudbury and the benefits achieved from their Full Stream, Elemental Slurry Analyzers.INTRODUCTIONSudbury Integrated Nickel Operations (Sudbury INO), a Glencore Company consists of two underground nickel/copper mines in Sudbury, Nickel Rim South and, Fraser, along with the Strathcona mill and the Sudbury smelter. The facilities are spread throughout the 60 kilometer-long, oval-shaped geological formation known as the Sudbury Basin (Figure 1). The company has been mining nickel-copper ores in the Sudbury area since 1929. Nickel and copper are the primary focus of operations at Nickel Rim South and Fraser. Other base metals such as cobalt and precious metals are also produced."

Jan 1, 2016

By S. V. Ulianov, A. Y. Senchenko, A. A. Shvets, A. V. Aksenov

Development of an efficient technology to process complex ores containing gold and antimony as well as silver is described in the paper. The results from the testwork aimed at the valuables recovery by means of flotation are presented. A process sample of antimonite gold-bearing ore was studied in TOMS institute aiming at development of a technology to process such an ore with generation of antimony concentrate and sulphide gold-containing concentrate. Material composition study indicated that the ore included 5.3% of sulphides: arsenopyrite – 2.4%, pyrite -2.4%, and antimonite – 0.5%. Gold is present as an isomorphic dissemination in arsenopyrite. At sighter testing stage a direct selective flotation flowsheet was chosen to process the ore. Antimonite flotation was activated due to addition of lead nitrate. A single cleaning of a rougher flotation concentrate resulted in antinomy concentrate with 30% Sb content and 71% recovery. Au recovery into antimony concentrate did not exceed 1%. Sb flotation tailings were used to float the remaining sulphides and gold. The resulted sulphide concentrate was characterized by Au content of 20 g/t at about 80% recovery, arsenic content - 10% at ~80% recovery, and sulphur content - 18% at ~81% recovery. The sulphide concentrate can be forwarded to further processing aiming at gold recovery. Given that the concentrate is highly refractory it should be pretreated (bacterial or pressure oxidation, Albion process) prior to cyanidation in order to liberate gold from sulphides. The proposed technology allows one to solve the problem of precious metals recovery from antimonite ores.

Jan 1, 2016

By Minerals Refining Company, Gerald Luttrell, Biao Li, Robert Bratton, Roe-Hoan Yoon, Stan Suboleski, Nikhil Gupta

Flotation is regarded as the best available method of upgrading coal and mineral fines in the mining industry. However, its efficiency deteriorates rapidly with decreasing particle size. Furthermore, ultrafine concentrates are difficult to be dewatered economically. Due to these technological problems, some operators are forced to discard at least part of the ultrafine materials to tailings (or refuse) ponds, causing significant losses of valuable resources and creating environmental concerns. To address these technological issues, a new separation process named hydrophobic-hydrophilic separation has been developed on the basis of the recent advances in the science of hydrophobic interactions. The results obtained to date show that the process can recover and dewater ultrafine particles simultaneously with high separation efficiencies. Following a series of extensive laboratory tests, the process has been scaled up to proof-of-concept and pilot-scale continuous tests. The results obtained with desliming cyclone overflows, screenbowl effluents, and by-zero coal flotation feeds can be cleaned to less than 4% ash and moisture with over 97% organic matter (or coal) recoveries. The results obtained with mineral fines also showed encouraging results.

