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By N. Schmitz

This paper explains how new digital solutions improve reverse circulation drilling operations. Upgrading field-proven reverse circulation drilling (RCD) rigs with new digital technologies enables semiautomated drilling, with upgrade options for fully automated & remote drilling. Key elements of the improvements are electrically controlled valve systems, process instrumentations, a state of the art machine controller and drilling operation via a touch control panel. Automation of core processes, such as adding drill pipes, reduces set-up times, increases machine uptime for drilling and as a result efficiency. While drilling, sensors provide continuous feedback, which is used to automatically adjust e.g. the weight on bit to the optimum; resulting in an increased rate of penetration and less wear and tear. While in the past hydraulic power packs (HPU) have typically been operated at a constant high-performance level with related high fuel consumption, a new interface between the machine controller and the power unit regulates the HPU performance exactly according to the actual drilling operation needs. This leads to significant fuel consumption reduction. The safety benefits of the digital improvements are the ability to remotely operate the rig in challenging site conditions via a mobile operator panel.

Sep 8, 2021

By C. Dai, S Raathiv

The Waikato Expressway is one of the New Zealand Transport Agency’s (NZTA) seven roads of National Significance. Coffey is part of the City Edge Alliance engaged by NZTA for the Hamilton Section of the project. The 22km Hamilton Section is the largest and most geotechnically complex section of the Expressway. The Mangaonua gully in Sector 6 is the most challenging geotechnical area of the project for piling works. Together Coffey and Brian Perry Civil have carried out the temporary and permanent design and construction of embankments, piling works, retaining walls and soil improvement works for the bridge construction. The design and construction works were governed by weak alluvial layers and artesian pressure layers several meters beneath the ground level. This paper presents the action taken to improve the foundation of temporary platform, control the artesian pressure, prevent bentonite leakages into the highly permeable alluvial layer and challenges in the base grouting process. This paper summarises the key components in the construction and supervision of bored piling works and outlines innovative solutions for challenges which we faced during the construction.

Nov 1, 2022

Technically speaking, the concept of NDT sounds like the "magic bullet" when faced with a questionable drilled shaft. All the Contractor or Engineer needs to do is select an NDT method, apply it, understand the details and extent of the defect and determine whether it will impact the load carrying capacity of the shaft during it’s design life. Unfortunately, it is not that simple. NDT is a tool utilized to indirectly assess the condition of the completed drilled shaft. For the most effective interpretation, NDT data should be correlated with the subsurface information, visual observation, and detailed shaft installation records. The basis for acceptance or rejection of drilled shafts should not be solely based on NDT. The parties responsible for specifying, interpreting and using the NDT results must understand the capabilities and limitations of the method to be utilized, in conjunction with the relevant subsurface conditions of the site, before selecting and specifying a system and acting on the results. This is necessary so that an appropriate NDT method can be specified and contracted. In this manner the results and roles of the responsible parties can be clearly defined.

Jan 1, 2004

By Ronald D. Boyer

"Early in the design stage of Meadowlands Xanadu, the client’s project director informed me that “after construction, nobody is going to come to Xanadu to see the foundations.” My response was, “Well, that’s good, because the only reason someone would come to see the foundations is if there is a problem with them.” The client’s real message was clear: the money for the project would be better spent on architectural design components and interior finishes that would attract high-end tenants and entertainment seekers. The foundations, however, were challenging. The sheer size of the Xanadu development, the varying depths to rock, the loading conditions associated with the different structures, and the construction sequencing required the use of multiple deep foundation types and specialty foundation contractors. Xanadu, when completed, will consist of over 2.5 million sq ft of entertainment venues, restaurants and retail stores; America’s first i n d o o r s n o w dome; North America’s tallest (287 ft high) Ferris wheel; and four parking decks. Finished grades for Xanadu were essentially within about 1 to 2 ft of existing grades at the site, except for a 5 acre wetlands area, which received about 8 ft of new fill. Before the current construction, the approximate 75-acre Xanadu site was occupied by the Continental Airlines (now Izod) Arena, on-grade parking lots and the wetlands area. The Arena property is part of the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority (NJSEA) Meadowlands Sports Complex, which also includes Giants Stadium and the Racetrack, and is located in East Rutherford, N. J. Subsurface ConditionsThe site subsurface conditions include fill materials underlain by organic silt and peat (former marsh deposits or “meadowmat”), varved clay, glacial till and shale bedrock. The Xanadu site had been a marsh until the Sports Complex was created by filling in the early 1970s. The fill consists of dredged materials from Lower New York Harbor imported by hydraulic pipeline from the Hudson River. The fill also includes “historic fill,” defined as nonindigenous material deposited to raise the topographic elevation of a site, such as construction debris and other nonhazardous solid waste, and was generally encountered in thicknesses ranging from 8 ft to 18 ft. Within the previously developed portion of the site, a layer of marsh deposits consisting of peat and organic silt was encountered beneath the fill in thicknesses ranging from two ft to seven ft. Within the existing wetlands area, the marsh deposits were up to 10 ft below existing grade. The varved clay stratum was six ft to 36 ft thick. The depth to shale rock increases from approximately 15 ft near the west side of the site to approximately 80 ft near the south side. Groundwater was tidally influenced and varied from about 6 to 12 feet below both existing and proposed grade."

