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By H. Zhu, Y. Sato, O. Takeda, K. Nakano

Recycling of rare earth magnet wastes is essential to insure the stable supply of rare earth resources. For the development of a novel recycling process, the removal of rare earth oxide from an off-spec alloy magnet was investigated by melting the alloy magnet at 1503 K together with fluoride flux, LiF-50 mol% NdF3 and LiF-?25 mol% NdF3-25 mol% DyF3. After melting, the separation of magnet alloy from the fluoride flux was achieved, and neither suspension of alloy in the flux nor suspension of flux in the alloy was observed. Oxygen concentration in the alloy decreased from 5000 mass-ppm to 160 mass-ppm by utilizing 1.5 times of equivalent amount of flux needed to completely dissolve the oxide. The investigated process is suitable for mildly contaminated waste such as a used (end-of-life) magnet because of its simplicity, low energy consumption and small limitation on location for operation.

Jan 1, 2014

By K. Bartholomew

The Functional Performance Equation for ball milling circuits provides plant staff with a new means to improve circuit performance. However, successful execution of a plant processing performance improvement project, with verifiable improvements, requires a significant number of accompanying steps beyond using this equation. In order to identify and articulate all these steps, a study was undertaken with the metallurgical staff from two milling operations and process application specialists from a grinding media manufacturing company. “Task analysis” of improving plant grinding performance was carried out. This analysis identified the required steps, and ultimately yielded a “Plant Grinding Circuit Processing Performance Management/ Improvement System.

Jan 1, 2015

By Brad Wells, Wayne Bull, Wayne Dickinson

"Antiscalants were evaluated for control of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in gold processing applications. Under severely supersaturated conditions, 100 percent inhibition was achieved with 30 ppm antiscalant. Laboratory and field testing established that an antiscalant could both inhibit scale buildup and remove an estimated 0.5 kg/m2 per annum of pre-existing scale. A program was developed to control CaCO3 at a gold mill experiencing severe scale buildup. Annual accumulation of as much as 3 cm of scale in process piping was reduced to unmeasureable levels when 10 ppm antiscalant was applied. No scale-related upsets in mill operation occurred during a five-month trial period.INTRODUCTION Inorganic mineral scale is a crystalline deposit that forms when dissolved mineral constituents exceed the solubility of the respective mineral phase. Formation of mineral scale adversely affects a wide range of industries and is of particular interest in mining and metals processing. Scale affects numerous stages of metal extraction processes. Restricted flow in piping, nozzles, valves, screens, pumps and other components used to transport mineral slurries, metal concentrates, and tailings as well as scale in millwater and thickener overflow circuits are primary concerns (Alfano & Boffardi, 1994). Heap leaching, comminuation, flotation, vat leaching, carbon adsorption, and heat exchangers as well as oxidation steps used in processing sulfidic ores are among key unit operations that may be adversely affected (Simmons & Gathje, 2003). Antiscalant chemicals are designed to prevent formation and growth of mineral scales such as CaCO3. These chemicals, which include two primary classes – phosphonates and anionic carboxylate polymers and copolymers - are added to the gold processing stream at low parts-per-million (ppm) concentrations to interfere with nucleation and growth of scale forming crystals and to disperse fine particulate material. Application points may be located throughout the gold extraction process. Evaluation of the performance of antiscalants plays a critical role in determining the best product for a specific application. Performance evaluations include laboratory testing, pilot scale studies, in-plant trials, and ongoing performance monitoring during mill operation."

Jan 1, 2014

By Bill Shand

"Placer Dome - Campbell Mine is a gold mine located at Balmertown in the Red Lake District of North Western Ontario. During the last 50 years, the mine has produced over ten million ounces of gold.A change in ball mill grinding media was made in August 1998 from 1.5” diameter forged balls to 1.5” diameter, 18% chrome balls. This was done to reduce grinding media consumption and to potentially help flotation performance.A marked ball test done in September-October 1999 showed that, of the alloys tested, 18% chrome was the optimum for the ore at Campbell Mine. The test showed that consumption of chrome balls should be 3 times less than forged balls.In December 1999, the ball size was increased from 1.5” to 2” in an effort to reduce the amount of oversize rock discharging from the ball mill. This change in size was successful.Grinding media consumption for the ball mill decreased 73% from 1.20 kg/tonne before the use of chrome balls to 0.327 kg/tonne after the use of chrome balls. This clearly indicates that, for the ore at Campbell Mine, there is significant savings in grinding media by using chrome.Grinding ball costs were reduced by 59% from $O.88/tonne of ore milled to $0.36/tonne of ore milled representing a saving of $298,000 per year. This also clearly indicates that using chrome balls is a benefit at Campbell Mine.Test work to show that chrome grinding media is beneficial to flotation has been inconclusive so far but is still ongoing.No tests have been done to see if there would be a benefit with an even higher chrome percentage in the grinding media. Test work in this area is also planned for the future"

