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By Quast K

A series of laboratory flotation tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of various depressants as arsenic (and zinc) depressants in the lead cleaner stage of the NBHC mill at Broken Hill. The depressants used included potassium cyanide, ferrous sulphate, sodium hypochlorite, potassium ferricyanide and two Cyanamid commerical depressants, Aerodepressants 610 and 633. A standard roughing stage was completed before the addition of the reagents in the cleaning stage. All reagents tested produced significant arsenic depression, with the best results being obtained with the addition of potassium cyanide and sodium hypochlorite. Some of the depressants activated the zinc in the process of arsenic depression. The best result was obtained with the addition of 90 g/t potassium cyanide at a pH of 10 when arsenic recovery was only 1/4 that of the value obtained for the standard test.

Jan 1, 1991

By T Jones, K Karunaratna

The Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines (KCGM) Fimiston Open Pit is located on the eastern boundary of the Kalgoorlie-Boulder City and is mining an area traditionally known as the Golden Mile. The pit area has been continuously worked since 1893, predominantly by underground mining methods and more recently through open cut mining. There are over 2000 km of old mine headings and numerous stopes under the open pit area. KCGM has interpreted and digitised the underground mine plans and stope sections into a common database. A 2D-model software package, called Pits, was developed in-house and allows old workings to be displayed at any bench level; this is integrated with 3D Vulcan modelling software, which allows triangulated surfaces to be displayed. Almost every mining activity is affected by underground workings. The effective management of the interaction between current mining and the underground workings is very important for safety and production. A specific ævoidÆ management department has been formed and its broad objective is to minimise the impact of underground workings upon production while maximising safety. Special criteria and procedures have been developed and implemented to keep personnel and machinery from being exposed to unsafe ground. It is of primary importance to accurately define the location and outline of underground workings in advance. Probe drilling has been used as the key tool for that purpose. Various geophysical methods have also been trialled on site to detect underground workings; these are discussed in some detail. This paper discusses ævoidÆ management issues such as data integration, void detection and flagging. The impact of underground workings on mine planing, production and slope stability is also discussed.

Jan 1, 2003

A major problem in the continuous casting of aluminium killed strip steel is the incidence of black and grey lines in the strip surface caused by the alumina inclusions. One place for limiting the number of alumina inclusions is by providing favourable fluid flow conditions in the ladle so that the inclusions float out to the surface or adhere to the ladle wall. In laboratory equipment 20 kg of steel was melted in an alumina crucible of 14 cm diameter in an induction furnace. Deoxidation was carried out while the melt was constantly stirred by argon bubbling. Bubble frequencies were measured at the lance tip using a microphone technique. High speed cine photo- graphy was incorporated to measure melt top surface velocities. Experimental results indicate that the rate of removal of inclusions is a function of both the gas input and the power input. However due to unfavourable surface area to volume ratio, reoxidation of the melt took place. Some other experimental difficulties in working at high temperatures are also discussed such as lance design, melting arrangement and sampling techniques.

Jan 1, 1984

The MIMDAS geophysical data acquisition system developed and tested by the former MIM Exploration Pty Ltd (MIMEX) is now commercially available worldwide through Geophysical Resources and Services Pty Ltd (GRS). The system implements several new features in its design that give it significant advantages over conventional systems and allows for new approaches to electrical exploration. In particular, the achievable signal to noise levels permit exploration to depths once thought beyond the range of electrical exploration. The flexible multi-channel configuration lends itself to truly 3D surveys in the style of modern seismic techniques. Each of these aspects is illustrated with a number of case histories from both Australia and South America.

