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By Lívia Lopes de Oliveira Goulart

A prática de escória espumante ganhou o mundo dos fornos elétricos a arco por apresentar muitas vantagens, dentre elas a redução das perdas térmicas do arco elétrico para o ambiente, reduzindo o consumo de energia elétrica e também permitindo uma maior recuperação do metal perdido em forma de FeO para a escória através da reversão feita com a injeção de C. No entanto, a eficiência das escórias espumantes produzidas atualmente ainda é tema de estudo para aqueles que querem melhorar a eficiência do processo, a vida do equipamento e reduzir custos de elaboração. Assim, esse trabalho tem como objetivo otimizar as propriedades da escória através do ajuste da saturação em MgO, melhorando a eficiência da escória espumante e reduzindo a perda de Fe sob a forma de FeO. O resultado das alterações realizadas foram ganho de energia elétrica medido e redução da perda de rendimento metálico do FEA, obtida comparando o peso produzido e o esperado pela carga metálica.

Oct 30, 2017

By Rafael de Oliveira Barbosa

O objetivo do trabalho foi reduzir a instabilidade do processo de produção da barra chata série de 1.1/2"x5/8" á 1.3/4"x1/4" no primeiro trem contínuo da linha leve de produção de barras e perfis. Esta instabilidade ocorria principalmente pela utilização de um passe quadrado onde requeria maior acompanhamento operacional e resultava em passes posteriores de menores dimensões tendo dificuldade no controle de laço em um trecho de calha com Pinch Roll (rolo puxador) em função das baixas reduções. O estudo foi realizado com auxílio de um software de laminação seguindo a teoria do alargamento de Ekelund e coleta de amostras reais das barras laminadas para verificação dimensional. Com a alteração do processo substituindo o passe quadrado que é um passe gerador de defeitos e de difícil controle operacional por um passe de borda, conseguimos melhorar sua estabilidade tendo grandes impactos positivos na qualidade superficial do produto final através também do aumento das reduções posteriores. Também conseguimos aumentar a disponibilidade do laminador com a redução das interrupções e sucatas causadas pela instabilidade do processo e reduzimos o tempo de câmbio dentro da família desta barra chata.

Jul 30, 2018

By Daniel Alves Sodré

O processo de eletroerosão por penetração permite a usinagem de componentes metálicos nas mais variadas condições de tratamento termo mecânico e durezas. Entretanto, as tabelas e fórmulas tecnológicas empregadas para a execução deste processo não consideram essas distintas condições do material com uma variável. Desta forma, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência dimensional na usinagem via eletroerosão por penetração em componentes com e sem tratamento térmico de têmpera seguida de revenimento. Foram avaliadas amostras de aços ferramenta largamente empregados na indústria, representados pelas normas ABNT NM 122 Graus D6 e O1 e ABNT NM 87 Grau 1045. Observou-se uma variação dimensional de 20?m entre as amostras.

Aug 17, 2017

By Denis Thibodeau

his paper describes a study of an altered mining extraction and the resulting Rockmass response at VALE?s Creighton Mine. Typically, the deep mining zones have strict stope extraction guidelines to ensure safety and productivity; however, these guidelines offer low flexibility or few options for stope sequencing. The 402 O. B. being in a good rock mass, at moderate depth and stress regime at Creighton, offered an opportunity to drive a more flexible mining sequence with stopes and a pillar. A three-phased approach was used to mitigate risk of the mining plan: 1- Numerical modelling to fully anticipate rock mass response to the proposed mining sequences. 2- In situ seismic monitoring to collect stress and seismic activity data. 3- Analysis of the in situ data to correlate to the modelling results. The creation and the extraction of a pillar in the 402 O. B. was successfully completed. The recorded seismic activity agrees well with the numerical modelling since most of the seismic activity is localised in the hangingwall where the deviatoric stress corresponds to an early damage process. The moderate levels of deviatoric stress cause localised failure with low level of seismic activity.

May 1, 2013

By C. Denis Thibodeau

Outline Introduction 402 OB Mining Sequence Trial to Verify Sequence Change Monitoring Observations Numerical Modelling Conclusion

May 1, 2013

By G. Mucsi, F. Kristály, R. Szabó

Kaolin is one of the most important ingredients in porcelain manufacturing. Its main phase is clay mineral containing aluminum hydrosilicate, namely kaolinite. Beside kaolinite it also contains quartz, illite and feldspars, which impair its applicability. Kaolin is a non-reactive material, but metakaolin can be produced by heat treatment (calcination) of kaolin, which is also used by the cement and concrete industry due to its latent hydraulic (pozzolanic) properties. Beside thermal activation, reactive materials can also be produced by mechanochemical activation in general. This paper deals with the mechanochemical activation of kaolin. The raw material was classified into various size fractions, then ground in a batch stirred media mill under varying circumstances (residence time, circumferential velocity). After grinding, the structural changes of the products were investigated by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). In addition, the particle size distribution of the ground material was determined by laser scattering. As a result of the grinding experiments and analytical measurements of the products, it can be clearly seen that reactivity of kaolin can be improved significantly by mechanical activation in a stirred media mill, but due to its high energy density the circumstances were optimised carefully to avoid aggregation. Keywords: Kaolin, grinding, stirred media mill, mechanical activation, material structure