Jan 1, 2001

By Francis Chachula, Niel Erasmus

"In 2002, Titanium Corporation Inc. focused its attention on the development of a process for the recovery of valuable heavy minerals, including zircon and titanium bearing minerals from oil sands froth treatment tailings. The development of a process flowsheet to recover the titanium and zircon minerals from the Athabasca oil sand tailings has evolved through many laboratory, bench and pilot scale iterations.Initial development work focused on so-called ‘beach sand’ material, which is tailings material deposited over a period of time close to the tailings pipe discharge. The derived process flowsheet primarily consisted of gravity concentration stages, which is typical of all mineral sands operations. Titanium Corporation’s business plan calls for the utilization of tailings directly from the tailings pipeline – the process developed around the beach material is therefore risky as it differs from the live tailings in a number of aspects, with the effects on the process unknown. Titanium Corporation successfully obtained an intermediate product through a ‘bulk sampling plant’ coupled directly to an Oil Sands operator’s froth treatment tailings pipeline, during the summer of 2005. Subsequent further processing of this material resulted in poor separation or concentration of the heavy minerals due to a number of reasons. A more effective process flowsheet had to be developed.The newly derived process is basically a marriage between mineral sands technology and oil sands technology that can economically concentrate and recover the heavy minerals and entails the incorporation of a flotation process that takes advantage of the entrained bitumen in the feed to separate the heavy mineral fraction from the quartz gangue This paper will describe the newly derived process as well as the successful results of a subsequent on-site concentrator pilot campaign completed during the 3rd Quarter of 2006."

Jan 1, 2008

By Peter Metcalfe

"Wireless communication in the mineral processing environment is not as simple as it is in the home or office environment. The correct design of a wireless network in the mineral processing environment can offer a more flexible and lower cost installation than the transitional fiber networks. However with the flexibility of a wireless solution, also comes some limitations. By reviewing the plant requirements along with weighting the wireless benefits and limitations it is possible to design a network that combines the robustness of a wired solution with the mobility of a wireless solution. This paper addresses some wireless design considerations and it looks at some real life examples in the following areas: •,Meshed wireless network for high levels of redundancy •,Wireless instruments (such as HART, Modbus and others) •,Portable devices for mobile operators •,Network monitoring for plant personnel (it’s no longer just for IT people) INTRODUCTION Typical networks used in the mineral processing environment consist of a fiber network infrastructure with industrial switches used to connect the network devices. These fiber networks can be redundant or put into a ring topologies to offer a higher level of availability. Fiber networks have the benefits of: •,Immunity to noise from power and grounding issues •,Ability to span long distances (2km for multimode fiber and 20km for single mode fiber) •,Maintainable “off-the-shelf” technology Fiber networks however have some drawbacks, such as: •,Relativity high initial installation cost for cable trays, poles, trenches and pulling and termination of cable. •,Fixed geographic topology, adding future fiber drops may be challenging and expensive. •,Mobile users are not considered. Integrating a wireless network with a fiber network can offer the best of two worlds, a reliable high speed backbone for mission critical activities and a wireless network for remote applications and mobile users."