Jan 1, 2004

By C D. McCullough, M Gerner

Rarely do opportunities arise allowing closure of a mine site to be planned as a key beneficial land use asset within a new urban growth area; particularly so well prior to cessation of mining.Pit lakes are common mine closure legacies for many open cut mines and may form in open cut mine voids extending below the water table upon closure. Mine closure guidelines increasingly require post-mining land uses of equivalent capacity to premining conditions and that minimise long-term post-mining liabilities and maximise benefits to stakeholders and the environment. However, risks presented by pit lakes are regularly neglected in closure planning or are not able to be addressed to allow beneficial end use of the lake or surrounding land.This paper describes strategic planning initiated by quarry owners ten years before mining ceases. In liaison with the planning agencies, the planned closure of a large 100-year-old limestone quarry pit will form a lake on mine completion, with a well-considered beneficial end use in an urban setting in mind. The quarry pit and adjoining land at Batesford South about the edge of the City of Greater Geelong, Victoria, Australia. Geelong is experiencing growth pressures that necessitate development of a new growth area from about 2025.A multidisciplinary expert team assessed the constraints, opportunities and feasibility of rehabilitating the quarry and pit lake and developing the surrounding land as Geelong’s next urban growth area.The concept is exciting and demonstrates that a former mine site could become a valued home to about 40 000–45 000 people. About 30 per cent of the land will also be developed as an ecological riverine corridor including the pit lake that will become a regionally iconic lake as the centrepiece of an urban development.Our paper outlines technical challenges and how these can be met to achieve closure and beneficial use that meets the social, economic and environmental expectations of contemporary urban planning.CITATION:Gerner, M and McCullough, C?D, 2014. Planning for the future – development of beneficial end use from a quarry pit lake, Victoria, Australia, in Proceedings Life-of-Mine 2014 , pp 99–112 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 16, 2014

By S Warden, T Neville, P Leckie

At its simplest, the classification and characterisation of an orebody is a matter of Where, What and When. Where and with what spatial resolution are measurements taken, What properties are measured, and When are the data acquired, processed, and delivered to create the most value. This paper delves into how existing and near-term advances in measurement technologies, field automation, and whole-system-digitisation are combining to open new routes for mine and exploration productivity improvement. Commencing when the initial exploration hole is dug, the advancement in deployment of survey technology—from expert-operated, to driller-operated, to driller-integrated—is used to demonstrate a template for adoption of higher technology measurements. We then introduce and discuss the multi-use measurement as offering outsized returns from a single measurement run, highlighting two new technologies that acquire rock strength while drilling and downhole assay data as examples. For rock strength, we highlight a novel approach to determining Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) while drilling, its relationship to and advantages over Mechanical Specific Energy (MSE), and how it offers utility to multiple downstream processes. For downhole assay, we detail how a back-tophysics approach to Pulsed Fast and Thermal Neutron Activation (PFTNA) analysis offers significant advantages over other measurement methods and earlier implementations of PFTNA, generating a rich data set that can significantly extend and improve the information on which mining decisions are made. Finally, we discuss the possibilities enabled via optimising data delivery, collection, and curation— noting a fundamental limitation of historical systems and exploring the possibilities that will be unlocked by soon-to-market solutions that better enable Orebody Characterisation data to (virtually) move in space and time with rock material post-blasting. Ultimately, the value of optimising the Where, What, and When from point of measurement to the moment it generates maximum value will create greater life-of-asset production for a lower cost and energy input.

Sep 1, 2024

By Dharmappa HB, Sivakumar M

This paper is concerned with two case histories of wastewater quality management in underground coal mines in the Illawarra region. The first investigation briefly presents an analysis of mine water discharge having an extremely high concentration of suspended solids and consistently high barium concentrations, averaging, 14.4 mg/I Barium, over the sampling period. A laboratory study of chemical precipitation processes has indicated that about 91% of barium could be removed by using ferric sulphate and lime. On the basis of the information obtained from the environmental audit process an alternative water treatment and reuse system incorporating 51% reduction in the water consumption with 32% less off-site discharge has been suggested (Thomas, 1995).The second case history is concerned with the storm water management at a mine situated in the Illawarra escarpment where only 20% of the wastewater generated in the colliery is discharged off-site. Computer modelling of the storm water system showed that 75% of the clean runoff becomes contaminated through poor management practices and causes the process wastewater treatment system to fail in wet weather. Suggested improvements include relatively simple alteration to the coal wash filtration dams which are expected to reduce the periods of inefficient operation of these dams by 95%. The use of storm water diversion channels and detention basins can reduce the overflow volumes by 70 - 100 % for a ten year ARI (Average Recurrence Interval) storm event (Wingrove 1996).