Jan 1, 2016

By Andre Cezar Zingano

"The empirical approach for pillar design assumes that geological conditions should be perfect, such as horizontal seams, and that pillar strength and behavior will only depend on the coal seam strength and the vertical pressure caused by the overburden thickness on the coal seam; this vertical pressure is based on the tributary area. Empirical methods do not consider the effect of the interface between the roof and pillar or the floor and pillar.The effect of the interface shear strength on final coal pillar strength has been studied since the 1960s. However, few case studies have been generated from that, especially in shallow underground coal mining (less than 100 meters). This case study involves a mining section at the 101 coal mine in the Santa Catarina state of Brazil, which is experiencing pillar rib spalling and yielding because of a 1-to 2-cm-thick clay layer at the area of contact between the coal seam and immediate roof. The depth of the coal seam is 60 m on average and 2.3 m in height. This particular section also has 12-14% (7-8°) of seam inclination. The pillar size varies from l lxll to 13xl2m; thus, the safety factor (SF) based on the ARMPS approach is more than 1.5. The objective of this paper is to determine the cause of the pillar yielding and study the effect of the clay layer at the interface between the roof and pillar, including the inclination of the coal seam. This study conducted empirical and numerical models (2D and 3D) to understand the effect of the thin clay layer. The conclusion is that the clay layer affected the strength of the interface between roof and pillar, causing rib spalling and reducing the pillar strength.INTRODUCTIONPillar stability and deformation depends on the coal seam strength and vertical pressure caused by the overburden thickness on the coal seam, and this vertical pressure is based on the tributary area. The effect of the interface shear strength on the final coal pillar strength has been studied since the 1960s. However, few case studies have been generated from that, especially in shallow underground coal mining (less than 100 m). This interface could be represented by a thin clay layer or an abrupt contact between the coal seam and a rigid sandstone layer of the immediate roof. These two interface conditions are found in the coal mines of Brazil, and the effect of the interface shear strength could increase when the seam's inclination is higher."

Jan 1, 2016

By Ramazan Comakli, Cemal Balci, Nuh Bilgin, Hanifi Copur, Can Polat, Deniz Tumac

"Application of mechanical excavators for rock excavation in both civil construction and mining engineering fields has increased significantly in recent years. Prediction of the excavation performance of any mechanical excavators – tunnel boring machines, roadheaders, impact hammers, continuous miners and shearers for any geological formation is one of the main concerns in determining the economics of a mechanized mining and/or tunneling operation. A new portable linear rock cutting (PLCM) device was developed in the Mining Engineering Department of Istanbul Technical University and supported by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK-112M859). The PLCM is used for cutting small core or block rock samples by a real-life mini disc cutter. The results from the PLCM are compared with the results obtained from the full scale rock cutting tests and theoretical model. It is found that there is reliable correlation between test results obtained from both cutting tests and theoretical model. 1. INTRODUCTION Mechanical excavators are currently the only alternatives to drill and blast due to higher production rate, increased safety, uniform muck size, less roof support, easier ventilation, continuous rather than cyclical operation, and possibilities for automatic control. The most of large civil tunneling and some mining projects are now carried out by mechanical excavators rather than drill and blast methods. Mechanical excavators can be categorized into two main groups: full-face and partial-face machines. Full-face machines such as tunnel boring machines excavate the face in one mode at the size of the cutterhead. Due to their cutting mode, the shape of the face profile by the full-face machines can only be circular. As for partial-face machines, the cutterhead is attached at the end of a boom. The face profile excavated by the partial-face machines can be from circular to horseshoe shape due to the cutting mode of the boom."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. Noble

"In coal and mineral processing, several numeric parameters are used to quantify the separation performance of unit operations. For density-based separations, the partition curve is used as the starting point for many stages of diagnostic analyses. The curve is often quantified by its midpoint slope sharpness, and this single value is subsequently used for technical evaluation, benchmarking, and comparison. While this analytical approach does depict misplacement by relative density class, it inherently prioritizes middling separation and does not consider process economics or the micro-price value of individual classes. An alternative parameter, the organic efficiency, does indirectly consider process economics, but it does not reveal information on the root cause of lost revenue or misplacement. In this paper, a new analytical approach, the partition moment of inertia, is introduced. This parameter reconciles the technical misplacement data derived from the partition curve with the economic data derived from micro-pricing. The result is a new analytical procedure that promises better use of performance data. IntroductionPartition curves are commonly used in the characterization, evaluation and simulation of various physical separators. In mineral processing, partition curve analysis is routinely applied to hydrocyclones, screens, density separators and other beneficiation technologies that are based on intensive physical properties. Graphically, the partition curve depicts the recovery of particles as a function of the physical property on which the separation is based, such as particle density, size or magnetic susceptibility. Given the probabilistic nature of many real separators, the partition curve often exhibits a characteristic S shape (Fig. 1), similar to a cumulative normal distribution. Other geometric features of the curve are also depicted in Fig. 1, including the high and low closeout, or bypass, values; the midpoint slope; and the separation cut point, defined as the property value with 50 percent recovery.Partition curve analysis was originally proposed to evaluate coal washability (Tromp, 1937). Given the limited computational resources at the time, the analytical methods relied heavily on graphical construction and interpretation of the curve. Owing to the simplicity of calculation and interpretation, many of these graphical approaches are still widely used for performance analysis today. The most common calculations are based on the slope of the partition curve at the midpoint. Increased slopes correspond to enhanced separation performance, as a perfect separation exhibits a stepwise transition from 0 to 1 at the desired cut point, that is, an infinitely large slope. One common formulation of this slope, the Ecart Probable, Ep, is derived by evaluating the slope between the 25 and 75 percent recovery points:"