Jan 1, 2009

By Michael W. Neill, O&apos

This presentation addresses some of the problems encountered in estimating the capacity of drilled shafts and augered, cast-in-place piles in soft rock. Methods to quantify side and base resistance are suggested. However, the methods that are described should always be verified locally by performing load tests.

Jan 1, 2001

By Dave P. DeClerck

Hardman Construction was faced with the challenge of completing a large earth retention project on a constricted downtown Detroit site, while maintaining a safe and productive worksite. To do so, new technologies using robotic equipment was instituted. HISTORY The historic J.L. Hudson Building (Hudson’s) in Detroit, Michigan was the premier retailer in the city’s downtown district from the 1890s through the 1960s. The massive flagship store sat at 1206 Woodward Avenue, one of the busiest streets in the Detroit area. Hudson’s broke ground in 1891 and would go through twelve renovations and expansions. The last renovations took place in 1946, which gave the building the title of being the largest department store in the world at the time. It spanned an entire city block and boasted 2.2 million square feet of retail space. By the 1970s, Detroit was in an economic downturn. The Hudson’s department store finally closed its doors in 1983. Besides a few working offices, the building sat vacant. The building was unique in that it had four levels underground, offices, mechanical areas, and equipment storage. Following years of neglect, the Hudson’s building was seized by the state and transferred into the hands of the city. The city had it demolished in 1998, (shown in Fig. 1) to construct a new, four- level underground parking garage as well as a potential future above-grade development (Sewlck, 2017). The building was imploded in one of the largest implosions of that time. The building rubble filled the underground rooms and helped to stabilize the exterior concrete walls and keep them from collapsing.

Jan 1, 2019

By Pawan L. Sethi

Design and construction of deep foundations and basements is increasingly becoming more complex, as the density and frequency of urban development increases. This growth brings various associated challenges in the form of design considerations and construction challenges. This paper discusses some of the challenges routinely encountered as well as some specific complications in this area, based on author’s experience gained through exposure as specialist contractor (designer), consultant and specialist consultant, along with some information on how these challenges were overcome. The paper highlights some of the key aspects of design coordination and importance of having an awareness of the overall perspective. Examples will be used to illustrate practical problems and the approaches used to respond.

Nov 1, 2022

By Bartho J. Admiraal

"As part of the Schiphol-Amsterdam-Almere project, the largest aqueduct in Europe is being built in order for the A1 motorway to cross the Vecht River. The A1 consists of 12 lanes and the total width of the aqueduct will be 65 m (213 ft). The total length of the structure will be 620 m (2035 ft). Speed of construction is essential for the DBFM-contract, which forms the primary reason for choosing a building method with a horizontal water retaining barrier created by low pressure grouting. After final checks on the water tightness of the silica based layer (softgel), excavation to a depth of approximately 12 m (40 ft) below the water table could be started in order to build the aqueduct.This paper presents a new approach for the calculation of the required grout volumes needed to ensure a “softgel” layer without gaps or holes. The approach applies measurement of deviations due to execution aspects in a probabilistic model. With this model, one is able to study the effects in a field application, i.e. multiple rows of grouted spheres. The results are visualized in order to analyze the risk of holes more easily. It is evident that the existence of a hole means a major leakage. By completing multiple runs, the strategy for grout volumes can be adjusted to minimize this risk.INTRODUCTIONThe Dutch Department of Waterways and Public Works invests over € 4 billion between 2012-2020 to increase the capacity of 63 km (41 mi) motorways of one of Holland’s major corridors. The A1/A6 will be transformed over a distance of 20 kilometers (13 mi). Near Muiden, the current drawbridge on the A1 for crossing the Vecht river will be replaced by a new aqueduct to be located slightly south of the existing bridge."