Jan 1, 1998

The treatment plant of the Gold Mines of Kalgoorlie Ltd. is situated on the Oroya South Lease, on the Eastern edge of the Kalgoorlie Golden Mile.It was designed and erected by Messrs. Alex. Stewart and Company, in consultation with Mr. Harry Hey, and was completed in November, 1937.Its original capacity was 9,000 tons of all-sulphide ore per calendar month, l?ut the plant was extended in October, 1939, to treat 13,000 to 14,000 tons per month of mixed sulphide and oxidised ore.Recovery of the gold is accomplished by cyanide treatment, followed by flotation of the cyanided residue, roasting and cyanidation of flotation concentrate and precipitation of the gold from the cyanide solutions. In the cyanide section, the crushed ore is finely ground in cyanide ,solution and the pulp is agitated to dissolve further gold. It is then thickened and filtered. In the flotation section, this filter residue is conditioned with S02 gas and a pyrite-gold concentrate recovered by flotation.This concentrate is roasted and then cyanided.KALGOORLIE ORE DEPOSIT.The Kalgoorlie ore deposit occurs within a wide area of Pre-Cambrian rocks, ,and consists essentially of two series of basic igneous rocks known as the older greenstone series (calc schist) and the younger greenstone series (quartzdolerite- greenstone) . The older greenstone is a group of lava flows. The younger intrusive greenstone series can, in the main, be classified as a chloritised and carbonated...

Jan 1, 1948

Underground mining of the ore below the West Lyell open cut commenced in 1972 with the 10 Series stopes above rail haulage level. The third lift of stoping (30 Series) com- menced this year, and access to the 40 Series stopes is being developed. The method uses transverse open stopes with subsequent mass blasting of the rib and crown pillars and consequently there is sub- sidence and caving of the old open cut area above.

Jan 1, 1982

Blasting has been the most frequently used method for rock breakage since black powder was first used to fragment rocks, more than two hundred years ago. This paper is an attempt to reassess standard design techniques used in blasting by providing an alternative approach to blast design. The new approach has been termed asymmetric blasting. Based on providing real time rock recognition through the capacity of measurement while drilling (MWD) techniques, asymmetric blasting is an approach to deal with rock properties as they occur in nature, ie randomly and asymmetrically spatially distributed. It is well accepted that performance of basic mining operations, such as excavation and crushing rely on a broken rock mass which has been pre conditioned by the blast. By pre conditioned we mean well fragmented, sufficiently loose and with adequate muckpile profile. These muckpile characteristics affect loading and hauling (Scott, 1996). The influence of blasting does not end there. Under the Mine to Mill paradigm, blasting has a significant leverage on downstream operations such as crushing and milling . There is a body of evidence that blasting affects mineral liberation (Djordjevic, N, 2001). Thus, the importance of blasting has increased from simply fragmenting and loosing the rock mass, to a broader role that encompasses many aspects of mining, which affects the cost of the end product. A new approach is proposed in this paper which facilitates this trend æto treat non-homogeneous media (rock mass) in a non-homogeneous manner (an asymmetrical pattern) in order to achieve an optimal result (in terms of muck-pile size distribution)Æ. It is postulated there are no logical reasons (besides the current lack of means to infer rock mass properties in the blind zones of the bench and onsite precedents) for drilling a regular blast pattern over a rock mass that is inherently heterogeneous. Real and theoretical examples of such a method are presented.

Jan 1, 2001

By G D. Carman

White Rock is a reduced tungsten-tin skarn deposit near Rye Park, New South Wales. This abstract summarises the depositÆs mining and exploration history, and current exploration by Paradigm Metals Ltd targeting an economic resource at the deposit. An EXTENDED ABSTRACT is available for download. A full-length paper was not prepared for this presentation.

Jan 1, 2008

By Foudoulis C, Smith CB, Drew RM, Sun S-S, Sheraton JW, Hall AE

Primay (syngenetic and protogenetic) inclusions - i.e. minerals formed during or before diamond growth and encapsulated in the diamond - provide important information on the origin of diamond. Recent Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd dating of such inclusions has yielded crystallization ages older than their volcanic host, implying that diamonds are mantle xenocrysts. In this paper we report results of studies on the nature of syngenetic inclusions and the carbon isotopic compositons of the host diamond from the West Australian diamond deposits at Argyle and Elllendale. The Argyle diamonds are dominantly, of eclogitic paragensis and are characterized by strongly C depleted compositions. We have recognized an association of stone morphology, inclusion type and carbon isotopic composition amongst the Argyle stones, and on the