Jan 1, 2016

By Jenny Alsén, Hans Hogard

"Construction of large facilities underground in urban areas has many advantages. In order to show the advantages, a case study of the Norsborg metro depot in Stockholm Sweden has been made. The Norsborg metro depot will be the largest and most modern underground metro depot in northern Europe. The depot has been built in hard rock in an urban area with small impact on the environment and local residents. The paper describes how it is possible to build underground facilities in a cost efficient way and take care of the challenges regarding working environment that comes with locating a permanent working place underground. INTRODUCTION The Stockholm area is one of the five fastest growing regions in Europe and home to more than a fifth of Sweden's population on just two percent of Sweden's surface. The population is growing rapidly, with about 35,000 people per year and is expected to reach 2.6 million in 2030. In order to meet the development and enable continued growth, housing projects and expansion of infrastructure need to keep the same pace; this is an easy conclusion to make but much more difficult to realize in practice. The main challenge is to accomplish development in a sustainable and efficient manner, minimizing the use of resources and land. By constructing facilities underground more urban space will be made available for development and/or for greening of city centers. Considering sustainability factors such as land value in decision making for placing of structures or facilities, underground locations could become a first choice alternative. During 2015 and 2016, several major underground infrastructure projects in the city of Stockholm will start, including a 14 km sewage tunnel and an 18 km by-pass highway tunnel. Furthermore the Stockholm metro system is currently undergoing the largest expansion since the 1970’s, a 19 kilometers extension of the metro system including new trains and new stations is planned. During 2013 - 2015 Skanska Sweden took part in the construction of a new metro depot placed underground in the southern part of Stockholm; the Norsborg metro depot. This is a top modern urban underground facility that in 2017 will serve as depot for 17 new metro trains. The project was selected for “Outstanding Project of The Year” at the ITA Tunneling Awards 2015."

Jan 1, 2016

By A. Martikainen, H. Dougherty

"At the Kemi Mine, a recent expansion into the Surmaoja orebody required an increase in ventilation capacity. A new ventilation shaft was built with two main fans. The installation is near the entrance gate and only 1.7 kilometres from the nearest permanent dwelling. The main fans were first taken into use as exhaust fans in October 2014. Shortly after the fan installation, comments concerning fan noise were received from the neighbours. The first noise measurements were taken at the main fan installation site by Outokumpu personnel in March 2015. Due to higher than expected recorded values, during late June, 2015, a two-week environmental noise study was planned by the engineers and executed by a consultant specialized in noise measurement. The measurement results were analysed and compared to the requirements of the environmental permit and Outokumpu’s factory standards. While the measured values at the nearest dwelling were within the environmental permit limits, high noise values were recorded at the fan station. A second two-week study will be performed after construction of the main-fan heating station has been completed. Actions taken will depend on the outcome. INTRODUCTION The Kemi Mine is a part of the Outokumpu chain of integrated ferrochrome and stainless steel manufacturing in the Kemi-Tornio region in Finland. The mine itself is a large underground operation with a production capacity of 2.7 million tons of ore per annum. It is also the European Union’s only chrome mine, and at present (2015) the mine extracts 2.4 million tons of chrome ore per year. Safety, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness are hallmarks of the Kemi Mine. Environmental impact produced by the operation of the mine is limited due to the insolubility of the oxide chromium ore, the gravity-based and chemical-free enriching process as well as the closed circulation system of the process water which serves both the whole mine and the enrichment process (Outokumpu, 2015). Importance of the environmental impact of the Kemi Mine is amplified by its closeness to the cities of Kemi and Keminmaa with the nearest habitants living less than 2 km away from the mine site. To show the cooperation with residents the Kemi mine organizes special “neighbour days” for the habitants of the areas closest to the mine. Also, information letters are sent to the neighbours, when changes that may affect the neighbours are being planned and executed."