Jan 1, 2020

By I. Gombköto, G. Mucsi, S. Nagy, F. Kristály, Á. Rácz, R. Szabó, B. Egyed

"Present paper deals with the investigation of a Hungarian pumice. Grinding experiments were carried out in a stirred media mill for various residence time. Ground samples were tested with laser particle size analyzer to determine and calculate the material fineness (particle size distribution and specific surface area). The lime adsorption capacity was measured to monitor the reactivity. Alkali activated cement paste was prepared using ground pumice with various alkali activators. Cube shaped specimens were produced from the paste and the uniaxial compressive strength was measured at the age of 7 days. The resulted alkali activated material structure was investigated by XRD and FTIR. The results of the experiments show that pumice fineness has strong impact on its hydraulic activity, hence on the compressive strength and the structure of the resulted binder. Relationships between grinding fineness, material structure and strength of the raw and mechanical activated material as well as the alkali activated cement were revealed. INTRODUCTION Pumice is a natural pozzolan which can be used as raw material for cementitious materials in limited portion owing to its low reactivity. Furthermore, due to its mineralogical composition it can be used for developing a new environmental friendly binder, namely alkali activated cements (AAC) which are inorganic alumina-silicate materials with good cementitious properties (Almalkawi et al., 2017; Özodabas and Yilmaz, 2013; Najimi et al. 2018; Yadollahi et al., 2015). Despite being a rather recent research topic, many papers and books have been published focusing on various aspects of alkali activation. There is great variety of raw materials that can be utilized for AAC production. However, primary raw materials are very expensive and secondary materials are heterogenous in composition. Therefore, a more homogeneous and low price silicate would help to balance the properties and cost of resulting cement and easing the way for commercialization of AAC. However, the control of its reactivity is of great importance which can be realized using mechanical activation by grinding (Juhász and Opoczky, 1990; Djobo et al., 2016; Mádai et al., 2015). The goal of present paper is to investigate the effect of mechanical activation of pumice on the properties of the resulted alkali activated cement."

Jan 1, 2018

By Thomas E. Finch

Coal produced from surface mines in the Western United States is becoming a more important part of this nation's economy as other types of fuels become scarce. This paper reports the investigation of alternative methods of handling the parting between two coal seams. The results of this investigation are presented as the engineering-economic aspects of alternative parting handling methods involving stowing or back filling techniques. The coal and parting characteristics were selected as being representative of those under consideration or actively mined in the West. The basic philosophy of evaluation is to establish a mine-within-a-mine where equipment selected for minimal capital investment can remove the parting and second seam nearly independent of the ongoing, present production. With proper consideration of design, this parting-coal removal is evaluated as a second operation within the first and has its own profitability measure. The Fort Union Area of Montana, Wyoming, and the Dakotas contains large reserves of low sulfur sub-bituminous coal. In many locations, several coal seams are close to the surface and are separated by relatively thin layers of parting. The removal of overburden and the mining of the upper seam is accomplished effectively with conventional mining methods and equipment. Mining a second seam of coal and handling the parting in accord with economic and environmental controls presents a number of problems. Typically, mining companies have adapted the conventional strip mining techniques used in the East. However, the extreme thickness of the western coal seams offers alternative mining method possibilities for parting and second seam removal.

Jan 1, 1976

By Shunsuke Yagi

A surface alloying technique was investigated using alternating pulsed electrolysis in an aqueous solution containing a single metal component for the formation of an Fe-Cr layer on an iron substrate. In the process, the iron substrate was dissolved during each anodic polarization of the pulsed electrolysis, providing iron ions in the vicinity of the substrate, while the Fe-Cr alloy was electrodeposited during subsequent cathodic polarizations. A bright, flat, and crack-free Fe-Cr layer with a composition gradient was obtained using a solution containing a trivalent chromium component and a complex forming agent together with some supporting or buffering salts.

Jan 1, 2006

By Fernando Pajuelo Rincón

El presente trabajo describe la explotación del cuerpo mineralizado Barnabé en Huarón, donde es interceptado por una veta a través del uso de un equipo LHD neumático y del vehículo LHD -EH. No obstante, es válido mencionar algunas variantes aplicados al método del minado a partir de la estructura de la veta Rey, a fin de alcanzar una explotación selectiva y aumentar el valor de la tonelada del mineral. En ese sentido, las variantes aplicadas al método se dan en base a la flexibilidad del equipo de limpieza, reduciendo los costos de minado en los tajeos Barnabé y Rey.