Jan 1, 1989

By C Lower

An unprecedented, quantitative, deposit-scale understanding of major clay mineral distribution throughout the Yeelirrie uranium deposit has been achieved by adapting the existing HyLogger™/HyChips™ analytical technique to measure resource assay pulps. Spectral analysis via HyLogger™ and HyChips™ systems has previously been used as a small-scale geometallurgical research tool, but never before has it been quantitatively applied to an entire resource sample population for the purpose of developing stand alone block models for major clay minerals. Economic uranium mineralisation within the thin but extensive Yeelirrie?palaeochannel?primarily exists within the transition zone between a groundwater-derived calcrete and the underlying clay-quartz regolith. Early geometallurgical investigations identified that certain clay minerals could be deleterious to the efficiency of the uranium recovery process. Accurate calculation of clay mineralogy from resource assays proved too difficult due to chemical similarities between co-existing kaolinite, smectite and magnesium carbonate minerals. A relatively low-cost, efficient and accurate method of quantitative clay mineral analysis was required to measure over 70 000 resource assay pulps. After initial testing and comparison with QXRD, the HyChips™ 3-1 spectral logging system was implemented as a primary method of clay mineral analysis for the Yeelirrie uranium deposit. The resultant spatial data set allowed the interpretation and geostatistical analysis of geometallurgical domains across the deposit. Clay block models were generated and used in geometallurgical resource calculations to benefit the mine planning process.

Sep 5, 2011

By Mendeckl A. J

Anglo American Corporation has always viewed technological development as vital and as such has placed research and the implementation of new technological practices high on its priority list. Support is given to a number of research institutes but a significant degree of reliance is placed on in-house research carried out at individual companies and at the Group's main laboratory complexes. The Corporation's interests are diverse with advanced practices and innovative technology ranging from new battery technology with wide application to deep level shaft technology with very specific application. In this paper, we aim to concentrate on a particular system developed primarily for use in seismically active deep mines. The system has proved to have far wider application and has the potential to be further enhanced to meet the needs of users across a broad range within the industry and even beyond. As the nature of this conference is to inform delegates of advanced mining practices, we should simply mention that we could have talked on subjects relating to the advances made in deep level winding technology including winder drive and brake control to alleviate dynamic rope loads, shaft steel design for high pay load high speed winding and shaft safety systems such as slack rope devices and moving lip loading facilities to cater for rope stretch. Other areas of interest relating to refrigeration using ice technology or non-explosive rock cutting using diamond wire or saw technology could also have been of interest. As the South African gold mines become deeper and the problems associated with depth become more acute, answers had to be found and systems developed to cope with very high rock stress and the related seismicity. The fundamental understanding of the behaviour of the rock mass has always been important but became critical on our mines to ensure the safe extraction of the orebody. Basic research into and the application of physics, applied mathematics, seismology, rock mechanics, electronics and computer technology have helped us to develop the Integrated Seismic System - Integrated because of the system's abilty to monitor seismic and non-seismic sensors simultaneously and because it encompasses data acquisition, processing and interpretation into one system. The system which is in use at all our gold mines has found application not only in South Africa but also in such locations as Australia, Chile, Canada, Europe and Japan. A highly motivated team of scientists under the leadership of Aleksander Mendecki developed the majority of the hardware and software needed for the system. In essence, the system allows us real time monitoring of energy release and stress transfer data that with the aid of modern computers is turned into useful information. The information so obtained has allowed us to improve our mine and extraction designs to minimise the inherent hazards. The system has proved to be an extremely useful management tool as substantiated by the demand for the product. The paper is intended to convey to the reader the technical concepts and the presentation is intended to demonstrate the usefulness of the system.