Jan 1, 2016

By Peter A. Amelunxen, Richard LaDouceur, Courtney A. Young

"Many of the rare earth elements, the lanthanide series on the periodic table, are on the U.S. Department of Defense Strategic and Critical Materials list. In this regard, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) has funded several projects at Montana Tech focusing on rare earth element recovery from natural resources. Current froth flotation operations utilize octyl hydroxamate for rare earth mineral extraction, however recovery is not ideal and flotation performance can be improved. Salicylhydroxamic acid (C7H7NO3) was identified as a novel collector due to similarities with n-octyl hydroxamate, notably the amine head group. Salicylhydroxamic acid is primarily used in the medical industry but due to the amine head group is ideally suited as a collector for rare earth mineral flotation.Parametric studies were performed for the flotation of rare earth minerals by modifying a wide range of variables. Mechanical variables of a 6L bench scale flotation cell, such as air inlet flow, rotor speed, and milling time for liberation were modified to elucidate energy input parameters for the desired minerals. Chemical parameters such as collector concentration and pH were varied to understand solution chemistry considerations of the salicylhydroxamic-rare earth mineral system. The study obtained a statistically significant experimental model for the flotation of rare earth minerals. A two stage compartmental model was also utilized for the determination of the first order flotation rate constants for each mineral. Optimized recovery of rare earth minerals was found to occur at near neutral pH ranges using salicylhydroxamic acid with maximum recoveries approaching ideal industrial standards although rare earth mineral grades were still not sufficient.INTRODUCTIONRare earth elements (REEs) are found in minerals that contain several REE which makes costeffective separation of the rare earths difficult. Significant scientific challenges have hindered mineral separation. The molecular similarity of rare earth elements results in minerals containing several REEs, such as bastnaesite [(Ce, La) CO3F]. This prevents efficient separation during concentration steps, for instance flotation, and has a direct impact on successive metallurgical processes. Consequently, concentration during flotation is of rare earth minerals (REM) as opposed to REE."

Jan 1, 2016

By C. T. Dzgoev, S. S. Gudkov, IRGIREDMET JSC, S. G. Schtoick, A. V. Yepiforov, S. V. Balikov, I. I. Yevtuschevich

The pressure oxidation (POX) and pyrometallurgical process comprises POX of gold containing sulfide and polymetallic lead-zinc concentrates prior to reduction smelting of POX products to generate a lead-silver-gold alloy. Refined lead and gold-silver alloys are then obtained using conventional processes. Zinc and other base metals are recovered from the POX solution. In the course of POX, zinc dissolves in the solution and lead concentrates in a solid residue in the form of sulfate compounds. Sulfur forms the major iron sulfates and jarosites. In order to dissolve sulfur and arsenic from solid residues to the solution, the slurry hot curing was carried out at the temperature of 95°C within 2 hours. After filtration of the slurry, zinc was recovered from the solution. The resulting cake was washed with water and subjected to hot alkaline treatment. After alkaline treatment, the cakes were blended with fluxes and subjected to reduction smelting to generate lead concentrate containing precious metals. This concentrate was refined to obtain refined lead and gold-silver alloy. After iron and arsenic were removed from POX solutions using sodium carbonate, zinc was precipitated as carbonate. After thickening and filtration, zinc precipitate was roasted to generate saleable zinc oxide. Using this process, the recoveries of values to saleable products were 97% Au and 95% Ag to the alloy, respectively, 91% Pb to refined lead and 5% Pb to lead and antimony alloy and 94% Zn to zinc concentrate. The features of the technology is that it has high recovery indices of precious and base metals to saleable products and can be used to process various polymetallic ore and technogenic raw materials.