Aug 26, 1988

By Álvaro Ordóñez Núñez

El presente texto describe la forma de realizar la extracción y recuperación de cobre y zinc a través del empleo del hipoclorito como agente oxidante y del amoniaco como agente acomplejante de los cationes metálicos. Entre las ventajas de su utilización respecto a la lixiviación tenemos: que las soluciones obtenidas son más limpias y los interferentes como el hierro, manganeso y aluminio se precipitan como óxidos hidratados en este medio, facilitando los procesos posteriores de recuperación de metales. Asímismo, se evita la etapa de extracción por solventes, obteniéndose de ese modo un precipitado metálico o de electrodeposición directa desde las soluciones de lixiviación final. En ese sentido, la extracción y recuperación a partir de minerales complejos con altos contenidos de carbonatos mezclados íntimamente con sulfuros secundarios en condiciones normales es la alternativa técnica económica viable.

Dec 1, 2012

By Roberto Maldonado

El presente texto señala el proyecto de profundización en la mina Animón considerando sus características como: geología e hidrogeología, parámetros geomecánicos, niveles de producción, costos de capital y operación, eficiencia del sistema, flexibilidad para cambios en las operaciones, reservas de mineral y consistencia con el sistema de explotación. De forma que a través del conocimiento de estas y de las herramientas gráficas tridimensionales, se pueda analizar las diferentes alternativas, incluyendo condiciones que debe cumplir el proyecto de profundización, el cual abarca también los servicios auxiliares y ventilación.

Sep 12, 2005

By Michelle Lacerda Sales Marques

A busca de novas rotas de beneficiamento que possam maximizar a recuperação metalúrgica e mássica é uma constante na Vale. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em três fases, onde foram estudadas quatro rotas de beneficiamento que buscaram reduzir a geração de ultrafinos e, assim, aumentar a recuperação mássica. Foram avaliadas rotas com pré-concentração do minério em concentração magnética (rota denominada PCM) e flotação (rota denominada MFMF), e uma rota onde a moagem mais grossa (P80 0,15mm) permite uma menor geração de ultrafinos (rota denominada MDMF). Esta última apresentou um CAPEX 6,5% menor quando comparado a rota PCM.

Aug 1, 2018

By Oswaldo Ortiz Sánchez

El presente trabajo describe la alternativa de uso del mortero de resina en la fijación de pernos de anclaje de las excavaciones mineras, consolidación y disipación de vibraciones en los cimientos de plataformas para la instalación de molinos, winches, tolvas, etc. Esta opción surge en respuesta al problema de reforzamiento con pernos de anclaje en ambientes con aguas corrosivas o en proceso de deformación acelerada en las excavaciones mineras, así como ante obstáculos de subsidencia de cimentación en plataformas, donde se encuentran instalados equipos de gran tonelaje, y que producen fuertes vibraciones durante su funcionamiento.

Jul 31, 2003

By Bruno Deves Flores, Alessandro Gums, Eduardo Osório, Matheus Teixeira Fraga, Anderson Azevedo Agra, Janaína Machado, Antônio Cezar Faria Vilela, Anderson Nicolodi

A utilização de carvão vegetal em substituição a outros materiais de origem fóssil na produção de coque é uma das alternativas para mitigar as emissões de CO2 na siderurgia. Contudo, a inserção de carvão vegetal na coqueificação apresenta fortes limitações, as quais estão principalmente associadas à sua elevada reatividade ao CO2. Assim, o presente estudo visou investigar alternativas para diminuir a reatividade do carvão vegetal. Para isso foram investigados os efeitos da temperatura de pirólise, desmineralização e impregnação por alcatrão. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento da temperatura de pirólise diminui a reatividade do carvão vegetal. Essa mesma tendência foi também observada ao se remover os componentes inorgânicos do carvão vegetal e ao se impregnar a sua estrutura com alcatrão. A associação dos tratamentos térmico, de desmineralização e impregnação com alcatrão resultou em reduções de reatividade na ordem de até 6 vezes a do material inicial.

Oct 1, 2019

It is proposed to consider a new access, mining and hoisting system for underground deposits, as an alternative to the commonly used decline or vertical shaft access. The proposed system offers fundamental improvements in gathering of exploration data, reduction of capital expenditure and significant savings in mine operating costs. The cost reductions are achieved through:superior orebody definition by Supersucker winzing on ore prior to the commencement of capital development; considerable reduction of capital development in waste; full capitalisation on all benefits of a raisebored excavation; introduction of rubber tyred skip and rubber tyred Mine Rapid Response Vehicle; introduction of simplified ore handling system and reduction of underground mobile diesel fleet; and introduction of minimum maintenance shaft concept. The system is applicable to deposits ranging from shallow, low dip angle, narrow vein, high-grade to bigger, massive type vertical mineralisations accessed from the surface, preferably from the bottom of an open pit; it is also suitable as a down dip extension of an existing underground mine. The system is highly conducive to mine automation and emerging trend aimed to increase the ratio of mined metal/mineral to mined waste. It offers substantial reduction in diesel exhaust gas emissions to the mine atmosphere.