Jan 1, 2014

By Glenn S. Dobby, Glenn A. Kosick

"Column flotation circuit engineering has matured to a good level of understanding regarding testing, scale-up and design. Some of the factors important to the process of implementing columns are addressed in this paper, highlighting the following issues• operating bias and the maximum achievable solids carrying rate for a column application.• internal circulating loads of full scale and pilot plant flotation columns• short-circuiting oflarge scale columns and the impact on separation selectivity• the number of stages in a column circuit and the impact on selectivity.The paper uses several case studies, from pilot plant to full scale implementation, to illustrate these design issues.1. IntroductionTen years ago, in 1984, there were very few column flotation installations world wide and the largest columns were about I . 5 to 2 m diameter or square. During the following decade there have been in the heighbourhood of 80 column installations that have been successful and profitable, as both retrofits and green-fields plants. Now, columns as large as 3 to 4 m are not uncommon. Examples of installations with many large columns include Escondida, with ten columns each at 4 m square, and P T Freeport Indonesia, with 21 columns: nine 3 m diameter columns, four 2.4 m diameter columns and, starting up in April I 995, eight 3.6 m diameter columns.During this growth period there have also been column installations that can be considered as failures. In the majority of these cases, the reason for their failure has been an insufficient installed capacity for applications where there is a high weight recovery of solids to the froth product These include zinc cleaning, copper cleaning and iron ore flotation (silica flotation from a feed that is 15 to 30 %Si02) An application with high weight recovery to the froth product makes column scale-up and circuit design more complicated. This is particularly so if a high degree of selectivity is also required while attaining a high weight recovery, which can happen with iron ore flotation in columns."

Jan 1, 1995

By D. Rahal, I. Shah, B. Hines, S. Reddick

"The development of stirred milling technology has proven to be an enabling technology in fine grained metallic deposits. The increased grinding efficiency allows for the economic size reduction required to produce saleable concentrates. This improvement has opened the door to retreatment projects such as reprocessing of historic gold mine tailings. Recently a VXP2500 stirred mill was installed at Casmyn Mining Zimbabwe Turk mine to allow the reprocessing of historic mine tailings. After commissioning, an extensive joint research project between Casmyn and FLSmidth Minerals was conducted to optimize the performance of the mill. This paper outlines the challenges encountered in the optimization program and the outcomes from the joint research project.INTRODUCTION The development of stirred mills has opened up many new opportunities to recover valuable minerals from refractory ores. Stirred mills have already been reported as an enabling technology for the processing of fine grained ores in lead/zinc applications (Pease, Young and Curry, 2005). Historically, conventional ball mills were unable to economically grind material fine enough to produce the required recovery or concentrate grade. This often resulted in the loss of valuable materials to the final plant tailings. The advent of stirred milling has now provided an opportunity which has both economic and environmental benefits, the reprocessing of historic mine tailings. Many tailings stockpiles now contain economic concentrations of gold because of the ability of stirred mills to efficiently and economically grind the tailings to liberation sizes. The primary advantage of reprocessing historic tailings is very low cost processing. Recovering the tailings is usually as simple as pumping the material into the reprocessing circuit. The disadvantage of reprocessing tailings is the low feed grade and greater difficulty in recovery valuable minerals at the same size distribution. The material has already been previously processed so fresh surface area or an increase in metal exposure is required. These are both provided by regrinding the tailings material."

Jan 1, 2014

By R. B. Barlow, J. A. C. Fortescue

Originally developed for use in mineral exploration, regional geochemical mapping based on stream (and lake) sediment sampling is showing broader application in other areas of the earth sciences and in environmental science. The purpose of this paper is to focus attention on the role of regional geochemical mapping in relation to geological and environmental studies. This is achieved using a descriptive equation for the chemical composition of a stream-sediment sample and then relating it to the use of successive approximations in geochemical and environmental investigations. The procedure is further qualified with reference to time and process in the formation of regional geochemical patterns. Examples are included of studies based on stream sediments related to bedrock geology, surficial geology, ecology and man's effect on the geochemistry of the environment. The range of applications of regional geochemical mapping in earth and environmental studies is outlined and some conclusions drawn regarding the future development of geochemical mapping under Canadian conditions.

Jan 1, 1980

By Kimiz Dalkir

Some things to keep in mind? ! What is your role in knowledge management? ! What knowledge-related challenges are you facing today? ! How does important knowledge get shared in your organization? ! Can you name factors that enable/block innovation and organizational learning in your work context? A brief history of KM? ! Top-down / imposed ! Rigid / bureaucratic ! Slow deployments ! Expensive ! Unpopular: empty libraries, info-junkyards, low adoption rates ! Problems measuring success ! The result: traditional KM is not the answer

May 1, 2003

By Robert Gannicott

??A mining company without the burden of operating a mine ??Management focused on marketing a high-quality, run-of-mine range of Canadian diamonds ??Robust revenue stream ??Specialist diamond knowledge ??Canadian exploration and development expertise ??BUT ??Single asset revenue base from depleting ore reserve ??Limited influence on production plans