Jan 1, 2016

By Eleanor Kentish, Nathan Bond, Edward Batty, Simon Webber, Alan Skarda

"Crossrail is Europe’s largest construction project — a new 100km rail route running through central London. A joint venture of BAM, Ferrovial and Kier (BFK) has constructed the tunnels and escalator shafts at the new Bond Street and Farringdon Stations. The recent trend in the UK industry towards sprayed secondary linings is driven by the potential for significant savings in cost and time. BFK is unique within Crossrail by constructing both sprayed and cast secondary linings. This paper presents a direct comparison between sprayed and traditional cast in situ secondary linings at Bond Street and Farringdon Crossrail Stations. An objective comparison is drawn between procurement and mobilisation periods, production rates, flexibility, tolerances and logistics in the tunnels. The technical challenges surrounding cast and sprayed secondary linings are explored, and recommendations are made of how each method could be improved for future use. INTRODUCTION It is well established that sprayed concrete offers a fast and effective method to seal the face of an excavation. In a relatively short space of time, sprayed concrete can be applied to an open face to support the short term ground loading on the tunnels during construction. Advances in sprayed concrete lining (SCL) technology — such as the use of wet mix processes, improved accelerators, fiber reinforcement, remotely controlled spraying robots, innovative surveying equipment and nozzleman competency schemes — have greatly increased the speed and safety of tunnel excavations using this technique. As a result, design engineers have become increasingly confident to use SCL primary linings as part of the permanent structural lining (Su 2014). Historically, long term ground and water pressure loads have been considered to be carried by the main structural or secondary lining, constructed using cast in situ concrete (Pickett 2014). However, the advances described above have made sprayed secondary linings a viable option, which has already been proven on the A3 Hindhead Tunnel (Arnold 2012). Sprayed concrete secondary linings offer potentially significant savings in cost and time during the construction process. The contractor does not need to procure a bespoke formwork system for each different sized tunnel — the SCL plant required is already on site for the primary lining. Each bay is sprayed with accelerated concrete, becoming self-supporting almost immediately — compared to moving and resetting the shutter, pumping concrete and waiting for it to cure. With sprayed concrete, working sequences and cross sections can easily be changed."

Jan 1, 2016

"Coal seam gas problems can adversely affect the safety and productivity of underground coal mines, leading to fatalities and financial losses. Conventional gas management technologies using ventilation and gas drainage are unable to deal with the high and irregular gas emissions associated with high-production longwall mining. New technologies need to be developed to supplement the traditional gas management techniques to minimize the hazard of coal seam gas. Thin spray-on liners (TSLs) have gained some success for rock surface support since their introduction to the mining industry. Due to their relatively low permeability and appropriate mechanical properties, TSLs also show potential to be used as a gas management tool in underground coal mines.In this paper we review the current gas management challenges and discuss the potential use of TSLs as a gas management tool in underground coal mines. This may involve reducing gas migration into the excavations/roadways, enhancing in-seam gas drainage, and preventing spontaneous combustion. Some potential areas for future research work are identified. IntroductionWhen a coal seam is influenced by mining activities, gas stored inside is liberated into the underground ventilation system. Gas emissions have created serious difficulties for the coal mining industry around the world. Therefore, coal mines have to develop effective strategies to control the gas concentration below the threshold value to meet statutory requirements. Ventilation has been the first solution in gas management for underground coal mining. When the emitted gas cannot be effectively diluted by ventilated air, gas drainage using pre- and/or post-drainage has to be introduced. However, even with ventilation and gas drainage, irregular gas emissions usually increase the gas concentration in roadways and slow down the development rate, thus causing significant economic loss to the coal mining industry (Thakur, 2006). Therefore, new technologies need to be developed to address this issue and mitigate the explosion risk."