Jan 1, 1995

By J Pan, B-J Shi, X-B Li

The granulation behavior of specularite fines which possess poor ballability was studied with limonite fines as a function of nuclei particles and adhering fines. The results show that the permeability of granules deteriorated as the ratio of specularite fines increased in the mixture, and the optimal granulation moisture content also decreased. The granulation kinetics results demonstrate that the adhering load of specularite fines increases rapidly within three minutes and then levels off. With increasing specularite fines ratio, the adhering speed is accelerated but the granulation duration needs to be longer to reach adhering balance. The microstructure of granule quasi-particles indicates that the fine limonite particles act as binders to bond together the specularite particles which are dispersed in the adhering layers. This can improve the adhering strength of the granules. Hence, the granulation behaviour of specularite fines can be improved by blending them with fine limonite ores which have high adhering capabilities.CITATION:Zhu, D-Q, Li, X-B, Pan, J and Shi, B-J, 2015. Granulation behaviour of specularite fines in ferrous sinter mixtures, in Proceedings Iron Ore 2015, pp 91–96 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 13, 2015

By D Reid

Run-out analyses of tailings storage facilities are typically undertaken using methods based on rheological theory. These are reasonable techniques to model the behaviour of tailings that, through significant run-out and possibly mixing with supernatant water, are generally acting in a fluidised manner. Such modelling often follows on from two-dimensional continuum analysis models where, if failure is predicted, grid failure often occurs when deformations begin to increase. This results in a disconnect between the prediction of failure and the modelling of the potential extent of the failure.Recently, rezoning methods have been incorporated into commercially available two-dimensional soil mechanics deformation codes. Rezoning techniques enable large deformations to be modelled within a two-dimensional continuum analysis framework; however, while promising, the use of such tools is not yet widespread, and a consensus is yet to develop on how they should be applied to tailings dam run-out modelling.This paper uses FLAC rezoning techniques to model the flow behaviour of two historic tailings dam failures. The purpose of these analyses is to critically assess the performance of rezoning against some available historic failures. The required data to undertake such an analysis is outlined, along with the inherent limitations and assumptions required. Parametric analyses are outlined to address some of these issues. In general, the analyses undertaken underestimated the flow distance observed in the historic failures by varying degrees; however, in some instances, the analysis reasonably reproduced the qualitative shape of the initial failure zone. A variety of potential reasons for the discrepancy between historical observations and the models undertaken are provided.CITATION:Reid, D, 2015. The use of rezoning techniques to model historic tailings failures, in Proceedings Tailings and Mine Waste Management for the 21st Century , pp 201–206 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

Jul 27, 2015

By G Chitombo, M Ruest

In surface mining, studies of the kinematics of blasted rocks using high speed film/video image analysis have allowed the estimation of the starting time, direction and magnitude of visible movement of fixed sections of the free face. Horizontal displacement versus time plots from discrete targets at the face generally report changes in slope over very small time intervals. These changes indicate step increases in velocity due to the action of explosive gases. In practice, the onset of rock mass movement, different to localised spalling, has been associated with a response time which exceeds the combined times of detonation, propagation and reflection of stress waves. This time is referred to as minimum response or burden movement time. As an engineering index, burden movement time has been used to provide guidelines for the selection of inter-hole and inter-row delay sequences in production blasting. With respect to improving breakage and fragmentation, it has been demonstrated that the delay interval between adjacent explosive charges should be less than the expected burden movement time. Similarly to reduce confinement between rows, delay intervals should exceed the expected burden movement time. The Hybrid Stress Blasting Model (HSBM) is a modelling framework that dynamically links an ideal and non-ideal explosives detonation code to a geomechanical rock model. This blast simulation tool is aimed at analysing the role played by different explosive formulations in fragmenting and/or damaging various rock types under different degrees of confinement. In the current framework, the rock behaviour under extremely high pressures and loading rates is calibrated from shock tests and the role of the explosive in fracture growth is accounted for and assumes a compressible fluid flowing through the explicit fracture network. The model is being developed as part of an international collaborative research project funded by a consortium of companies comprised of explosive and equipment suppliers and major mining houses. As part of the development and validation of the HSBM project, data from literature addressing the kinematics of the rock mass (ie burden displacement, face velocities and response times) has been collated and used to evaluate the current version of the code. A series of numerical experiments have been conducted with the view to: evaluate the response of the rock mass to changes in burden distance given by the impact of both stress waves and radial gas flow pressure;compare the modelling outcomes in terms of displacement, response time and face velocities to documented field observations; andcompare stress induced and stress/gas induced modes in terms of burden displacement outcomes. Results from these experiments have shown that in its current form the model is able to capture the trends observed and measured in practice. This is with respect to the simulation of burden displacement, response time and average face velocities for different geometries and charging conditions. The experiments have served as consistency checks which form part of an ongoing and comprehensive evaluation and validation of the HSBM code also aimed at addressing some of its current limitations.