Jan 1, 2016

By Tomohiro Yamasaki

"At the pre-construction foundations of the controlled waste disposal site built at the Port of Kinuura, the clayey soil account for the most, and with lesser amounts of sand compaction piles and sand mat. The cement deep mixing method (CDM) was used to improve ground impermeability and to reinforce the foundations on the seawall. Laboratory mixing and testing was performed to determine the appropriate quantities of cement additive for clayey soil, SCP sand, and sand mat. The test results indicated that maintaining the design strength of qu = 1,550 kN/m2 would require C = 100 kg/m3 of cement additive for all three soil types (clayey soil, SCP sand, sand mat). The permeability performance needed to improve ground impermeability assumes a permeability coefficient of K = 1.0×10-6cm/s. And the clayey soil satisfied the performance requirements at C = 100 kg/m3. However, to improve grand impermeability of the SCP sand and sand mat required more than 5% of particles having diameters of less than 75 µm. Thus, in the latter two cases, the required cement adding quantity was C = 250 kg/m3. The test specimens at one to two weeks after the created with a permeability coefficient of K = 10-6cm/s became permeability coefficient of K = 10-7cm/s six week later due to the effects of cement solidification. So the permeability coefficient declined about one order. The permeability coefficient three months later tends to decline continued with a somewhat lower.INTRODUCTIONBetween 2008 and 2011, the Aichi Seaside Environment Center constructed the Kinuura No. 3 offshore controlled waste final disposal site at Taketoyo in Aichi prefecture. (see Figure 1). The disposal site offers a landfill capacity of 5.21 million m3 and measures 472,000 m2 in area, of which some 344,000 m2 is a managed controlled sector enclosed within an impermeable seawall."

Jan 1, 2015

By Babak Mamaqani

The Regional Connector Transit Corridor (RCC) is the Los Angeles Metro area's ambitious light rail project, running under the city's main thoroughfares, Flower and 2nd streets. When com- pleted, it will alleviate traffic and parking congestion downtown, while connecting thousands of residents living in the bedroom communities of Inland Empire and Long Beach to their jobs there. The rail line of 1.9 mi (3 km), which involves a $1.756 billion (€1.545 billion) budget to construct the under- ground rail line, including three new stations. They are the Grand Av Arts/Bunker Hill station at 2nd and Hope streets, Historic Broadway Station at 2nd Street and Broadway, and Little Tokyo/Arts District Station at 1st Street and Central Avenue, which will offer riders their first "one seat/one fare" ride option from Azuza to Long Beach. Regional Connector Constructors JV is led by Skanska USA Civil West California District Inc. (Skanska), in partnership with Traylor Bros., Inc. (Traylor), to deliver RCC to the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Trans- portation Authority (Metro). PB&A was the structural engineer of record (SEOR) responsible to design the shoring systems for the Grand Av Arts/Bunker Hill Station at 2nd and Hope streets, and Historic Broadway Station at 2nd Street and Broadway. The temporary shoring design for Historic Broadway Station is the focus of this article, and why the project received special recognition as a runner up for DFI's 2021 Outstanding Project Award. Two main challenges are discussed in particular: design of the shoring system considering all construction stages, and design of an underpinning system where the Los Angeles Times Building (Times Building) protruded into the station footprint.

Apr 1, 2022

By Krishnendu Mandal

"For a multi-story building project in Kolkata, a pile load testing program was conducted to minimize pile performance uncertainty resulting from variable subsurface conditions and to verify the pile load vs. settlement response. The program consisted of performing five (5) instrumented load tests on augured cast-in-place (ACIP) pre-production test piles. Vibrating-wire strain gages and extensometers were installed in the test piles at strategic locations to enable measurements of the load vs. deformation behavior of the test piles. This paper presents a description of site subsurface conditions, test pile installation, instrumentation setup for a maintained load test (MLT), static compression pile load test results, and pile instrumentation result interpretation. Average mobilized unit shaft resistance values are calculated.2.0 INTRODUCTIONThe project site is located in Kolkata, near river Ganges, and the proposed development plans consist of constructing six (6)25-story (G+25) towers; see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 below for approximate site location and proposed development layout, respectively. The buildings were designed to be supported on ACIP piles. A field load test program was implemented to verify sub-surface conditions and pile design. The test program consisted of installing Five (5) instrumented test piles numbered LP1A and B through LP6A and B, and performing static compression load tests on these piles. The piles were instrumented with vibrating-wire strain gauges and extensometers, so that the pile shaft resistance distribution along pile length and the pile toe resistance could be interpreted using direct instrumentation measurements."