Jan 1, 2016

By M. Hepokoski, M. Klein

"Mine refuge shelters are designed to protect mine workers from hazardous environmental conditions after a mine disaster, but high temperature and humidity levels inside these shelters may pose a significant safety risk. Due to the safety risks associated with human testing, detailed thermal models of shelters and human occupants have been developed using TAITherm simulation software. These models are used to predict the temperature and humidity within the shelter resulting from metabolic heating, evaporation due to sweat and respiration, moisture and heat from the shelter’s carbon dioxide scrubbing system, and heat transfer within the shelter. A detailed human thermoregulation model simulates the sensible and latent heat generated by the shelter occupants, and predicts the occupant’s body core temperature and moisture lost due to sweating and respiration. This information is used to assess the safety of the shelter. In this paper we will review technical details of the human thermal model, validation comparing the human model to human subject test data, and results of a mine shelter analysis. INTRODUCTION Portable mine refuge chambers are used in US coal mines to provide protection to mine workers from hazardous conditions following a traumatic event. Although these shelters are designed to supply clean air and sustenance for up to 96 hours, prolonged exposure to the mine shelter environment itself can pose a substantial risk to human safety. Heat generated by the shelter occupants combined with heat from the carbon dioxide (CO2) scrubbing system can raise the shelter interior temperatures and relative humidity to dangerous levels that can lead to heat stress in humans. Unfortunately, the thermal burden associated with mine shelter exposure is not well characterized due to potential hazards associated with underground human subject testing. In order to assess the thermal burden on people within a mine shelter environment, a detailed thermal model was created to accurately predict the temperatures and humidity within the shelter, as well as the impact of these environmental conditions on human occupants. The model consists of a mobile inflatable tent-type mine shelter, 23 humans, and also includes the surrounding mine environment. The thermal simulations were performed using ThermoAnalytics' validated commercial heat transfer prediction code, TAITherm (v12.0). Additionally, TAITherm's Human Thermal Module (HTM) provided the capability to simultaneously model the thermo-physiology of 23 unique humans contained within the mine shelter. The human thermal models accounted for the thermal interaction with the environment and also provided a core temperature response prediction, which can be used to evaluate survivability in heat stress situations [1]."

Jan 1, 2016

By Guangdong Institute of Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Y. H. Tang, H. X. Hu, T. S. Dong, Z. H. Zhang

"A world class rare metals ore deposit in Africa belongs to a massive granite type poly-metallic pyrochlore-niobium resource. Successful project development in realizing the resource is vital to Africa’s economy and pyrochlore processing technology.The ore properties are quite complex due to the presence of varieties of valuable minerals, fine dissemination and intimate association of minerals and the relative abundance of easy-floatable minerals. The separation of pyrochlore from zircon, calcite and mica is generally considered difficult. Whilst studies have previously been conducted by several independent institutions overseas, no satisfactory process has yet been developed to date for the ore deposit—possibly due to the process designed being too complex; high cost of regents; lower performance.Based on process mineralogy study and extensive testwork, the authors have in recent years developed a new technology—“De-slime—Iron-rejection—Zircon (with calcite) and Calcite reverse flotation—Pyrochlore flotation”. The flow-sheet is characterized by ?1prior removal of slimes and iron minerals; ?2 Zircon (with calcite) and Calcite reverse flotation; and ?3Pyrochlore flotation applying new type of chelating collector GYX3 developed by GZRINM in conjunction with selected regulators and depressants.The process involved in the new technology is simple to implement and facilitates stable operation; the flotation reagent regime is easily adaptable; the cost of main reagent is lower largely because it is easy to manufacture and is environmental friendly. Laboratory test results demonstrated that, for raw ore assaying 0.35% Nb2O5, 0.03% Ta2O5 and 0.45% ZrO2, pyrochlore concentrate grade of >35% Nb2O5 could be obtained with >74% recovery. Meanwhile, the Ta2O5 content in pyrochlore concentrate could be recycled, and ZrO2 recovery >50% could be achieved in zircon concentrate assaying ZrO2>63%—significantly improving the technical-economic indicator. These results were verified in pilot trials of 1.44t/d throughput. The paper presents the new technology in whole, summarizes the key factors affecting its performance and discusses in simple terms the mechanism of separation."