Jan 1, 2007

By Caress ME, Knight MD

The eruption 75,000 y ago of the Younger Toba Tuff ignimbrite and associated ash-fall ranks as the greatest known volcanic event of the past million years. The ignimbrite is known to cover 21,000 km2 (it may extend farther under alluvium of the coastal plain) and forms a low-angle depositional shield centered on the Lake Toba caldera. The ignimbrite is largely nonwelded and shows systematic outward decreases in lithic and crystal contents and clast sizes. Coarse lithic lag breccias that occur at places 85 km apart point to two or more vents on a fissure having this length. The extensive associated ash-fall traceable as far as Malaysia and India is evidently a co-ignimbrite ash but could have a phreatomag-matic component. The Lake Toba caldera measures95 x 35 km and is >1 kn deep. It is not a single caldera but comprises several contiguous depressions and grabens diversified by two re-surgent domes. Earlier parts of the caldera are related to at least two earlier ignimbrites including the Older Toba Tuff dated by Chesner at 0.5 Ma. The caldera is elongated parallel to, and is only 25 km from, the great Sumatra strike-slip fault, and it can be considered almost certain that the caldera is in part a kind of pull-apart structure. The ignimbrites are very crystal-rich. There is no reason to think basaltic magma was involved in their emplacement. Together with ash-falls they have a total volume of several thousand cubic kilometers. They can be categorized as originating from partially crystallized granitic magmas that erupted because tectonic pull-apart occurred several times across the pluton. Small rhyolitic lava domes on fault-lines comprise the youngest volcanic products.

Jan 1, 1990

By M Haest, O Dominguez, D Mittrup

Technological innovations and emerging analytical capabilities are transforming the way drill samples are analysed, with real-time mineralogical analysis made possible. In addition, new business/technical requirements are challenging long standing processes to incorporate more sources of information during planning in order to improve compliance to plan during mining and processing. Unfortunately, the new sources of information that are added do not always have adequate protocols in place to ensure quality data is collected.Spectral data covering the visible – near – short wave – midwave – longwave range are routinely collected by the Geoscience and Exploration department at BHP Billiton Iron Ore for accurate mineralogical identification. These data are used for geological interpretations (logging and modelling) and prediction of physical variables (metallurgical and geotechnical properties).This paper introduces how sampling and quality assurance / quality control concepts have been applied in the spectral data process. The described routine for sampling, data collection/management and reconciliation has been developed to track system precision and accurately and consistently ensure the data is of high quality before it is used across the mining chain.CITATION:Mittrup, D, Dominguez, O and Haest, M, 2017. A new approach to implement quality assurance and quality control to technological innovations – quality of spectral data capture and processes in the minerals industry, in Proceedings Eighth World Conference on Sampling and Blending , pp 265–270 (The Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy: Melbourne).

May 9, 2017

By J Gotte, C Morley, J Froud

Newcrest Mining LimitedÆs Telfer Mine is a world-class gold and copper producer, situated in the Great Sandy Desert, in the north west of Western Australia. The mine has a number of distinctive characteristics such as being one of AustraliaÆs most remote mine sites, being within 270 km of the hottest town in the southern hemisphere (Marble Bar) and having been shut down and reopened after a two-year feasibility study. The construction of a new plant and reopening of the mine gave Newcrest the opportunity to review their mining practices and systems including the opportunity to incorporate reconciliation as a core process. Telfer is now well on the way to being one of the largest gold and copper concentrate producers in Australia. When the mine reopened in June 2003, Telfer implemented SnowdenÆs Reconcilor software system to facilitate reconciliation of geological models, production data and plant measurements. The system was implemented on site in June 2004, as a web-based information management system, integrating other existing mining and plant software packages. It continues to provide an auditable process and consistency of data, providing ease of analysis with standard and customised reporting. This paper provides a case study of the reconciliation system implementation at Telfer. It outlines the consolidation of a number of management systems into one centralised system that can be used to compare and reconcile the tonnes and grades from the mine through to the mill. The authors outline the key estimates and measures that are used for reconciliation at Telfer, detailing the characteristics of the system used to capture the information and the benefits that have been gained through the use of a rigorous reconciliation process on a complex orebody.

Jan 1, 2007