Jan 1, 2015

By Krishna R. Reddy, Jyoti K. Chetri, Girish Kumar

Geotechnical engineering encompasses a major portion of the civil and infrastructure projects. The large amounts of energy and resources typically used in these projects leads to undesirable emissions and wastes which contribute substantially towards global environmental impacts (e.g., global climate change). This could further include secondary economic and societal issues which are often unaccounted in traditional engineering design of the geotechnical projects. In order to address this issue, it is imperative to integrate the broader environmental, economic and social implications into decisions of a geotechnical project. Recent years have seen a major impetus on life cycle assessment to evaluate the environmental sustainability of the geotechnical designs. However, there are no tools that can quantify the life cycle triple bottom line sustainability of potential design alternatives in a project with holistic considerations towards broader economic (indirect costs and benefits) and social impacts (stakeholder preferences, socio-environmental and socio-economic impacts). This study presents a new framework for quantitative assessment of life-cycle sustainability (QUALICS) for alternative designs in engineering projects. The framework integrates two multi-criteria decision analysis methods namely, the Integrated Value Model for Sustainable Assessment (MIVES) and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), to support decision making on the potential design alternatives. In this study, a brief overview of the framework is presented. A case study demonstrating the use of QUALICS framework is discussed with its application to the sustainability assessment of two deep foundation systems, caissons and piles, over their design life. The technical designs of both systems are developed based on bearing capacity, both primary and secondary settlements, and structural integrity. The results from the sustainability assessment of the two deep foundation systems are discussed, and the most sustainable option based on different stakeholder preferences and site-specific conditions are identified.

Jan 1, 2019

By Scott A. Walker, Gabriel J. Alcantar, Brian Zuckerman, Ramin Golesorkhi

"The new San Francisco 49ers Levi’s Stadium is part of the next generation of sporting facilities. Constructed in Santa Clara, Calif., the new structure has 68,500 open-air bowl seats and includes a 7- story tower housing more than 150 suites. The overall project includes the stadium structure, elevated open pedestrian walkways, commercial community space, three new pedestrian bridges and improvements to the adjacent light rail station. Sustainable design for the project includes a green roof, photovoltaic panel and a ground source geothermal system. Stadium-wide next-generation Wi-Fi capability is another feature. The design-build project team included HNTB (project architect), Magnusson Klemencic Associates (MKA, structural designer) and a joint venture of Turner Construction and Devcon Construction (TDJV, general contractor).During preconstruction, the 49ers’ original design team and the design-build team formed later worked together to facilitate communication and provide continuity. This helped to meet the project’s aggressive schedule. Working directly for the 49ers, with the design-build team, Treadwell & Rollo (T&R) served as the geotechnical engineer of record for the project from preliminary to final design and through construction. Although not contracted directly to TDJV, the stadium ownership encouraged direct interaction between T&R and TDJV and improved responsiveness to geotechnical issues during design and construction.Subsurface ConditionsThe new stadium lies within the Santa Clara Valley, a deep alluviumfilled basin resulting from historic movement on the active and potentially active strike-slip and thrust faults that bind the valley. The valley is filled with Holocene age (approximately 11,000 years old to present) alluvium, consisting of levee and basin deposits, with bedrock more than 750 ft (229 m) beneath existing ground surface. The stadium site is between two of the highly-active faults in California, the Hayward Fault 6.8 mi (11 km) northeast, and the San Andreas Fault about 11.8 mi (19 km) southwest."