Jan 1, 2016

By T. Krumins, L. Zunti, R. Frischmuth

"Titanium and titanium alloys are commonly selected for pressure oxidation autoclave vent piping and pressure control valve components, as well as autoclave internals and other process piping. In the autoclave vent application, titanium ignition risk is controlled by limiting oxygen concentration, and preventing high gas velocity gas impingement on surfaces. Oxygen concentration is dependent on the autoclave pressure and temperature operating conditions and therefore oxygen concentration and the associated titanium ignition risk is dependent on standard operating procedures, process control interlocks and permissive conditions. It is not uncommon for these standard controls to be deficient during atypical operating conditions, or for operations to deviate from the operating procedures, increasing the potential for a titanium ignition incident. Titanium ignition risk caused by elevated oxygen concentration in autoclave vent systems can be reduced with the introduction of an online autoclave overpressure calculation and the configuration of associated interlocks and permissive conditions. INTRODUCTION High temperature pressure oxidation (>190°C) is a well recognized and versatile metallurgical oxidative pre-treatment process commonly used to liberate gold from refractory sulphide ores and concentrates before conventional leaching with cyanide. Titanium and titanium alloys are highly corrosion resistant in pressure oxidation process conditions and are therefore commonly selected as materials of construction for many components including: autoclave internals, agitators, process piping, and components in autoclave vent systems. Operations that anticipate or have experienced aggressive corrosion in the vent system often have little choice in material selection other than the use of titanium (Krag & Henson, 1992). Titanium is not suitable for use with elevated oxygen concentrations and is considered a restricted material because of its high pyrophoricity and combustion propagation properties (Beeson, Smith, Stewart, 2007). Several serious incidents have occurred in which titanium materials have ignited in autoclave applications (Zawierucha, McIllroy, Million, 1995). In autoclave vent applications, titanium ignition risk is reduced by preventing elevated oxygen concentrations, maintaining low gas velocities, and minimizing the potential for gas impingement on surfaces. Oxygen concentration in the autoclave vapour phase and vent system is dependent on the autoclave operating pressure and temperature conditions and therefore titanium ignition prevention controls typically include process interlocks and operating procedures based on the selected nominal design operating conditions. However, it is not uncommon for these controls to be deficient or for operations to deviate from the nominal operating conditions over time, increasing the risk of titanium ignition. The introduction of an online calculation of autoclave overpressure and a maximum target autoclave pressure as well as associated process control interlocks and permissive conditions can alert the autoclave control room operator and prevent an elevated oxygen concentration from developing, and therefore reduce titanium ignition risk in autoclave vent systems."

Jan 1, 2016

By C. Eddine

"Can we use data to make communication effective? How does one successfully tackle the challenge of solving cultural differences and harmonizing the needs of diverse stakeholders while developing and maintaining a strong and reliable corporate image? Is it possible to achieve better engagement and minimizing risks with data? This paper aims to explore human rights and business procedures, the promotion of shared prosperity in a sustainable manner and the use of metrics to guide decision-making process. Among the topics examined are: • the significance of stakeholder engagement in community development projects; • the use of grievance mechanisms to give a voice to First Nations and communities / populations in vulnerable positions (including children and elders); • the benefits of configuring and implementing a feedback system in partnership with the communities. This research is a preliminary initiative and has limitations on the extent of the material used. The author acknowledges there is a vast amount of work and publications available on this subject, as well, as a variety of examples that have not been included. The intention is to keep developing this research to assess and expand how data can be used to minimize risks and improve engagement, in addition to inspire others to continue advancing this topic. Natural resources consumption is a reality that will not disappear in a foreseeable future. Several developments and operations are located in remote areas where communities in vulnerable situation and Indigenous Peoples live. Feedback systems are being ratified as a tool to help tackling the challenges of harmonizing cultural differences and fulfilling the needs of diverse stakeholders. Integrating social, environmental, and economic values plays an imperative purpose in preserving a productive and trustworthy relationship with stakeholders. Positioning social standards next to environmental and economic principles shows inclusiveness and firm intention of integration. We add value to a positive image of our industry by embracing responsibility for corporate actions and promoting their beneficial impact on the environment. The social context within communities, groups and organizations is dynamic and presents new challenges as connections evolve. There are wildly diverse expectations which one may need to address during exploration, construction and operating phases. Disagreements are an inevitable consequence of interactions due to the different needs and requirements of the parts involved. Nevertheless, balancing differences and solving conflicts can offer remarkable opportunities for improvement."