Apr 1, 2005

By Faan Bornman

"Reeves and Platt1 stated that dense medium separation is one of the most complex unit processes in mineral processing today particularly if cyclones are used. It is also the most efficient gravity concentrating process available to process engineers. The complexity of the process and large number of design and operating variables means that the process has largely remained more an art than a science. Dense medium separation is well established in the diamond, coal and iron ore industries but is gaining popularity as a pre-concentration step in other industries. The maintenance issues are addressed that will affect the efficiency of the operation.INTRODUCTION The purpose of the dense medium separation (DMS) process is to separate the valuable material from the waste based on gravity differences. However, the specific gravity difference between the two fractions must be large enough to achieve high efficiencies. Heavy particles sink through the dense liquid and light particles float. DMS is also used for the pre-concentration of minerals before further downstream processes like communition, in order to minimise the treatment costs. Examples are the pre-concentration of diamond ores or metalliferous ores like nickel, copper and cobalt. Dense medium separation is also used to upgrade the material to meet different market specifications, for example in coal and iron ore applications. A typical dense medium separation process for a diamond application is shown in Figure 1."

Jan 1, 2014

By Yaw Boadi, Andrew McCallum, Sandy Gray, Yavuz Atasoy, Peter Wemyss

"Various full-scale test programs and installations of the InLine Pressure Jig (IPJ) have provided evidence that pre-concentration of the difficult to leach sulphide mineral through gravity can provide significant increases in economic recoveries. The continuous gravity concentrates are intensively treated either by re-grinding or Intensive Cyanidation. Data from various mine sites worldwide is presented. Treatment of complex ore bodies with this low cost methodology may render previously uneconomic ore bodies financially viable and assist in the recovery profile of transitional ore.INTRODUCTIONThe use of gravity is made extremely attractive in complex ore situations due to the low cost of operation, typically a few cents per ton operating cost and lack of chemicals.Gold mines which suffer from poor recovery due to complex mineralogy such as Stibnite, Arsenic, Carbon, Telluride, Silver and other pacifying agents such as Iron, which can form coatings, can all benefit from the process proposed in this paper. The key issue is not overall recovery as much as one of economic recovery. The key to this is maximised recovery at the lowest possible capital and operating cost. Other options such as flotation are reviewed but are not seen in many instances to be the panacea due to issues discussed in the paper. The use of the InLine Pressure Jig in the re-circulating load of the milling circuit is a cost effective means of recovering a sulphide/gold concentrate containing the complex mineral assemblages which require re-grinding and intensive leaching for optimised gold recovery.The benefits of Jig Assisted Grinding (JAG) are many and the challenge over the past years has been developing, understanding, implementing and evaluating the benefits of various flowsheet models. This has involved the reconciliation of results in plant scale trials back to the original laboratory test program. The following paper outlines the insights gained in this area through extensive work carried out by many people across both laboratories and plant sites in Australia and overseas. The examples in this paper are some of the work carried out on a few selected sites but similar work has been carried out on other sites such as Penjom, Granny Smith and Agnew. This work has eventuated in several installations which we believe have great importance in the future of the gold processing industry. They will lead the way forward to the modern all-gravity plants of the future.Compared to flotation, for the recovery of sulphides, gravity is a simple option. The simplicity generally translates to low capital and operating cost."

Jan 1, 2004

By Mostafa Benzaazoua

Les remblais en pâte cimentés sont de plus en plus utilisés dans les exploitations minières souterraines. Une autre alternative d?utilisation du remblai en pâte consiste à le pomper et à le stocker dans des empilements de surface. En plus d?avoir des avantages d?un point de vue de stabilité physique des ouvrages, le remblai en pâte cimenté en surface permettrait également de stabiliser les contaminants dans la matrice du remblai à l?aide du processus de solidification et de stabilisation. Dans cette étude, des remblais en pâte constitués d?un résidu minier sulfuré renfermant beaucoup d?arsenic et de différents liants ont été testés afin d?évaluer la stabilisation des contaminants dans la matrice de remblai. La méthode utilisée pour évaluer la stabilisation et la solidification des contaminants est le test de lixiviation en extracteur de Soxhlet. Les résultats géochimiques issus de ces essais ainsi que la caractérisation chimico-minéralogique des remblais lixiviés ont été analysés pour comprendre les phénomènes chimiques présents dans les remblais durant le temps de cure. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les sulfures présents dans les remblais étudiés (pyrite FeS2 et arsénopyrite FeAsS) s?oxydent et provoquent la dissolution des hydrates les plus vulnérables (dissolution de la portlandite Ca(OH)2 et/ou décalcification des gels CSH). Le calcium produit permet de précipiter les sulfates (essentiellement sous forme de gypse plus ou moins hydraté) et l?arsenic sous forme d?arséniates de calcium plus stables. Les différents liants utilisés donnent des résultats différents en termes de stabilisation et de solidification qui seront discutés dans cet article.