Jan 1, 2014

By Stefan Swartling, Rudy Lyon, Donald A. Bruce

"Since their first production application in Sweden in 1995, water-powered, down-thehole hammers (WDTH) have been used throughout the world in many different drilling applications, total lines, over 25 million lineal meters of drill hole. This paper reviews the history and principles of down-the-hole drilling (DTH) in general with both air and water, before focusing on the details of WDTH hammers. A summary of the numerous and considerable advantages of WDTH drilling is provided, with particular emphasis on their superior productivity, smaller deviation, applicability in sensitive/urban conditions, environmental protection and much reduced energy requirements.HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON PRODUCTION DRILLING METHODSAir-flushed drilling with top hammers began in the mining industry in Sweden in 1873, while down-the-hole (DTH) drills, again with air flush (and activation) became operational in 1950. During that same time interval, Simon Ingersoll had patented the first steam-powered, top hammer rock drill to provide higher productivity in blast hole drilling. It is well known that water, as an activating, flushing and cooling medium, has many significant advantages over the use of air. However, it was not until 1973 that top hammer systems (either air or hydraulically activated) for larger rigs were adapted to the use of water flush, typically via “under the head” swivels.The concept of a water-powered, down-the-hammer (WDTH) had been explored prior to G. Drill acquiring the original patent from Atlas Copco in 1988. LKAB, a huge underground mining company owned by the Swedish Government and providing about 90% of the European Union’s iron ore, purchased G. Drill in 1991 and encouraged the commercial development of the WDTH. The first full-scale WDTH production works were carried out for LKAB in 1995, since when over 25 million lineal meters of drilling have been recorded in both underground and surface applications.In 2001, G-Drill was renamed Wassara, which today still holds the worldwide patents for WDTH technology. Regarding North American usage, the first significant application was by Advanced Construction Techniques (ACT) Ltd. during the test grouting program conducted for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at McCook Reservoir, Chicago, in 2002. Since then, WDTH has become the tool of choice for specialty drilling and grouting contractors on dams and other major structures throughout the U.S."

Jan 1, 2015

By Javankhoshdel Yacoub

Piles are often used to reinforce slopes as they increase the available restoring force when calculating the factor of safety against sliding. In this paper, a 3D model of a slope containing multiple modes of failure is reinforced using pile elements. The results of the 3D Limit Equilibrium analysis containing piles are obtained using a newly introduced coupled approach which combines the results of finite element analysis (to obtain the displacement of soil along the pile) with the traditional limit equilibrium iterative formulation. The multiple modes of failure are obtained using the novel Multi-Modal Optimization (MMO) metaheuristic method which adapts the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method to search for multiple local minima in a single slope model.

Oct 1, 2022

By Matthew D. Marks

The Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency initiated the Natomas Levee Improvement Program in 2006 which would bring the entire 42 mile Natomas Basin perimeter levee system into compliance with applicable Federal and State standards for levee protecting urban areas. The soil-bentonite slurry cutoff has been utilized as the primary construction method for addressing the under seepage deficiencies. To date, a combined total of over 4,500,000 square feet of slurry cutoff wall have been constructed utilizing excavation methods to a maximum depth of 75 feet and deep soil mixing methods to a depth of 90 feet. The construction of these cutoff walls has required the use of newly designed and custom built long boom and stick attachments for large hydraulic excavators and additional resource will be required to complete future phases. Key components of the NLIP program have included advancements in the development of soil-bentonite backfill mix designs, specified ranges on the soil backfill gradation to address concerns of long term consolidation of the backfill material, evaluation of the trench slurry filtrate loss with regard to cutoff wall acceptance, maintenance high slurry densities to provide greater trench stability, and continued development of backfill mixing procedures.

By Kaustuv Bhattacharya, Manish Kumar, Nirbhay Singh, Prodyot Kr. Ray, Praveen Soin

This paper highlights salient features of an excavation 38 m (Length) by 10 m (Width) by 24 m (Depth) carried out in Central Kolkata. Secant pile wall (SPW) formed using a combination of alternating 1200 mm & 800 mm diameter piles was used. Six layers of struts and waler beams, including bottom slab were utilized as lateral restraints to piles. The geotechnical profile for excavation zone was predominantly silty sand to sandy silt. The profile is characteristic of river channel deposit usually encountered in Kolkata. Temporary stage analysis (including seepage analysis) and design were carried out in FEM softwares. Design checks for clay bursting, piping, bottom heave, etc. were also carried out. Extensive instrumentation and monitoring were carried out during the excavation period to check parameters such as ground movement, pile movement, piezometric heads, etc. as per review levels. During excavation, ground improvement using Tube-a-manchette grouting technique was also required to be carried out as per field observations. The paper discusses some of the major challenges faced as well as measures taken to counter them, during deep excavation carried out in silty soils in a very congested Urban setting in the heart of a Megacity.