Jan 1, 2016

By Xianglin Yang, Hong Zhong, Jingjing Xiao, Guangyi Liu

"The selective adsorption of a flotation collector to a mineral plays a crucial role in enhancing the hydrophobicity of targeted mineral particles for attaching air bubbles in pulp. The recent progress of the structure-reactivity relationship of flotation collectors, the characterization methods for mineral surfaces with adsorbed collectors and their commercial application are reviewed in this paper. Particular emphasis is placed on the density functional theory (DFT) for understanding the reactivity of new collectors, the surface analysis techniques including time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), in situ scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and atomic force microscope (AFM) to characterize mineral/collector interface, and the flotation technologies for optimizing recovery of valuable minerals. Especially, the recently developing collectors such as Gemini, alkoxyalkylthiourea, dithiourea, amide-hydroxamate and oximido-thiol surfactants, and their specificity to given minerals are evaluated. Based on this crucial review, it is evident that the structural modification approaches for minerophilic or hydrophobic groups, and combined surface analysis approach for further understanding the adsorption mechanism of collectors on mineral surfaces will lay a solid foundation for the future development of flotation collectors. INTRODUCTIONIn mineral processing, flotation is the main process for separation and recovery of valuable minerals from the ores contained them (Fuerstenau et al., 2007). One of the key requirements in flotation process is to increase selectively the surface hydrophobicity of the targeted minerals by collector adsorption so that these mineral particles can preferably attach to air bubbles in a slurry or pulp (Fuerstenau et al., 2007). Flotation collector is a kind of functional surfactant, which is composed of polar and non-polar groups (Somasundaran, & Wang, 2006). Non-polar portion, commonly being linear, branch or ring hydrocarbon group, is termed hydrophobic group. The polar portion, exhibiting strong affinity to mineral surfaces, is known as minerophilic group (Nagaraj, 1988). According to mineral types including saline, oxide and sulfide minerals, flotation collector divides into sulfide and oxide mineral collectors. For efficient recovery of valuable minerals from the refractory complex ores, insights into the adsorption mechanism, hydrophobic model and subsequent flotation approach of flotation collectors have been regarded as an indispensable issue in mineral processing."

Jan 1, 2016

By E. Maritz

"The localized uniform conditioning (LUC) technique was proposed by Marat Abzalov in 2006. The technique converts conventional uniform conditioning (UC) grade-tonnage curves into single grade values attached to each smallest mining unit (SMU). This is achieved by ranking the SMUs within a panel in increasing order of their grade (based on the direct kriging of SMUs). This ranking is then used to localize the conventional UC grade-tonnage curves for each panel by dividing them into classes and computing their mean grades, which are assigned to the SMUs. The quality of this localization process will depend heavily on the validity of the grade patterns predicted by the direct kriging of the SMUs. Abzalov noted that where the distribution of data available for the direct kriging of the SMU is characterized by strong short-range variability, the advantages of using the LUC approach may be more limited. Consequently, a study was undertaken to determine how valid the predicted grade patterns of a typical Birimian-style gold deposit (with high nugget effect and strong short-range variability) might be expected to be. This was determined by comparing the direct SMU kriging ranking (based on sparse data) with the grade control model ranking (based on close-spaced data and the best available estimate of the deposit). The results showed a satisfactory correlation between these rankings and it was concluded that, although the grade patterns predicted by the direct kriging of the SMUs may be less meaningful for deposits exhibiting strong short-range continuity, there is nevertheless a convincing relationship with the actual (or best available) rankings. Therefore, the LUC technique is still considered to be useful for this style of deposit. IntroductionFor adequate technical and financial evaluation of a project, attempts should be made to estimate the recoverable resources – the portion of the in situ resource that can be economically extracted by mining. To achieve this, the estimates of the tonnage and grade of the mineralization should be produced above a given economic cut-off and should take into consideration the proposed mining selectivity."

Jan 1, 2016