Nov 1, 2002

By P. C. Holloway, A. Tshilombo, T. Xue, M. J. Collins, R. Lopetinsky, I. Mihaylov, I. M. Masters

The Voisey’s Bay deposit contains a trace amount of cadmium, which reports to solution during pressure leaching of the nickel concentrate at Vale’s Long Harbour Hydrometallurgy Plant, and must be removed to produce high quality nickel cathode. In 2006, Vale approached Sherritt Technologies to collaborate on the development of a process for removing cadmium to low levels (<1 mg/L) in the nickel raffinate. Following successful bench scale and pilot plant testing at Sherritt’s laboratories, the cadmium removal process was then moved through engineering and construction, culminating in the successful commissioning and startup of a cadmium removal circuit at the Long Harbour Hydrometallurgy Plant in 2017. This paper presents the results of this collaboration and the challenges that were encountered through each stage of development, as well as current results from operation of the commercial cadmium removal circuit. INTRODUCTION Vale’s Long Harbour Processing Plant, with a nameplate capacity of 50,000 t/y nickel, began operation in 2014. In addition to electrolytic nickel rounds, the plant also produces electrolytic cobalt rounds and copper cathode. The Long Harbour Processing Plant uses a unique hydrometallurgical process developed by Vale Base Metals Technology Centre, as shown in Figure 1, to treat a nickel sulphide concentrate produced at the Voisey’s Bay mine and mill located in northern Labrador (VBN concentrate) (Stevens et al., 2009).

Jan 1, 2019

By Martin Plante, Denis Hamel, Marie-Pier Bédard, Jeff McLaughlin

"The results and methodology for the optimisation of the zinc flotation circuit at the Matagami Mill using the 6-Sigma methodology are shown in detail while only the base line and final results are presented for the copper circuit. As a result of the six sigma project, the zinc concentrate grade was improved by 2% and the zinc recovery by 3%, with reduced dosage of reagents while the copper concentrate was improved by 2.4%. The process variation in the zinc concentrate grade and recovery was also reduced by over 50%. The main factors contributing to the project success were identified to be improvement in the plant measurement systems, an internal benchmarking exercise and statistically designed laboratory and in plant tests to guide the process improvement. The annual value to Noranda resulting from this project has been estimated at approximately $5 million.INTRODUCTIONThe Matagami concentrator started ore processing from the new Bell- Allard deposit in July 1999. Concentrator performance (grade and recovery of zinc and copper concentrates) was highly variable and work was ongoing to fix the sources of variation. In the mean time, Noranda embarked on its 6-Sigma initiative across the company. The 6-Sigma DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control) methodology was used in the two flotation circuits to reduce variation and improve performance. The statistical 6-Sigma methodology moves towards identifying and controlling critical process operating variables (the X' s) to achieve customerspecified performance (the Y's). The goal of the methodology is to describe a process in a numerical equation known as the transfer function, given as Y = f (XI, X2, X3.. .), where Y could be concentrate grade or recovery and examples of X's are reagent dosage, particle size, etc. With the transfer function, optimal operating conditions and control tolerances are established for the key X's to ensure the desired Y performance is obtained.Each phase of the 6-Sigma methodology is explained below with examples from the Matagami project."