Jan 1, 2000

By R. Lee Wooten, David R. Shields, Darren D. Clark

"Borehole permeability tests that measure flow or head changes in boreholes located within seepage barrier walls are commonly used to estimate the in situ permeabilities of those walls for quality control and assurance. The current state of practice for estimating permeabilities from these barrier wall borehole tests is to use equations published by M. J. Hvorslev in 1951. Hvorslev’s borehole test equations model an infinite stratum of uniform permeability, which is not the actual condition for a test performed in a low permeability barrier wall located within a high permeability stratum. We examine and develop alternative equations based on line source analytical models, which more closely match barrier wall test conditions. We describe how these alternate equations can be used to estimate barrier wall permeabilities from borehole tests and compare the results to those obtained from the Hvorslev models. We also provide recommendations that consider differing upstream and downstream water levels.Barrier Wall Permeability Tests - State Of PracticeThe installation of seepage barrier walls has become more common in a variety of applications ranging from dams and levees to contaminated sites requiring retardation of groundwater flow. The types of seepage barrier walls and installation methods include soil-bentonite, soil-cement-bentonite, concrete, self-hardening slurry, geomembranes, and sheet piles, installed with various soil mixing, slurry-supported trench, and driving methods.Owners and contractors have used a variety of methods to evaluate the permeability of these seepage barriers. The following table lists commonly used quality control/assurance tests for evaluating the permeability of a seepage barrier."

Jan 1, 2016

By Brandon M. Robinson, Osman F. Besler, Dominik Gaechter

The Sandbukta-Moss-Såstad (SMS) project is a part of the Intercity development project, which is part of the largest transport project in Norway, consisting of 270 km of new double-track rail. The SMS project consists of 10km of double-track railway including three open stretches and two tunnels. Soil conditions consist of quick clay underlain by Bedrock. Dry soil mixing (DSM) was considered as the main soil improvement method to allow for excavation of the quick clay and construction of the D-Wall panels. The preliminary design revealed around 25,000 ton of binder installation. Therefore, a test field has been conducted to evaluate binder alternatives in means of improved soil strength by considering CO2 emissions. Multicem and Standard cement (Standard FA) have been compared for that purpose. Multicem is a type of binder which mainly consists of Portland cement and cement kiln dust (CKD). CKD is a fined-grained, solid, highly alkaline material removed from the cement kiln exhaust gases. reverse column penetration test (FOPS) and pre-drilled column penetration test (FKPS), which are common tests to evaluate DSM strength have revealed comparable strength outcome for both binder types. Therefore, Multicem has been selected as the main binder type to be used further which provided a reduction in CO2 footprint of up to 40%.

May 1, 2022

By John Reilly

Traditional methods of project procurement of have remained virtually unchanged in the U.S. infrastructure construction industry for more than 50 years. The traditional method, Design-Bid-Build (DBB), uses a two-step process that separates planning and design from construction. Design is generally done by the public agency and their consultants and the subsequent construction contract is procured from the private sector, almost always by a “low-bid” approach. This method has worked well for many projects, delivering quality work for the lowest bid price. This is particularly true for those projects where the work, and the public agency’s management procedures, are well understood by the contracting community and there is relatively low uncertainty in the work or conditions, particularly geotechnical conditions for underground construction. However, concerns exist with the DBB process. It is time consuming because all planning and design work must be completed prior to beginning any construction work and it is of concern for complex or large projects, plus those with significant risk, where the separation of design and construction, in conjunction with pressures resulting from the low-bid environment, often result in substantial cost and schedule increases. Frequently, these increases occur in a non-productive, inefficient, adversarial work environment leading to claims, disputes and costly litigation (Quick 2002).

Jan 1, 2007

By John Reilly

The author?s paper at RETC 2007, ?Alternative Contracting Methods? addressed strengths and weaknesses of DBB+DB and introduced Construction Manager/General Contractor (Portland model) and Alliancing (Australian model). Considerable interest in these was expressed by several public agencies at that Conference and at the presentation. The author is assisting the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) and the Toronto Waterfront Revitalization Corporation (TWRC) with possible implementation of Alliancing. WSDOT is evaluating ways to do this and is considering a delivery methodology, under existing Legislation, based on the CMGC Portland model with incentives and disincentives, moving towards Alliancing. This paper will build on the 2007 paper and update implementation considerations.

Jan 1, 2008