Sep 1, 2022

By Matthew D. Marks

"The Sacramento Area Flood Control Agency initiated the Natomas Levee Improvement Program in 2006 which would bring the entire 42 mile Natomas Basin perimeter levee system into compliance with applicable Federal and State standards for levee protecting urban areas. The soil-bentonite slurry cutoff has been utilized as the primary construction method for addressing the under seepage deficiencies. To date, a combined total of over 4,500,000 square feet of slurry cutoff wall have been constructed utilizing excavation methods to a maximum depth of 75 feet and deep soil mixing methods to a depth of 90 feet. The construction of these cutoff walls has required the use of newly designed and custom built long boom and stick attachments for large hydraulic excavators and additional resource will be required to complete future phases. Key components of the NLIP program have included advancements in the development of soil-bentonite backfill mix designs, specified ranges on the soil backfill gradation to address concerns of long term consolidation of the backfill material, evaluation of the trench slurry filtrate loss with regard to cutoff wall acceptance, maintenance high slurry densities to provide greater trench stability, and continued development of backfill mixing procedures.IntroductionThe Natomas Levee Improvement Program (NLIP) was initiated by the Sacramento Flood Control Agency (SAFCA) in 2006. The long term objective of the NLIP is to provide 200-year level flood protection to the basin. To date, approximately 21 of the 42 mile Natomas Basin perimeter levee system has been completed, totaling over $100,000,000 in construction contracts, of which slurry cutoff walls make up approximately $25,000,000. Other construction elements include excavation and removal of unsuitable levee materials, raising or widening existing levees, construction of landside seepage berms, drainage canals, and miscellaneous structures.Although each construction phase of the NLIP includes various construction elements of levee restoration program, the slurry cutoff wall is the primary construction element for addressing the under seepage deficiencies. To date, approximately 4,500,000 square feet of slurry cutoff walls have been installed using excavation and deep soil mixing (DSM) methods. This includes approximately 2,000,000 square feet of slurry cutoff wall along 5 miles of the NCC South Levee and 2,500,000 square feet of slurry cutoff wall along 16 miles of the Sacramento River East Levee (SREL). The work has been completed under 8 separate contracts, through SAFCA, and performed between September 2007 and December 2012. A summary of the contract phases and associated cutoff wall square footage is provided in Table 1. Most of the work has been performed within the seasonal dry weather period in the Sacramento valley, which occurs between April and October. This has required much of the work to be performed on an aggressive construction schedule, year after year."

Jan 1, 2017

By Franz-Werner Gerressen

In the changing construction environment clients are searching for new technology to complete their projects in shorter times. Manufacturers are therefore developing solutions to speed up established construction methods. The significant progress in recent years with the development of increasingly powerful drilling rigs is providing piling companies increase options for the execution of specialist foundation projects. The double rotary drilling methods are primarily used for the construction of pile walls as support for deep excavations. Typically these retaining walls are designed and installed as cased piles using the established Kelly drilling mode. However, more recently it is more popular to undertake these projects with the Cased Continuous Flight Auger (CCFA) system. This paper provides an overview of drilling with double rotary methods, in particular the monitoring during installation.

Jan 1, 2009

By Vijaya Bhushan Rao, Ali Semercioglu, Jason Redgers

Large diameter steel water tanks with high storage capacities impart heavy loads deep into the ground, generally requiring deep foundations to adequately support them. The use of ground improvement as a sustainable and cost effective alternative is tempting but the design of the foundations for such heavily loaded, thin-shelled structures have to meet several performance requirements such as bearing capacity, limiting the specified total settlements, typically limiting the radial differential settlement to 13mm over 10m along the circumference and dishing settlement from edge to center of 1/120 as per standard API 650 Appendix B as well as the mitigation of liquefaction induced settlement risk. Any inadequacy in the soil investigation, geotechnical design, or misrepresentation of stresses of the foundations may lead to serviceability compromise or potentially catastrophic failures. Therefore, the selection of the foundation is dependent on the availability of suitable ground report and the limitations imposed by operational requirements. Two such case studies are evaluated and compared in this paper, with tank diameters ranging from 41 to 106m in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, (KSA) which were founded on two types of soils and supported on deep foundations i.e., stone columns and bored cast-in-situ piles.

Oct 1, 2022