Jan 1, 2001

Many mines in Canada, the US and S. Africa are reaching the hoisting limit. Very little payload will be possible without compromising safety due the excessive weight. It has been suggested (DeLorme, 2000), that one of the most attractive concepts to enable deeper hoisting is to reduce the allowable factor of safety in the wire rope. Researchers at the Spokane Research Lab are developing new technology to improve hoisting safety and productivity by providing new monitoring and analytical tools. A Shaft Conveyance Monitoring System (SCMS) has been developed which determines hoist rope end load, true conveyance position and acceleration, and rope safety factor, as well as other hoist operating parameters. This information is transmitted to the hoist operator display 20 times per second. Recent field measurements on 45 mm(1 ¾ in.) diameter hoist rope indicate that dynamic forces during loading of a 9000 kg(10 ton) skip may exceed the safety factor of the rope. To improve on the current understanding of the mechanical behavior of hoist ropes, and to help interpret the results from field-testing of the SCMS, a new approach to computer modeling of stranded wire rope is also being developed. Particle Flow Code, PFC3D (Itasca 1995b) is used to simulate the structural behavior of wire rope and the interaction between individual strands when the rope is subjected to static and dynamic end loading. Details of the SCMS, field results from the measured rope loads, and the results of numerical modeling on the wire rope will be discussed.

May 1, 2002

By V. J. Sopuck, O. P. Lavin, Ian Nichol

"A major challenge of contemporary exploration geochemistry is the development of procedures that can locate blind mineralization or mineralization that sub-crops below a cover of transported overburden, the composition of which bears no relation to the underlying mineralization. Over the past few years, the possible existence of diagnostic geochemical features in the country rock associated with volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits has attracted increasing attention both on the local mine scale and on the regional scale. In the present investigation, the nature of the geochemistry of a number of Archean greenstone belts of the Canadian Shield is examined to determine the feasibility of distinguishing productive from non-productive areas of copper-zinc mineralization. The results indicate that productive areas are distinguishable from non-productive areas providing consideration is given to the effects of igneous differentiation on rock compositionIntroductionArchean massive sulphide deposits are an important source of copper and zinc, and to a lesser extent silver and gold, particularly in Canada. As in the case of most other forms of mineralization, there is a continual need to develop new techniques that will improve the chances of success in the search for these deposits. The majority of Archean areas in the northern latitudes are overlain by a variable cover of glacial overburden. Considerable progress has been made in the development of new geochemical exploration techniques for use in glaciated terrain, based on the detection of anomalous dispersion in the glacial overburden. In certain situations, however, as in the search for blind deposits or in areas covered by glaciolacustrine deposits, overburden geochemistry offers little hope for success. In the case of massive sulphide deposits, one possible solution may lie in the detection of anomalous geochemical signatures in the bedrock. Recognizing this possibility, attention has been directed to the investigation of the nature of lithogeochemical dispersion associated with massive sulphide deposits on both regional and local scales, to establish the potential of lithogeochemistry as an aid in the search for these deposits."

Jan 1, 1980

By Cz. Mora, A. Pawelczyk, D. Hreniak, P. Nowak, A. Dyonizy, S. Strek, W. Strek, K. Grabas, A. Ostrowski

Globalization and a growing demand for limited raw material resources have forced changes in the approach to the supply chain. This is particularly true in the case of rare earths, which are regarded as one of the most important development indicators of modern technologies. To ensure a secure supply of commodities, the European economies have been prompted to investigate REE recovery from sources which until recently, for technical or economic reasons, were considered not sufficiently attractive. An interesting example is apatite phosphogypsum waste dumps. The REE content in these waste dumps averages around 0.5-1 %. One of the most important phosphogypsum locations in Poland is the Lower Silesia region where a phosphoric acid Chemical Plant "Wizów" operated for several dozen years. In this work, rare earths are leached from the phosphogypsum crystalline structure by a chemical treatment and can then be separated into individual chemical compounds. The technology used in these recovery tests, matches up to a coherent European raw materials policy supporting effective management of resources and promoting waste materials recycling.

Jan 1, 2014

By M. K. Mishra, U. M. R. Karanam

Relative to slender pillars, larger size pillars exhibit improved strata control. Fly ash, though traditionally treated as a waste product, is emerging as an alternate engineering material. This paper deals with the development of a strong fly ash composite material with additives. The geotechnical properties of this fly ash composite were determined and used to trap model core pillars, which resemble squat pillars. The trapped samples were tested under uni-axial loading in the laboratory and the results showed higher load-bearing capacity of the model core pillars. The reinforced fly ash composites provide lateral confinement and exhibit improved post- failure behaviour of the model cores.

Jan 1, 2008